264 resultados para NITRIFICATION
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The effects of biosolids from tomato processing on soil properties and wheat growth were investigated in an Alfisol from central Greece. Biosolids were mixed with soil from the surface (Ap) or subsurface (Bt) horizon in plastic containers at rates of 1%, 5%, and 10% by dry weight (d.w.; equivalent to 10, 50, and 100 Mg ha–1). Biosolid treatments were compared to an NH4Cl application (50 mg N kg–1) and an untreated control in (1) a 102 d incubation experiment at 28°C to determine biosolid nitrification potential and (2) a 45 d outdoor experiment to evaluate effects on soil fertility and wheat growth. Mineralization of biosolids in the incubation experiment resulted in accumulation of nitrate-N and indicated that biosolids were able to supply N that was in excess of crop needs in treatments of 5% and 10%. After 45 d of wheat growth, available soil nutrients (N, P) and P uptake by wheat were distinctly lower in the Bt than in the Ap horizon. However, soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, total N, nitrate-N, extractable P, and exchangeable K increased with increasing rate of biosolid application in both soils. These were followed by corresponding increases in wheat nutrient uptake and biomass production, thus demonstrating the importance of this organic material for sustaining production in soils of low immediate fertility. Compared to the NH4Cl treatment (50 kg N ha–1 equivalent), biosolid application rates of 5% and 10% had higher available soil nutrients, similar or higher nutrient uptake and higher wheat biomass. But only an application of 10% biosolids provided sufficient N levels for wheat in the surface soil, and even higher applications were required for providing sufficient N and P in the Bt horizon.
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Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar a performance de um sistema de tratamento baseado no processo de Contactores Biológicos Rotatórios (CBR), com a opção de prétratamento por Reator Acidogênico (RA), para o tratamento do efluente de um curtume que realiza as operações de recurtimento e acabamento. Os estudos experimentais foram desenvolvidos em escala de bancada, onde foram testadas duas configurações para a estação de tratamento. Na Configuração I o Reator Acidogênico precede o sistema de CBR, na Configuração II apenas um decantador precede os CBR. Para cada configuração foram testados três Tempos de Detenção Hidráulica (TDH) de 90, 45 e 22 horas no sistema de CBR correspondentes as Etapas 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente. Deste modo foi possível avaliar a influência do RA no desempenho dos CBR, sendo que o RA teria a função de promover a hidrólise e solubilização da matéria orgânica dificilmente degradável, facilitando a ação dos microrganismos aeróbios nos CBR. Foi avaliada a remoção de matéria orgânica nas três etapas das duas configurações estudadas, tendo como resultados eficiências (remoção de DQOt) de 60%, 61% e 63% para as etapas 1,2 e 3 respectivamente da Configuração I e 81%, 83% e 66% para as etapa 1, 2 e 3 da Configuração II. Também foram avaliadas as remoções de cromo além da nitrificação e denitrificação no sistema de tratamento. A comparação entre as duas Configurações estudadas ficou prejudicada devido a mudanças nas características do efluente do curtume que na Configuração II apresentou uma maior degradabilidade (maior relação DBO/DQO) que na Configuração I. Mesmo assim, foi obtida uma correlação entre os dados de carga de DQOsol aplicada e removida indicando que o Reator Acidogênico promoveu uma otimização no sistema de CBR. Assim foi possível avaliar as características operacionais e a proposição de modelo matemático referente ao desempenho de CBR tratando um efluente real de lenta degradação.
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In this research there was an evaluation of the best conditions of nitriding in plasma within a cathodic cage at an atmosphere of 80% N2-20%H2 in samples of tool manganese steel AISI D6, cold working, treated thermally in the following conditions: tension relief, treated thermally to temperature of maximum heat, temperate heat and temperate and temperate heat. A pressure of 2.5mbar and temperatures of 400 and 300ºC com treatment time of two and three hours were used to evaluate its performance as cutting tool (punch) of bicycle backs. Hardness, micro-structural aspects (layer thickness, interface, grain size etc), and crystal phases on the surface were appraised. When treated to tension relief, thermally treated to maximum heat temperature, temperature and temperate heat, the samples presented hardness levels of 243HV, 231HV, 832HV, and 653HV, respectively. The best nitrification conditions were: four hours and 300ºC for heat samples. A superficial hardness of 1000HV and a 108µm thickness for the nitrided layer were found in these samples
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The effects of agricultural-pastoral and tillage practices on soil microbial populations and activities have not been systematically investigated. The effect of no-tillage (NT), no-tillage agricultural-pastoral integrated systems (NT-I) and conventional tillage (CT) at soil depths of 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm on the microbial populations (bacteria and fungi), biomass-C, potential nitrification, urease and protease activities, total organic matter and total N contents were investigated. The crops used were soybean (in NT, NT-I and CT systems), corn (in NT and NT-I systems) and Tanner grass (Brachiaria sp.) (in NT-I system); a forest system was used as a control. Urease and protease activities, biomass-C and the content of organic matter and total N were higher (p < 0.05) in the forest soil than the other soils. Potential nitrification was significantly higher in the NT-I system in comparison with the other systems. Bacteria numbers were similar in all systems. Fungi counts were similar in the CT and forest, but both were higher than in NT. All of these variables were dependent on the organic matter content and decreased (p < 0.05) from the upper soil layer to the deeper soil layers. These results indicate that the no-tillage agricultural-pasture-integrated systems may be useful for soil conservation.
