O relacionamento entre a incerteza ambiental e o comportamento estratégico na percepção dos gestores de pequenas empresas

Neste estudo, objetiva-se examinar o relacionamento entre o comportamento estratégico e a incerteza ambiental na percepção dos gestores. Os dados relativos ao construto incerteza foram levantados conforme uma taxonomia que explicita 29 fatores agrupados em 6 clusters. Para comportamento estratégico utilizou-se um modelo que caracteriza tal comportamento em quatro tipos: prospectores, analistas, defensivos e reativos. A pesquisa apresenta abordagem quantitativa, descritiva correlacional e explicativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de survey com questionário aplicado a uma população de 203 gestores das empresas de Tapejara (Rio Grande do Sul). Desse total, 53 questionários (26,1%) foram respondidos. A análise da relação entre os construtos incerteza e comportamento foi realizada por meio da técnica ANOVA precedida dos testes de normalidade e de homocedasticidade a fim de verificar os pressupostos para a análise. Quanto à percepção de incerteza, 64% dos administradores consideram o ambiente com baixa incerteza. Em relação ao comportamento, 40% das empresas adotam uma postura prospectora. No que tange à relação entre incerteza e comportamento, não houve significância nos resultados dos testes que possibilite afirmar que a percepção de incerteza leve à adoção de determinado comportamento.

La Tutela militar en la política de la República de Turquía

El ejército turco ha mantenido hasta la actualidad un importante grado de influencia en eldesarrollo de la vida política de Turquía. Los militares se han visto a sí mismos como losguardianes de lo que se ha llamado kemalismo, la ideología basada en los principios delfundador del país, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Herramienta de autoría para la creación de juegos basados en puzles

L'aprenentatge basat en jocs facilita el millor enteniment de conceptes, aportant entorns estimulants on poder aprendre d'una manera diferent a l'actual. Alguns dels avantatges més destacables són, per exemple, que els jocs fomenten la capacitat dels jugadors per comunicar-se i interactuar entre si. D'altra banda també poden ajudar a pensar de manera critica quan tenenque establir vincles entre la vida virtual i la real, estimulant-los a intentar trobar la solució diferents maneres. Malgrat això, hi ha una escassetat d'eines que permetin als professors poder crear els seus propis jocs educatius.Per donar solució a aquest problema s'ha dissenyat un model conceptual que defineix els elements necessaris perquè professors puguin dissenyar els seus propis jocs educatius basats en puzles. En aquest PFC ens centrarem en el disseny i implementació d'una eina d'autoria que generi els documents d'acord amb aquest model conceptual. En concret, aquesta eina d'autorias'encarregarà de demanar la informació necessària per poder realitzar la creació del joc, de manera que qualsevol persona que tingui o no habilitats de programació, tingui una petita eina que li guiï pas a pas i li generi els arxius necessaris per a la creació d'aquests jocs. D'altra banda, donada els avantatges de l'ús d'estàndards educatius en sistemes d'e-learning, destacar queaquesta eina d'autoria és conforme a l'especificació d'IMS Learning Design (IMS LD). És per això que, com a resultat, l'eina s'encarrega d'emmagatzemar la informació necessària per després processar-la i generar els arxius corresponents a IMS LD per definir el flux d'activitats dels jocs, i els arxius corresponents al model conceptual que defineix els mecanismes de comportamentdels puzles associats a les activitats.

A measure of rationality and welfare

There is evidence showing that individual behavior often deviates fromthe classical principle of maximization. This evidence raises at least two importantquestions: (i) how severe the deviations are and (ii) which method is the best forextracting relevant information from choice behavior for the purposes of welfare analysis.In this paper we address these two questions by identifying from a foundationalanalysis a new measure of the rationality of individuals that enables the analysis ofindividual welfare in potentially inconsistent subjects, all based on standard revealedpreference data. We call such measure minimal index.

