Ciudad y campo americanos vistos desde el Consejo de Indias en Madrid (1570-1650)

¿Cómo consideraba la administración madrileña, es decir el Consejo de Indias, los espacios urbanos y rurales en América? A partir de fuentes clásicas (las Ordenanzas de 1573 y las Relaciones geográficas de 1577) e inéditas (la obra y los papeles del oficial del Consejo de Indias, Juan Díez de la Calle), entendemos la importancia de la ciudad como lugar de dominación sobre el campo y de implantación del poder real gracias a la presencia de los representantes de la Corona designados en Madrid. La ciudad, con sus oficiales y sus eclesiásticos, es fuente de obsesión, mientras que el campo, en un segundo plano, es visto simplemente como fuente de recursos

Downwelling solar irradiance, upwelling solar radiance, sky leaving radiance, and cloud cover observed during ARCHEMHAB study (on Maria S. Merian Leg MSM21/3) from 2012-07-26 to 2012-08-10

The need to obtain ocean color essential climate variables (OC-ECVs) using hyperspectral technology has gained increased interest in recent years. Assessing ocean color on a large scale in high latitude environments using satellite remote sensing is constrained by polar environmental conditions. Nevertheless, on a small scale we can assess ocean color using above-water and in-water remote sensing. Unfortunately, above-water remote sensing can only determine apparent optical properties leaving the sea surface and is susceptible to near surface environmental conditions for example sky and sunglint. Consequently, we have to rely on accurate in-water remote sensing as it can provide both synoptic inherent and apparent optical properties of seawater. We use normalized water leaving radiance LWN or the equivalent remote sensing reflectance RRS from 27 stations to compare the differences in above-water and in-water OC-ECVs. Analysis of above-water and in-water RRS spectra provided very good match-ups (R2 > 0.97, MSE<1.8*10**-7) for all stations. The unbiased percent differences (UPD) between above-water and in-water approaches were determined at common OC-ECVs spectral bands (410, 440, 490, 510 and 555) nm and the classic band ratio (490/555) nm. The spectral average UPD ranged (5 - 110) % and band ratio UPD ranged (0 - 12) %, the latter showing that the 5% uncertainty threshold for ocean color radiometric products is attainable. UPD analysis of these stations West of Greenland, Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait and West of Iceland also suggests that the differences observed are likely a result of environmental and instrumental perturbations.

Elite porteña y lógica económica : Un análisis sobre los patrones de acumulación rioplatenses (1650-1750)

Este trabajo intenta resignificar el rol de la elite porteña en la economía ganadera durante el período 1650-1750. Evalúa el impacto de la apertura ultramarina en la estructura agraria y su correlato en el desempeño del sector terrateniente. Analiza la matriz productiva del comercio exterior y el peso de los bienes pecuarios en los patrones de acumulación. Enfatiza la función estratégica de las Salinas de la pampa y la importancia de la industria de bastimentos para la operatoria de la plaza naviera. Propone una revisión crítica de la lógica acumulativa del capital comercial

Rates of egg production, grazing and mortatlity of Calanus finmarchicus measured experimentally in the North Atlantic during the Maria S. Merian cruise MSM26, spring 2013

An incubation experiment at five different temperatures was used to assess the potential for adaptation of Calanus finmarchicus to future warming of the ocean. During a short term (3 h) and long term (6 day) exposure of individual females to a gradient of temperature stress, egg production and fecal pellet production were monitored to indicate secondary production and grazing rates. A longer term (10 day) exposure to elevated temperatures followed by a return to ambient sea temperatures was used to assess the potential recovery of individuals exposed to temperature stress. Females were picked out from WP2 net samples and acclimatised in 2 L bottles of GFF filtered seawater with Thalassiosira weissflogii as prey for >48 h at ambient SST. Experimental bottles were filled with filtered seawater (GFF filtered from non-toxic seawater supply) and acclimated to experimental temperature overnight (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C). Individual females were transferred into bottles using forceps and the bottles were inoculated with T. weissflogii to a final concentration of 5 µg chl L-1. Bottles were then placed into water baths and incubated for 3h or 6 d, and monitored for egg and fecal pellet production rates. A 10 day exposure experiment was used to test the potential for recovery from temperature stress, by returning females incubated at 5, 10, 15 and 20 °C back to 10 °C for 24 h and counting egg and fecal pellet production.

Respiration rates and electron transport system activities of copepod species obtained during Maria S. Merian cruise MSM17/3

Respiration rates and electron transport system (ETS) activities were measured in dominant copepod species from the northern Benguela upwelling system in January-February 2011 to assess the accuracy of the ETS assay in predicting in vivo respiration rates. Individual respiration rates varied from 0.06 to 1.60 µL O2/h/ind, while ETS activities converted to oxygen consumption ranged from 0.14 to 4.46 µL O2/h/ind. ETS activities were significantly correlated with respiration rates (r**2 = 0.79, p = 0.0001). R:ETS ratios were lowest in slow-moving Eucalanidae (0.11) and highest in diapausing Calanoides carinatus copepodids CV (0.76) while fast-moving copepods showed intermediate R:ETS (0.23-0.37). 82% of the variance of respiration rates could be explained by differences in dry mass, temperature and the activity level of different copepod species. Three regression equations were derived to calculate respiration rates for diapausing, slow- and fast-moving copepods, respectively, based on parameters such as body mass and temperature. Thus, knowledge about the activity level and behavioral characteristics of copepod species can significantly increase the predictive accuracy of metabolic models, which will help to better understand and quantify the impact of copepods on nutrient and carbon fluxes in marine ecosystems.