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A produtividade agrícola nos trópicos é afetada, principalmente, pelos fatores ligados à acidez do solo (pH, saturação por bases, acidez potencial, disponibilidade de nutrientes). A calagem é uma prática bem conhecida para corrigir a acidez do solo em culturas anuais, ainda que não seja praticada com a regularidade necessária. Entretanto, em culturas perenes, a incorporação de corretivos é mais complexa, devido às características desse grupo de plantas e à carência de informações científicas sobre o assunto. em condições de acidez, a calagem promove a neutralização do Al3+, a elevação do pH e o fornecimento de Ca e Mg, possibilitando a proliferação de raízes, com reflexos positivos no crescimento da parte aérea das plantas. Contudo, devido à baixa solubilidade e à lenta movimentação do calcário ao longo do perfil do solo, há obrigatoriedade de se fazer distribuição uniforme e incorporação profunda, antecedendo a implantação do pomar, a fim de garantir o eficiente aproveitamento de água e de nutrientes contidos nessas camadas. A calagem deve ser considerada um investimento, pois seus benefícios perduram além de um ano ou de uma safra agrícola. Isso se deve ao efeito residual dos corretivos de acidez do solo, sendo o tempo de duração desse efeito dependente de vários fatores, entre os quais: condições edafoclimáticas, cultura, manejo da área e tipo de corretivo empregado. em geral, partículas maiores de calcário têm efeito residual mais prolongado, sendo empregadas na implantação dos pomares. No entanto, a relação entre o tamanho da partícula e o efeito residual tem sido pouco pesquisada, devido à necessidade de estudos de longa duração. em função das elevadas doses de adubos nitrogenados utilizadas nos pomares de altos rendimentos, a acidez do solo aumenta, como resultado do processo de nitrificação. em pomares já implantados, o procedimento atualmente utilizado pelos produtores é a incorporação superficial do calcário na área. As recomendações talvez fossem outras, caso houvesse maior subsídio da pesquisa, tendo em vista os diversos problemas fitossanitários que podem ocorrer, direta ou indiretamente da prática da incorporação do corretivo, tais como redução do sistema radicular, ferimento das raízes e consequente risco de infecções, com disseminação de pragas e doenças no pomar. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os principais resultados de pesquisas sobre o assunto, mostrando os efeitos da calagem sobre a fertilidade do solo, a nutrição e a produtividade de frutíferas de grande importância econômica para o Brasil, bem como discutir a duração do efeito residual dos corretivos e a dose mais ecônomica a ser aplicada nos pomares de frutas em implantação e em produção.
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A produtividade do milho safrinha pode ser aumentada com a adubação nitrogenada em cobertura mesmo quando cultivado em sucessão à soja. No entanto, existem inconsistências dos resultados especialmente quanto às fontes e doses a serem empregadas nessa modalidade de cultivo. Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de fontes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no milho safrinha, cultivado após soja no sistema plantio direto, conduziu-se o experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, em Chapadão do Céu (GO). O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de quatro fontes (uréia, sulfato de amônio, uréia extrusada com produtos amiláceos (Amiréia® 180S) e sulfonitrato de amônio com inibidor de nitrificação (Entec® 26)) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (0; 30; 60 e 120 kg ha-1). A interação fonte x dose não foi significativa para nenhuma das variáveis avaliadas. A aplicação de nitrogênio na forma de entec proporcionou maiores teores de nitrogênio na folha do milho safrinha que o sulfato de amônio e a amiréia. A produtividade de grãos do milho safrinha foi maior quando o nitrogênio em cobertura foi fornecido na forma de sulfato de amônio, em comparação com a amiréia. A aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura aumentou os teores de nitrogênio e enxofre na folha, altura da planta, diâmetro do colmo, número de espigas por planta e grãos por espiga, massa de 1.000 grãos e produtividade de grãos do milho safrinha, em sucessão à soja, independentemente da fonte utilizada.