Biological aspects of Leucothyreus alvarengai Frey and Leucothyreus aff. semipruinosus Ohaus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Rutelinae) in crop succession at central Brazil

Biological aspects of Leucothyreus alvarengai Frey and Leucothyreus aff. semipruinosus Ohaus (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Rutelinae) in crop succession at central Brazil. Beetles of the family Melolonthidae make up a large group and some species are considered pests of planted crops. Little information is available on the basic biological aspects of the genus Leucothyreus, such as association with cultivated crops and their occurrence periods. Therefore studies were developed in soybean and corn crops in Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso, Brazil, with the objective of studying the occurrence and biological aspects of Leucothyreus alvarengai Frey and Leucothyreus aff. semipruinosus Ohaus. For acquisition of immature specimens of both species, in April 2011 sampling was performed in corn fields, in July and October in the fallow area, and in soybeans fields planted in December; in 2012 sampling was performed in January and February in soybean fields and in March in corn fields. In 2011 the total number of larvae obtained in April, July, October and December were 100, 6, 30 and 27, and in January, February and March of 2012 these quantities were 32, 52 and 65 larvae, respectively. In all sampling events the larvae of L. alvarengai were collected in greater quantity. At the beginning of the reproductive period of L. alvarengai and L. aff. semipruinosus, it was observed that the adults began to fly and soon after started oviposition in the field in September. The appearance of larvae coincides with the time of soybean planting in the field, thus the larvae feed on roots of soybean plants at the beginning of their development and the cycle from egg to adult of the two species was completed in one year.

Biological aspects of Leucothyreus ambrosius Blanchard (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Rutelinae)

Biological aspects of Leucothyreus ambrosius Blanchard (Coleoptera, Melolonthidae, Rutelinae). Coleopterans of the family Melolonthidae comprise a large group of species that feed on different food sources, including plant roots, stems, and leaves, in addition to plant materials at different decomposition stages. Several species are found in the genus Leucothyreus, occurring in different regions of Brazil, including the various biomes in the country. Information on the biology of species of the genus Leucothyreus is scarce, therefore, we conducted studies on the biological aspects of Leucothyreus ambrosius Blanchard, 1850. The period of adult occurrence was determined with a light trap installed between a cropped and pasture area in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. Adults collected in the field were used to form insect pairs and the studies were initiated in the entomology laboratory as the adults began ovipositing. Adults were observed flying in the field from October to December. Eggs were obtained as pairs were formed and a colony was established, the embryonic period lasting 14.6 days on average. The larval period in the 1st instar lasted 21.6 days, in the 2nd instar 19.6 days, and in the 3rd instar, 85.6 days. The head capsule width was 1.48 mm in the 1st instar, 2.44 mm in the 2nd, and 3.83 mm in 3rd larval instar. The pupal stage had an average duration of 35.5 days. The egg to adult period lasted 173.3 days. Morphometric information for the larval and adult stages is presented in this study.

Análisis biológico-pesquero del recurso Lorna (Sciaena deliciosa) en el puerto de Huacho, período 2000-2011

Se realizó un análisis biológico pesquero del recurso lorna (Sciaena deliciosa) en el Puerto de Huacho durante el periodo 2000-2011. Este recurso se encuentra sometido a una fuerte presión de pesca y actualmente son pocas las investigaciones dirigidas a conocer su situación biológica-pesquera. En el análisis biológico, se evaluó la disminución significativa de la talla media a través del tiempo mediante un análisis de regresión lineal; asimismo, se calculo la relación longitud-peso mediante una regresión potencial. Se analizaron el factor de condición (Angelescu et al., 1987) e índice gonadosomático (Vazzoler, 1982) para determinar el período de desove. Se determinó la talla de primera madurez (TPM) a través de una curva logística y los parámetros de crecimiento se estimaron a partir del análisis de frecuencias de tallas. Se obtuvo un crecimiento cercano al isométrico del pez y una disminución significativa de la talla media entre el 2007-2011. La TPM se alcanza a los 15.5 cm., a la edad de un año y su época reproductiva se da con mayor intensidad entre los meses de verano-otoño mientras que en la primavera se observa un pico reproductivo con menor intensidad. Como parte del análisis pesquero, se analizó el desembarque, esfuerzo pesquero y captura por unidad de esfuerzo (CPUE); así como el porcentaje de ejemplares juveniles capturados en base a la talla mínima de captura (TMC). Además, se empleó el modelo de producción excedente de Schaefer (1954) y Fox (1970) y las fórmulas empíricas de Froese y Binohlan (2000) para determinar la sobreexplotación del recurso. Se observa una captura zonificada del recurso entre Vegueta (11°1.9’S) y Carquín (11°5.2’S); con decrecimiento en las capturas, aumento del esfuerzo pesquero y una disminución de la CPUE durante los últimos años del período evaluado. Los desembarques registraron un 90.2 por ciento de incidencia de ejemplares juveniles en las capturas y el recurso presenta una sobre explotación por crecimiento y reclutamiento.

