886 resultados para Mathematics teaching-learning


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Both, Bayesian networks and probabilistic evaluation are gaining more and more widespread use within many professional branches, including forensic science. Notwithstanding, they constitute subtle topics with definitional details that require careful study. While many sophisticated developments of probabilistic approaches to evaluation of forensic findings may readily be found in published literature, there remains a gap with respect to writings that focus on foundational aspects and on how these may be acquired by interested scientists new to these topics. This paper takes this as a starting point to report on the learning about Bayesian networks for likelihood ratio based, probabilistic inference procedures in a class of master students in forensic science. The presentation uses an example that relies on a casework scenario drawn from published literature, involving a questioned signature. A complicating aspect of that case study - proposed to students in a teaching scenario - is due to the need of considering multiple competing propositions, which is an outset that may not readily be approached within a likelihood ratio based framework without drawing attention to some additional technical details. Using generic Bayesian networks fragments from existing literature on the topic, course participants were able to track the probabilistic underpinnings of the proposed scenario correctly both in terms of likelihood ratios and of posterior probabilities. In addition, further study of the example by students allowed them to derive an alternative Bayesian network structure with a computational output that is equivalent to existing probabilistic solutions. This practical experience underlines the potential of Bayesian networks to support and clarify foundational principles of probabilistic procedures for forensic evaluation.

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The Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (Open University of Catalonia, UOC) is an online university that makes extensive use of information and communication technologies to provide education. Ever since its establishment in 1995, the UOC has developed and tested methodologies and technological support services to meet the educational challenges posed by its student community and its teaching and management staff. The know-how it has acquired in doing so is the basis on which it has created the Open Apps platform, which is designed to provide access to open source technical applications, information on successful learning and teaching experiences, resources and other solutions, all in a single environment. Open Apps is an open, online catalogue, the content of which is available to all students for learning purposes, all IT professionals for downloading and all teachers for reusing.To contribute to the transfer of knowledge, experience and technology, each of the platform¿s apps comes with full documentation, plus information on cases in which it has been used and related tools. It is hoped that such transfer will lead to the growth of an external partner network, and that this, in turn, will result in improvements to the applications and teaching/learning practices, and in greater scope for collaboration.Open Apps is a strategic project that has arisen from the UOC's commitment to the open access movement and to giving knowledge and technology back to society, as well as its firm belief that sustainability depends on communities of interest.

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The purpose of the thesis is to study how mathematics is experienced and used in preschool children’s activities and how preschool teachers frame their teaching of mathematical content. The studies include analyses of children’s actions in different activities from a mathematical perspective and preschool teachers’ intentions with and their teaching of mathematics. Preschool teachers’ understanding of the knowledge required in this area is also scrutinised. The theoretical points of departure are variation theory and sociocultural theory. With variation theory the focus is directed towards how mathematical content is dealt with in teaching situations where preschool teachers have chosen the learning objects. The sociocultural perspective has been chosen because children’s mathematical learning in play often takes place in interactions with others and in the encounter with culturally mediated concepts. The theoretical framework also includes didactical points of departure. The study is qualitative, with videography and phenomenography as metholological research approaches. In the study, video observations and interviews with preschool teachers have been used as data collection methods. The results show that in children’s play mathematics consists of volume, geometrical shapes, gravity, quantity and positioning. The situations also include size, patterns, proportions, counting and the creation of pairs. The preschool teachers’ intentions, planning and staging of their goal-oriented work are that all children should be given the opportunity to discern a mathematical content. This also includes making learning objects visible in here-and-now-situations. Variation and a clear focus on the mathematical content are important in this context. One of the study’s knowledge contributions concerns the didactics of mathematics in the preschool. This relates to the teaching of mathematics and includes the knowledge that preschool teachers regard as essential for their teaching. This includes theoretical and practical knowledge about children and children’s learning and didactical issues and strategies. The conclusion is that preschool teachers need to have a basic knowledge of mathematics and the didactics of mathematics.

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This exploratory, descriptive action research study is based on a survey of a sample of convenience consisting of 172 college and university marketing students, and 5 professors who were experienced in teaching in an internet based environment. The students that were surveyed were studying e-commerce and international business in 3^^ and 4*'' year classes at a leading imiversity in Ontario and e-commerce in 5^ semester classes at a leading college. These classes were taught using a hybrid teaching style with the contribution of a large website that contained pertinent text and audio material. Hybrid teaching employs web based course materials (some in the form of Learning Objects) to deliver curriculimi material both during the attended lectures and also for students accessing the course web page outside of class hours. The survey was in the form on an online questionnaire. The research questions explored in this study were: 1. What factors influence the students' ability to access and learn from web based course content? 2. How likely are the students to use selected elements of internet based curriculum for learning academic content? 3. What is the preferred physical environment to facilitate learning in a hybrid environment? 4. How effective are selected teaching/learning strategies in a hybrid environment? The findings of this study suggest that students are very interested in being part of the learning process by contributing to a course web site. Specifically, students are interested in audio content being one of the formats of online course material, and have an interest in being part of the creation of small audio clips to be used in class.

