BLACKBIRD AND STARLING ROOSTING DYNAMICS: MPLICATIONS FOR ANIMAL DAMAGE CONTROL

Each winter an estimated 350 million starlings, red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), and brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) congregate in roosts in the southeastern United States (Meanley 1971, Meanley and Royall 1976). These birds have been of increasing concern because of agricultural damage claims (Stickley et al. 1976, Dolbeer et al. 1978), reputed health hazards (Monroe and Cronholm 1977), and other nuisance problems associated with them. Historical population trends (Dolbeer and Stehn 1979) and the source of winter-roosting blackbirds (Meanley 1971, Meanley and Dolbeer 1978, and Dolbeer 1978) have been summarized, but little information on the number of consecutive nights a bird returns to the same roost (roost fidelity) or the dynamics of a winter roost is available. The purpose of this paper is to present information on roost fidelity and population dynamics needed to better understand and manage winter blackbird and starling roosts.

SEASONAL, HABITAT AND SEX-SPECIFIC PATTERNS OF FOOD UTILIZATION BY RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS (Agelaius phoeniceous) IN EASTERN ONTARIO AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

Crop depredation by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) causes serious economic losses to agricultural crops each year in both Canada and the United States. The concentration of vulnerable, monocultural crops, particularly corn, during periods when large flocks of blackbirds congregate in roosting areas prior to migration has invariably led to heavy feeding pressure (Stone et al., 1972; Wiens and Dyer, 1975; Tyler et al., 1978). Efforts to reduce damage levels by mechanical and chemical dispersal agents have been largely unsuccessful, at least in terms of a long-term solution to the problem. Recently, the lethal control of blackbird populations using surfactants has been proposed. However, the potential repercussions of the removal of substantial numbers of birds from northern breeding areas are virtually unknown (Robertson et al., 1978). Much of the research dealing with the feeding ecology of red-winged blackbirds has been limited to fall and winter periods when large aggregations of birds are actively involved in crop depredation (Goddad, 1969; Williams, 1976; Dolbeer et al., 1978) or pose a potential health hazard (Monroe and Cronholm, 1976). However, what is not known is the degree to which the removal of deleterious weed seed and insect pests cited in several studies (Bird and Smith, 1964; Mott et al., 1972; Robertson et al., 1978) might be of potential value to agriculture. The issue of whether the benefits derived from redwing foraging compensate for the negative aspects associated with crop depredation and health hazards remains largely unresolved. The present study attempted to evaluate the pest status of this species using diet information derived from food habits analysis conducted during the residency of red- winged blackbirds in a northern breeding area. By determining how the feeding ecology of red-winged blackbirds varies on a seasonal basis, among different breeding habitats and between sexes, we hoped to determine more realistically which segments of the population might be responsible for the greatest benefits or detriments and, thereby, more accurately evaluate the economic impact of the species as a whole. To achieve this aim, the study provides an accurate description of the common insects and weed pests utilized by redwings. By determining the relative proportions of those items known to be detrimental, we hoped to illustrate, at least qualitatively, the degree to which redwing foraging is comprised of both beneficial and harmful components.

The coordination of care for tuberculosis control

This descriptive epidemiological study analyzed the coordination of tuberculosis (TB) patient care in primary healthcare services according to 23 patients, 16 professionals, and 17 administrators from Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, using an instrument adapted to evaluate TB. According to the informants, the coordination of healthcare provided to patients under the treatment of the Tuberculosis Control Program team was considered satisfactory; however, when there is a need to refer the patient to other care units there are weak points in the coordination of healthcare, which include: interruption of communication flow; and patients' incipient participation in the care process, with a need to increase the sense of responsibility for patient care and encourage patients to become active agents in the process.

Delay in the search for health services for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo

The scope of this paper is to analyze delays in locating health services for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in Ribeirao Preto in 2009. An epidemiological and cross-sectional study was conducted with 94 TB patients undergoing treatment. A structured questionnaire, based on the Primary Care Assessment Tool adapted for TB care was used. A median (15 days or more) was established to characterize delay in health attendance. Using the Prevalence Ratio, the variables associated with longer delay were identified. The first healthcare services sought were the Emergency Services (ES) (57.5%). The longest period between seeking assistance occurred among males, aged between 50 and 59, who earned less than five minimum wages, had pulmonary TB, were new cases, were not co-infected with TB/HIV, did not consume alcohol, had satisfactory knowledge about TB before diagnosis (with a statistically significant association with delay) and who did not seek healthcare close to home before developing TB. There is a perceived need for training healthcare professionals about the signs and symptoms of the disease, reducing barriers of access to timely diagnosis of TB and widely disseminating it to the community in general.