E-LIS, una herramienta por y para bibliotecarios

Con la generalización del movimiento Open Access (acceso abierto) se han desarrollado políticas de apoyo a la publicaciónen abierto de revistas científicas, y complementariamente acciones de creación de repositorios digitales. El objetivo, eneste último caso, es posibilitar que los autores depositen sus contenidos (artículos, ponencias, tesis, etc.) para que seanaccesibles en línea por parte de toda la comunidad profesional y científica. En el caso de la bibliotecología y las ciencias afines (documentación, archivística, comunicación...) el repositorio ELIS(http://eprints.rclis.org) es un magnífico ejemplo de herramienta útil realizada por y para el colectivo bibliotecario que cree en el acceso abierto.

Seleção de modelos de variabilidade espacial para elaboração de mapas temáticos de atributos físicos do solo e produtividade da soja

Pesquisas sobre a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo que influenciam a produtividade são de uma grande importância para o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas que beneficiam a agricultura. A variabilidade desses atributos pode ser avaliada por técnicas de geoestatística e auxiliar no mapeamento e manejo do solo. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade do ajuste dos modelos teóricos espaciais segundo o Critério de Informação de Akaike, de Filliben, de Validação Cruzada e o valor máximo do logaritmo da função verossimilhança, de dados da umidade do solo, da densidade do solo e da resistência do solo à penetração, nas camadas de 0 a 0,1, 0,1 a 0,2 e 0,2 a 0,3 m, e de produtividade da soja do ano agrícola 2004-2005. Os parâmetros dos modelos de variabilidade espacial foram estimados por meio dos métodos de mínimos quadrados ordinários, mínimos quadrados ponderados e máxima verossimilhança. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma área de 57 ha de um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, utilizando-se uma malha de 75 x 75 m georreferenciada. Concluiu-se que, dos métodos de avaliação de ajustes estudados, o da Validação Cruzada foi o mais adequado para escolha do melhor ajuste do modelo de variabilidade espacial; conseqüentemente têm-se mapas temáticos mais acurados.

Root abundance of maize in conventionally-tilled and zero-tilled soils of Argentina

Maize root growth is negatively affected by compacted layers in the surface (e.g. agricultural traffic) and subsoil layers (e.g. claypans). Both kinds of soil mechanical impedances often coexist in maize fields, but the combined effects on root growth have seldom been studied. Soil physical properties and maize root abundance were determined in three different soils of the Rolling Pampa of Argentina, in conventionally-tilled (CT) and zero-tilled (ZT) fields cultivated with maize. In the soil with a light Bt horizon (loamy Typic Argiudoll, Chivilcoy site), induced plough pans were detected in CT plots at a depth of 0-0.12 m through significant increases in bulk density (1.15 to 1.27 Mg m-3) and cone (tip angle of 60 º) penetrometer resistance (7.18 to 9.37 MPa in summer from ZT to CT, respectively). This caused a reduction in maize root abundance of 40-80 % in CT compared to ZT plots below the induced pans. Two of the studied soils had hard-structured Bt horizons (clay pans), but in only one of them (silty clay loam Abruptic Argiudoll, Villa Lía site) the expected penetrometer resistance increases (up to 9 MPa) were observed with depth. In the other clay pan soil (silty clay loam Vertic Argiudoll, Pérez Millán site), penetrometer resistance did not increase with depth but reached 14.5 MPa at 0.075 and 0.2 m depth in CT and ZT plots, respectively. However, maize root abundance was stratified in the first 0.2 m at the Villa Lía and Pérez Millán sites. There, the hard Bt horizons did not represent an absolute but a relative mechanical impedance to maize roots, by the observed root clumping through desiccation cracks.

Anisotropia no estudo da variabilidade espacial de algumas variáveis químicas do solo

No estudo do mapeamento da fertilidade do solo, pelas técnicas de geoestatística, algumas características estruturais da variabilidade espacial devem ser consideradas, tais como continuidade espacial e ausência de anisotropia. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da anisotropia no estudo da variabilidade espacial das variáveis químicas do solo: ferro (Fe), acidez potencial (H + Al), matéria orgânica (MO) e Mn, de um conjunto de dados de 128 parcelas sem manejo químico localizado, espacialmente referenciados, estudados entre 1998 e 2002, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, em Cascavel-PR. A identificação da anisotropia foi realizada por meio da construção de semivariogramas direcionais com modelos ajustados, e a correção da anisotropia realizou-se por meio de transformações lineares e de modelos combinados. Em seguida, utilizou-se um modelo ajustado ao semivariograma omnidirecional para construção de mapas temáticos de variabilidade das variáveis estudadas. Observou-se a existência de anisotropia geométrica para a variável H + Al. Já as variáveis MO, Mn e Fe mostraram a presença de anisotropia combinada, sendo corrigida inicialmente a anisotropia geométrica e, posteriormente, a anisotropia zonal. Por meio do estudo da anisotropia, foi possível eliminar as direções privilegiadas, melhorando assim o ajuste dos semivariogramas e produzindo mapas temáticos das variáveis químicas estudadas com maior acurácia.