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Ontario Colleges of Applied Arts and Technology (CAATs) are currently in the process of restructuring to ensure quality, accountability, and accessibility of college education. References to learner involvement and self-directed learning are prevalent. "Alternative delivery" and "paradigm shift" are current buzzwords within the Ontario CAAT system as an environment is created supportive of change. Instability of funding has also dictated a need for change. Therefore, a focus has become quality of learning with less demand on public resources. This qualitative case study was conducted at an Ontario CAAT to gather descriptive, perceptual data from post-secondary community college educators who were identified as supportive of self-directed learning and from post-secondary, traditional-aged college students who were perceived by their educators to be selfdirected learners. This college was selected because of initiatives to modify its academic paradigm to encourage what was reputed in the Ontario CAAT system to be self-directed learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate how postsecondary, traditional-aged college students and their educators perceive self-directed learning as part of the teaching-learning experience within a community college setting. Educator participants of the study were selected based on the results of a teaching and learning survey intended to identify educators supportive of self-directed learning. A total of 317 surveys were distributed to every full-time educator at the sample college; 192 completed surveys were returned for a return rate of 61 %. Of these, 8% indicated instructional beliefs and values supportive of self-directed learning. A purposive sample of six educators was selected using a maximulp variation sampling strategy. A network selection sampling strategy was used to select a purposive sample of seven post-secondary students who were identified by the sample educators as selfdirected learners. The results of the study show that students and educators have similar perspectives and operating definitions of self-directed learning and all participants believe they either practice or facilitate self-directed learning. However, their perspectives and practices are not consistent with the literature which emphasizes learner autonomy or control in course structure and content. A central characteristic of the participants represented in this study is the service-oriented professions with which each is associated. Experientiallearning opportunities were highly valued for the options provided in increasing learner independence and competencies in reflective practice. Although there were discrepancies between espoused theory and theory in practice in terms of course structure, the process of self-directed learning was being practiced and supported outside the classroom structure in clinical settings, labs and related experiences.

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The concept of self-directed learning was examined from the nurse educators' perspective. One structured interview, lasting between one and one-and-a half hours, was conducted with each of 14 nurse educators in two community college continuing education programs in nursing. One community college program encourages selfdirected learning; the other encourages self-study and active participation in the teaching/learning process. All 14 interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Verbatim transcripts were analyzed for themes, patterns, and relationships utilizing analyst-constructed typologies. six prerequisites or necessary conditions for facilitating self-directed learning in a community college continuing education program in nursing were identified. ~he crucial issue in facilitating self-directed learning was found to be the issue of teacher-control.