A coordenação da assistência no controle da tuberculose

Estudo epidemiológico descritivo que analisa a coordenação da assistência ao doente de Tuberculose em Serviços de Atenção Primária segundo 23 doentes, 16 profissionais e 17 gestores em Ribeirão Preto-SP, através de instrumento adaptado para avaliar a tuberculose. De acordo com os informantes, a coordenação da assistência ao doente em tratamento pela equipe do programa de controle da tuberculose foi considerada satisfatória. No entanto, quando há necessidade de encaminhar o doente a outros pontos de atenção, a coordenação da assistência apresenta pontos deficientes como descontinuidade do fluxo de comunicação e participação incipiente do doente no processo de atenção, havendo necessidade de aumentar a responsabilização pelo cuidado do doente e estimulá-lo como agente ativo do processo.

Atraso na busca por serviço de saúde para o diagnóstico da tuberculose em Ribeirão Preto (SP)

Foi analisado o atraso na busca por serviço de saúde para o diagnóstico da Tuberculose (TB) em Ribeirão Preto, 2009, em um estudo epidemiológico, transversal, realizado com 94 doentes. Utilizou-se questionário baseado no Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para avaliar a atenção à TB. Estabeleceu-se a mediana (15 dias ou mais) para caracterizar atraso na busca pelo primeiro atendimento. Através da Razão de Prevalência, identificaram-se as variáveis relacionadas ao maior atraso. O primeiro serviço de saúde procurado foi o de pronto atendimento (57,4%). Verificou-se um maior tempo na procura pelos serviços de saúde entre os doentes: do sexo masculino; com idade entre 50 a 59 anos; com renda familiar inferior a cinco salários mínimos; forma pulmonar; casos novos; não coinfecção TB/HIV; não consumiam bebida alcoólica, conhecimento satisfatório sobre TB (apresentou significância estatística na associação com o atraso) e que não procuravam o serviço de saúde próximo do domicílio antes de ter TB. Verificou-se a necessidade de capacitação para os profissionais de saúde quanto aos sinais e sintomas da doença, reduzindo as barreiras de acesso ao diagnóstico oportuno da TB e divulgação ampla para a comunidade em geral.

Opportunities in Materials Processing: Metal Casting

Revitalizing manufacturing in the US is a hot topic, and the $1B National Network for Manufacturing Innovation (NNMI) has three new centers focused on metal casting. For structural applications, magnesium casting, structural die-cast alloys, austempered ductile and compacted graphite cast iron, and high strength steel promise dramatic weight reduction and improved performance. Recent experiments and modeling at UAB focus on the development of such new materials and processing routes. A study of the rare earth content in an aerospace magnesium alloy is presented.

Controlling New Media (without the Law)

The purpose of this paper is to explore some emerging modes of control that are evolving wholly or partially outside conventional media law. We focus in particular on the entirely novel mechanisms of control enabled through code and technology in general. We compare these new models with traditional regulatory bodies and their decision-making processes and, making reference to the values and interests that are embedded in the design of mediating technologies, ask whether the new tools of control are appropriate for achieving public policy objectives in a complex new-and-old media landscape, or whether in fact they introduce some dangers.

A MORTALITY STUDY OF BUTYL-CHLOROBUTYL RUBBER WORKERS

Worker populations are potentially exposed to multiple chemical substances simultaneously during the performance of routine tasks. The acute health effects from exposure to toxic concentrations of these substances are usually well-described. However, very little is known about the long-term health effects of chronic low dose exposure to all except a few chemical substances. A mortality study was performed on a population of workers employed at a butyl rubber manufacturing plant in Baton Rouge, Louisiana for the period 1943-1978, with special emphasis on potential exposure to methyl chloride.^ The study population was enumerated using company records. The mortality experience among the population was evaluated by comparing the number of observed deaths (total and cause-specific) to the expected number of deaths, based on the U.S. general age, race, sex specific rates. An internal comparison population was assembled to address the issue of lack of comparability when the U.S. rates are used to calculate expected deaths in an employed population.^ There were 18% fewer total observed deaths compared to the expected when the U.S. death rates were used to obtain the expected. Deaths from specific causes were also less than expected except when numbers of observed and expected deaths were small. Similar results were obtained when the population was characterized by intensity and duration of potential exposure to methyl chloride. When the internal comparison population was utilized to evaluate overall mortality of the study population, the relative risk was about 1.2.^ The study results were discussed and conclusions drawn in light of certain limitations of the methodology and study population size. ^