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No sistema de semeadura direta, o calcário tem sido aplicado superficialmente para evitar o revolvimento do solo. Os ânions adicionados via adubação nitrogenada podem aumentar a solubilização de sais de cátions básicos do solo graças à formação de pares iônicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica dos ânions NO3- e SO4(2-) e dos cátions NH4+, Ca2+, Mg2+ e K+ da solução do solo, bem como a absorção de nutrientes pelo algodoeiro submetido a distintas formas de aplicação de calcário e diferentes doses de sulfato de amônio em cobertura, cultivado com a presença de palha na superfície do solo. Utilizou-se um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura média que foi acomodado em vasos com 15,71 dm³. Plantas de algodão (Gossypium hirsutum) foram cultivadas por 60 dias nas condições de calagem superficial sobre a palha, calagem incorporada a 0-20 cm de profundidade e ausência de correção do solo, com a aplicação de doses de sulfato de amônio equivalentes a 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1 de N em cobertura. Cápsulas porosas foram instaladas para amostragem e quantificação de nutrientes da solução do solo. A concentração de SO4(2-) da solução do solo foi incrementada pela adubação nitrogenada, independentemente da forma de aplicação do calcário. A curto prazo, a nitrificação do NH4+ aplicado foi favorecida somente com a calagem incorporada, apesar de o N nítrico da solução do solo ter aumentado no final do cultivo do algodão até mesmo no solo não corrigido. As concentrações de Ca, Mg e K da solução do solo foram incrementadas pela adubação de cobertura. O ânion SO4(2-) apresentou maior afinidade do que o NO3- na formação de pares iônicos com os cátions básicos da solução do solo. A adubação nitrogenada proporcionou maior eficiência na absorção de Ca e Mg pelo algodoeiro na condição de calagem incorporada.
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Failures in reforestation are often attributed to nutrient limitation for tree growth. We compared tree performance and nitrogen and phosphorus relations in adjacent mixed-species plantings of contrasting composition, established for forest restoration on Ultisol soil, originally covered by tropical semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest in Southeast Brazil. Nutrient relations of four tree species occurring in both planting mixtures were compared between a legume-dominated, species-poor direct seeding mixture of early-successional species ("legume mixture"), and a species-diverse, legume-poor mixture of all successional groups ("diverse mixture"). After 7 years, the legume mixture had 6-fold higher abundance of N(2)-fixing trees, 177% higher total tree basal area, 22% lower litter C/N, six-fold higher in situ soil resin-nitrate, and 40% lower in situ soil resin-P, compared to the diverse mixture. In the legume mixture, non-N(2)-fixing legume Schizolobium parahyba (Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae) had significantly lower proportional N resorption, and both naturally regenerating non-legume trees had significantly higher leaf N concentrations, and higher proportional P resorption, than in the diverse mixture. This demonstrate forms of plastic adjustment in all three non-N(2)-fixing species to diverged nutrient relations between mixtures. By contrast, leaf nutrient relations in N(2)-fixing Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae) did not respond to planting mixtures. Rapid N accumulation in the legume mixture caused excess soil nitrification over nitrate immobilization and tighter P recycling compared with the diverse mixture. The legume mixture succeeded in accelerating tree growth and canopy closure, but may imply periods of N losses and possibly P limitation. Incorporation of species with efficient nitrate uptake and P mobilization from resistant soil pools offers potential to optimize these tradeoffs.