Diagnostic techniques applied in geostatistics for agricultural data analysis

The structural modeling of spatial dependence, using a geostatistical approach, is an indispensable tool to determine parameters that define this structure, applied on interpolation of values at unsampled points by kriging techniques. However, the estimation of parameters can be greatly affected by the presence of atypical observations in sampled data. The purpose of this study was to use diagnostic techniques in Gaussian spatial linear models in geostatistics to evaluate the sensitivity of maximum likelihood and restrict maximum likelihood estimators to small perturbations in these data. For this purpose, studies with simulated and experimental data were conducted. Results with simulated data showed that the diagnostic techniques were efficient to identify the perturbation in data. The results with real data indicated that atypical values among the sampled data may have a strong influence on thematic maps, thus changing the spatial dependence structure. The application of diagnostic techniques should be part of any geostatistical analysis, to ensure a better quality of the information from thematic maps.

Pedotransfer functions to estimate proctor test parameters under different tillage systems

The Proctor test is time-consuming and requires sampling of several kilograms of soil. Proctor test parameters were predicted in Mollisols, Entisols and Vertisols of the Pampean region of Argentina under different management systems. They were estimated from a minimum number of readily available soil properties (soil texture, total organic C) and management (training data set; n = 73). The results were used to generate a soil compaction susceptibility model, which was subsequently validated using a second group of independent data (test data set; n = 24). Soil maximum bulk density was estimated as follows: Maximum bulk density (Mg m-3) = 1.4756 - 0.00599 total organic C (g kg-1) + 0.0000275 sand (g kg-1) + 0.0539 management. Management was equal to 0 for uncropped and untilled soils and 1 for conventionally tilled soils. The established models predicted the Proctor test parameters reasonably well, based on readily available soil properties. Tillage systems induced changes in the maximum bulk density regardless of total organic matter content or soil texture. The lower maximum apparent bulk density values under no-tillage require a revision of the relative compaction thresholds for different no-tillage crops.

Selecting statistical models to study the relationship between soybean yield and soil physical properties

Statistical models allow the representation of data sets and the estimation and/or prediction of the behavior of a given variable through its interaction with the other variables involved in a phenomenon. Among other different statistical models, are the autoregressive state-space models (ARSS) and the linear regression models (LR), which allow the quantification of the relationships among soil-plant-atmosphere system variables. To compare the quality of the ARSS and LR models for the modeling of the relationships between soybean yield and soil physical properties, Akaike's Information Criterion, which provides a coefficient for the selection of the best model, was used in this study. The data sets were sampled in a Rhodic Acrudox soil, along a spatial transect with 84 points spaced 3 m apart. At each sampling point, soybean samples were collected for yield quantification. At the same site, soil penetration resistance was also measured and soil samples were collected to measure soil bulk density in the 0-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m layers. Results showed autocorrelation and a cross correlation structure of soybean yield and soil penetration resistance data. Soil bulk density data, however, were only autocorrelated in the 0-0.10 m layer and not cross correlated with soybean yield. The results showed the higher efficiency of the autoregressive space-state models in relation to the equivalent simple and multiple linear regression models using Akaike's Information Criterion. The resulting values were comparatively lower than the values obtained by the regression models, for all combinations of explanatory variables.

Local influence for spatial analysis of soil physical properties and soybean yield using student's t-distribution

The modeling and estimation of the parameters that define the spatial dependence structure of a regionalized variable by geostatistical methods are fundamental, since these parameters, underlying the kriging of unsampled points, allow the construction of thematic maps. One or more atypical observations in the sample data can affect the estimation of these parameters. Thus, the assessment of the combined influence of these observations by the analysis of Local Influence is essential. The purpose of this paper was to propose local influence analysis methods for the regionalized variable, given that it has n-variate Student's t-distribution, and compare it with the analysis of local influence when the same regionalized variable has n-variate normal distribution. These local influence analysis methods were applied to soil physical properties and soybean yield data of an experiment carried out in a 56.68 ha commercial field in western Paraná, Brazil. Results showed that influential values are efficiently determined with n-variate Student's t-distribution.