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 68 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Gretl Dupont (p. II 5, 220-439)

6 Briefe zwischen Max Horkheimer und F. Pollock mit Einbezug von Arthur G. Coons vom Occidental College Los Angeles, 1947; 4 Briefe zwischen Kathleen Costello und Max Horkheimer, 1945-1946; 8 Briefe und Beilage zwischen Edward M. David und Max Horkheimer, 24.11.1941-1942; 11 Briefe zwischen dem United States of America, Department of States und Max Horkheimer, 1942-1949; 3 Briefe zwischen Monroe E. Deutsch und Max Horkheimer, 1946; 12 Briefe und Beilage zwischen dem Dictionary of the Arts und Max Horkheimer, 1941-1944 sowie 1 Manuskrip: Sociology of Arts von Max Horkheimer; 2 Briefe zwischen Robert Disraeli und Max Horkheimer, 1945; 21 Briefe und Beilage zwischen Ria Drevermann und Max Horkheimer, 1948-1950; 6 Briefe zwischen Wolf Drewermann und Max Horkheimer, 1948-1949; 2 Briefe von Stephen Duggan vom Institute of International Education an Max Horkheimer, 1942-1947; 6 Briefe zwischen Joseph Dunner und Max Horkheimer, 1945-1947; 24 Briefe und Beilage zwischen Gretl Dupont und Max Horkheimer, 1942-1948; 3 Briefe zwischen Clarence A. Dykstra und Max Horkheimer, 1946-1947, 1947;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 504 - Korrespondenzen mit Theodor W. Adorno (p. VI 1B, 133 - 295)

Briefwechsel und Beilagen zwischen Max Horkheimer, Theodor W. Adorno und Gretel Adorno, 1942 - 1944; 1 Brief von Friedrich Pollock an Theodor W. Adorno, 1942; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Friedrich Pollock, 1944; 1 Brief von Else Frenkel-Brunswick an Theodor W. Adorno, 1944; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das American Jewish Commitee, 1944; Briefwechsel und Beilagen zwischen Gretel Adorno, Theodor W. Adorno und Frederick Wild, 1942 - 1944; 1 Brief von Gretel Adorno an Leo Löwenthal, 1944; 1 Brief von Monroe E. Deutsch an Theodor W. Adorno, 1944; Briefwechsel zwischen Theodor W. Adorno und Margot von Mendelssohn, 1942 - 1943; 1 Brief von der Bank of America in Los Angeles an Frederick Wild, 1942;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 673 - Forschungsprojekte über Antisemitismus, Vorurteil, Autorität: Einzeluntersuchungen (p. IX 139 - IX 140.1-14)

Assignements. Anweisungen zu Einzeluntersuchungen des Antisemitismus-Projekts, 1943 und ohne Datum, 15 Blatt; Zum 'Berkeley Projekt on Antisemitism', 1944-1946; Sitzungsprotokolle und Memoranden der 'Los Angeles Branch of the Berkeley Research Project on Social Discrimination', 19.03.1946 - 11.04.1946, Typoskript, 11 Blatt; Frenkel-Brunswik, Else: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, ohne Ort, 10.01.1944, 6 Blatt; Interview- und Testprotokolle, Typoskript, 33 Blatt; Horkheimer, Max: 1 Brief an Theodor W. Adorno, ohne Ort, 11.10.1945, 5 Blatt; "Traits of the Authoritatian Character", a) Typoskript, 2 Blatt; b) Typoskript, 2 Blatt; c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und Ergänzungen, von Max Horkheimer, 2 Blatt; "Hypothese concerning indirect questions of Berkeley Questionaire". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 4 Blatt; Frenkel-Brunswik, Else; Sanford, R. Nevitt: "Some Personality Factors in Anti-Semitism", Sonderdruck aus: The Journal of Psychology, 1945, 20, S. 271-291; Levison, Daniel J.; Sanford, R. Nevitt: "A Scale for the Measurement of Anti-Semitism", Sonderdrucke aus: The Journal of Psychology, 1944,17, S.339-370; "'Unconscious' Facism", Excerpt aus: Propaganda Analysis, No. 7, L938, Typoskript 1 Blatt; Löwenthal, Leo: 1 Brief mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, New York, 31.05.1945; Deutsch, Monroe E.: 2 Briefe mit Unterschrift an Max Horkheimer, Berkeley, 1945; 4 Briefe und Beantwortung von Max Horkheimer, Pacific Palisades, 1945; Lundberg, O.: 5 Briefe von Max Horkheimer, Pacific Palisades, 1945-1946; Sanfort, Nevitt: 1 Brief von Samuel H. Flowerman, ohne Ort, 14.06.1947; Statement for Berkeley Public Opinio Study Group Accounts, 19 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 563 - Korrespondenzen u.a. mit Alice H. Maier und Leo Löwenthal (p. VI 27, 1-253)