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This study investigates a new treatment system of wastewater by anaerobic and aerobic biological filters for nitrogen modification. The main objective of this study was evaluate, on a pilot scale, quantitatively and qualitatively the bacterian nitrifying community in a experimental sewage treatment system made by aerobics biological filters in series, in search of figure out the dynamic of nitrogen modification process. It was collected and laboratorial analysed microbiologically, regarding NMP of Nitrosomonas e Nitrobacter, and physical-chemically considering nitrogen sequence. We conclude that: the association in aerobic biological filters under nutrition controlled conditions and oxygen level allows the appearance of bacterian community responsible for the nitrogen modification; the method used, despite its limitations, provided the selection of autotrophic nitrifying microorganisms, allowing the identification of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter; the flow direction tested in the experimental unit did not affect the nitrifying bacterial community, certainly because they were kept drowned and did not occur flow speed that could breake the formed biomass; the nitrification process happened in aerated biological filters in all phases of the research, comproved by microbiological tests; in the third phase of the research the increase of the oxygen rate was significant for the nitrificant bacterian community in the aerate biological filters, allowing its growth, occurring relation between the efficiency of nitrification system and the quantity of organisms responsible for this process; the conduit used in aerated biological filters showed satisfactory performance support material to the nitrifying bacteria development
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Although the good performance in organic matter and suspended solids removal, the anaerobic reactors are unable to remove ammonia nitrogen from sewage, which makes indispensable to include a step of post-treatment for removal of ammonia or nitrate as necessary. This paper presents the performance of a new variant technology, where the nitrification unit, preceded by anaerobic units, is a submerged aerated biological filter, without continuous sludge discharge in their daily operation. The oxygenation system is very simple and inexpensive, consisting of perforated hoses and compressors. The anaerobic reactors are a septic tank with two chambers followed (8.82 m³) and two parallel anaerobic filters (36 m³ each) filled with ceramic bricks and conics plastic parts. Both followed aerated filters were filled with cut corrugated conduit. The study evaluated the behavior of the system with constant domestic sewage flow (10 m³/d) and different aeration conditions, are these: stage 01, when applied air flow of 0.01 m³ air/min in both aerated filter; stage 02, remained in the initial air flow rate in the second aerated filter and increased at the first to 0.05 m³ air/min; at last, at last, in stage 03, the air flow rate of first aerated filter was 0.10 m³ air/min and on the second remained at 0.01 m³ air/min. The filter FA1 received load of 0.41 kg COD/m³.d, 0.37 kg COD/m³.d and 0.26 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. The FA2 received loads of 0.25 kg COD/m³.d, 0.18 kg COD/m³.d and 0.14 kg COD/m³.d on phases 01, 02 and 03, respectively. During stage 01, were found the following results: 98% removals of BODtotal and 92% of CODtotal, with effluent presenting 9 mg/L of BODtotal final average and 53 mg/L of CODtotal average; suspended solids removals of 93%, with a mean concentration of 10 mg/L in the final effluent; 47% reduction of ammonia of FA2 to FAN 's, presenting average of 28 mg NNH3/ L of ammonia in the effluent with; the dissolved oxygen levels always remained around 2.0 mg/L. During stage 02, were found removals of 97% and 95% to BODtotal and suspended solids, respectively, with average final concentrations of 8 and 7 mg/L, respectively; was removed 60% of ammonia, whose final concentration was 16.3 mg NNH3/ L, and nitrate was increased to a final average concentration of 16.55 mg N-NO3/L. Finally, the stage 03 provided 6 mg/L of DBOtotal (98% removal) and 23 mg/L of CODtotal (95% removal) of final effluent concentrations average. At this stage was identified the higher ammonia oxidation (86%), with final effluent showing average concentration of 6.1 mg N-NH3/L, reaching a minimum of 1.70 mg N-NH3/L. In some moments, during stage 03, there was a moderate denitrification process in the last aerated filter. The average turbidity in the effluent showed around 1.5 NTU, proving the good biomass physical stability. Therefore, the results demonstrate the submerged biological filters potential, filled with high void ratio material (98%), and aerated with hoses and compressor adoption, in the carbonaceous and nitrogenous matter oxidation, also generating an effluent with low concentration of solids
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The improper disposal of nitrogen in receiving water courses causes problems such as toxicity to living beings through the consumption of oxygen to meet the nitrogen demand, eutrophication and nitrate contamination of aquifers. For this reason it is often necessary to be carried out complementary treatment of wastewater to eliminate or reduce the concentration of this compound in the wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the biological removal of nitrogen compounds using submerged aerated and anoxic filters as post-treatment of an anaerobic system, with low cost and innovative technology, which in previous studies has shown high removal efficiency of organic matter and great potential biological nitrogen compounds removal. The simple design with perforated hoses for air distribution and filling with plastic parts proved to be very efficient in relation to organic matter removal and nitrification. The system presented, in the best stage, efficiency in converting ammonia to nitrate by 71%, and produced a final effluent concentration below 10 mg / L of NH3-N. In addition, carbon concentration was removed by 77%, producing final effluent with 24 mg/L COD. However, denitrification in anoxic filter was not effective even with the addition of an external carbon source. There was a reduction of up to 56% of nitrogen caused by the process of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The high voids space presented by this type of support material coupled with direct aeration of the sludge, allows the respiration of biomass retained between the endogenous phase, increased cell retention time and sludge retention capacity, producing a final effluent with turbidity less than 5 UT and total suspended solids around 5.0 mg/L