Briefwechsel zwischen Max Horkheimer und Alice H. Maier; 5 Briefe an Maurice und Carolyn Tumarkin von Max Horkheimer, 1957/1964; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Charles Gorman, 27.04.1957; 1 Brief von Alice H. Maier an die Marquis Company (Chicago), 06.05.1957; 2 Briefe an H. P. Edelman von Max Horkheimer, 1964; 3 Briefe zwischen Alice H. Maier und H. P. Edelman, 1957/1963; 1 Brief von Margot von Mendelssohn an Alice H. Maier, 01.04.1957; 1 Brief an Richard Corwine Stevenson von Max Horkheimer, 16.03.1957; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Inge Aicher-Scholl, 26.02.1957; 1 Brief an Herman Strasburger von Max Horkheimer, 21.01.1957; 1 Brief von Elisabeth Richter an Alice H. Maier, [1957]; 1 Brief an den Director of International Operations (Washington) von Chauncy D. Harris, 05.02.1957; 1 Brief von Alice H. Maier an Comptroller of Customs (New York), 11.01.1957; 1 Brief an Herbert Marcuse von Alice H. Maier, 14.01.1957; 2 Briefe zwischen Alice H. Maier und The Saturday Evening Post (Philadelphia), Oktober 1956; 1 Brief an die Staats-Herold Corporation (Woodside) von Alice H. Maier, 24.09.1956; 2 Briefe zwischen Alice H. Maier und Werner Thönnessen, 1956; 2 Briefe zwischen dem National Better Business Bureau (New York) und Alice H. Maier, 1956; 2 Briefe zwischen Alice H. Maier und Herman L. Filene, Januar 1956; 5 Briefe zwischen Max Horkheimer und Edwin J. Lukas, 1962 - 1963; 7 Briefe zwischen Monroe Karasik und Max Horkheimer, 1963; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an James Conant, 30.05.1963; 1 Brief an John J. McCloy von Max Horkheimer, 30.05.1963; 3 Briefe an Herman S. Klein von Alice H. Maier, 1960/1963; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Hartley Chemists (New York), 06.02.1962; 1 Brief an Columbia Chemists (New York) von Max Horkheimer, 06.02.1962; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an A. P. Bersohn, 06.06.1962; 1 Brief an A. P. Bersohn von Alice H. Maier, 20.04.1962; 1 Brief an Alice H. Maier von Paul Kind, 22.05.1962; 1 Brief an Cyrus C. Hoffman von Alice H. Maier, 23.03.1961; 2 Briefe von Alice H. Maier an Friedrich Pollock, 1960/1966;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 595 - Korrespondenzen mit Friedrich (Frederick) Pollock (p. VI 40, 261-536)

1 Brief von Frederick Pollock an Wolfgang Bussinger, 14.12.1962; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an das Kuratorium der J.-W.-Goethe-Universität (Frankfurt/M.), [1962]; 1 Brief von Edward Rebner an das Kulturreferat der Stadt Frankfurt/M., 24.08.1957; 1 Brief von Edward Rebner an das ZDF (München), 08.02.1962; 1 Brief von der Deutschen Bank an Joseph Christ, 04.03.1964; 1 Brief von Joseph Christ an Alice H. Maier, 12.03.1963; 2 Briefe zwischen Frederick Pollock und der Tanzi, Alfredo & Figli Speditionsfirma (Lugano), Dezember 1963; 1 Brief von dem Aebli & Cie. Ag. Versicherungsmakler (Zürich) an Max Horkheimer, 27.11.1963; 1 Brief von dem Hessichen Kultusminister (Wiesbaden) an Max Horkheimer, 11.11.1963; 2 Briefe zwischen Max Horkheimer und Gerhard Kleining, 1963; 2 Briefe von Frederick Pollock an Felix Weil, 1963; 1 Telegramm von Max Horkheimer an Felix Weil, 1963; 1 Brief von Frederick Pollock an das Institut für Sozialforschung (Frankfurt/M.), 04.01.1963; 4 Briefe zwischen Max Horkheimer und Monroe Karasik, 1963; 1 Brief von Frederick Pollock an Guttentag, 24.04.1963; 1 Brief von Frederick Pollock an A. P. Bersohn, 14.01.1963;