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Notre contexte pratique — nous enseignons à des élèves doués de cinquième année suivant le programme international — a grandement influencé la présente recherche. En effet, le Programme primaire international (Organisation du Baccalauréat International, 2007) propose un enseignement par thèmes transdisciplinaires, dont un s’intitulant Où nous nous situons dans l’espace et le temps. Aussi, nos élèves sont tenus de suivre le Programme de formation de l’école québécoise (MÉLS Ministère de l'Éducation du Loisir et du Sport, 2001) avec le développement, notamment, de la compétence Résoudre une situation-problème et l’introduction d’une nouveauté : les repères culturels. Après une revue de la littérature, l’histoire des mathématiques nous semble tout indiquée. Toutefois, il existe peu de ressources pédagogiques pour les enseignants du primaire. Nous proposons donc d’en créer, nous appuyant sur l’approche constructiviste, approche prônée par nos deux programmes d’études (OBI et MÉLS). Nous relevons donc les avantages à intégrer l’histoire des mathématiques pour les élèves (intérêt et motivation accrus, changement dans leur façon de percevoir les mathématiques et amélioration de leurs apprentissages et de leur compréhension des mathématiques). Nous soulignons également les difficultés à introduire une approche historique à l’enseignement des mathématiques et proposons diverses façons de le faire. Puis, les concepts mathématiques à l’étude, à savoir l’arithmétique, et la numération, sont définis et nous voyons leur importance dans le programme de mathématiques du primaire. Nous décrivons ensuite les six systèmes de numération retenus (sumérien, égyptien, babylonien, chinois, romain et maya) ainsi que notre système actuel : le système indo-arabe. Enfin, nous abordons les difficultés que certaines pratiques des enseignants ou des manuels scolaires posent aux élèves en numération. Nous situons ensuite notre étude au sein de la recherche en sciences de l’éducation en nous attardant à la recherche appliquée ou dite pédagogique et plus particulièrement aux apports des recherches menées par des praticiens (un rapprochement entre la recherche et la pratique, une amélioration de l’enseignement et/ou de l’apprentissage, une réflexion de l’intérieur sur la pratique enseignante et une meilleure connaissance du milieu). Aussi, nous exposons les risques de biais qu’il est possible de rencontrer dans une recherche pédagogique, et ce, pour mieux les éviter. Nous enchaînons avec une description de nos outils de collecte de données et rappelons les exigences de la rigueur scientifique. Ce n’est qu’ensuite que nous décrivons notre séquence d’enseignement/apprentissage en détaillant chacune des activités. Ces activités consistent notamment à découvrir comment différents systèmes de numération fonctionnent (à l’aide de feuilles de travail et de notations anciennes), puis comment ces mêmes peuples effectuaient leurs additions et leurs soustractions et finalement, comment ils effectuaient les multiplications et les divisions. Enfin, nous analysons nos données à partir de notre journal de bord quotidien bonifié par les enregistrements vidéo, les affiches des élèves, les réponses aux tests de compréhension et au questionnaire d’appréciation. Notre étude nous amène à conclure à la pertinence de cette séquence pour notre milieu : l’intérêt et la motivation suscités, la perception des mathématiques et les apprentissages réalisés. Nous revenons également sur le constructivisme et une dimension non prévue : le développement de la communication mathématique.

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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'harmonisation des langues africaines transfrontalières à tradition écrite émergente au moyen des Technologies de l’information et de la communication.

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La présente recherche s’inscrit dans la mouvance actuelle orientée vers l’approche par compétences (APC) en Afrique de l’ouest. Née des exigences économiques et professionnelles à l’échelle mondiale, l’APC a connu son essor dans les années 1990. Par conséquent, le mode de recrutement sur le marché de l’emploi est basé sur les compétences des postulants. Il était donc légitime que l’école intègre cette nouvelle donne afin que les finissants puissent remplir les exigences socioprofessionnelles en temps opportun. De Ketele (2001, dans Hirtt 2009, p.6) est de cet avis quand il soutient que : « c’est en effet le monde socio-économique qui a déterminé la notion de compétence parce que les adultes que l’école a formés n’étaient pas suffisamment aptes à entrer dans la vie professionnelle ». L’APC rompt donc le caractère insulaire de l’école en faisant intervenir de nouveaux enjeux au niveau de l’enseignement, de l’apprentissage, des pratiques évaluatives des enseignants et des encadrements légaux dans les pays qui l’ont adoptée. Pour des contraintes socioéconomiques, le Burkina Faso a résolument opté de mettre en oeuvre une approche éclectique qui emprunte à l’APC certaines bases didactiques et pédagogiques. Cette option vise à doter le système éducatif burkinabé de mécanismes efficaces et efficients pour un enseignement de qualité tout en assurant la réussite et l’intégration socioprofessionnelle du plus grand nombre des sortants de l’école. Notre étude se situe dans cette nouvelle donne et vise l’amélioration du processus d’évaluation des élèves en fin du cycle primaire. Pour ce faire, nous avons conçu et validé un guide d’élaboration d’épreuves de mathématique dans une visée certificative pour ledit niveau afin de soutenir prioritairement les agents chargés de l’élaboration des épreuves officielles. En nous basant sur le paradigme de l’apprentissage, le constructivisme et la démarche méthodologique de Loiselle et Harvey (2009), nous avons examiné, dans un premier temps, les épreuves nationales développées au Québec et au Burkina Faso. Cette analyse a permis d’en relever les caractéristiques et d’identifier les éléments devant être retenus dans le cahier des charges au regard du profil des sortants défini dans le programme burkinabé. Dans un deuxième temps, un cahier des charges (version initiale.) a été développé en quatre sections afin de présenter les principes qui le sous-tendent : (1) l’élaboration des situations d’évaluation, (2) l’élaboration des outils d’administration de l’épreuve, (3) l’élaboration des outils de correction et de consignation et (4) les grilles d’évaluation. Dans un troisième temps, un groupe d’experts canadiens et deux groupes d’experts burkinabé se sont exprimés sur le degré de pertinence et de clarté de chaque section à partir de l’une ou l’autre version du Guide. Leurs observations et commentaires nous ont permis de le bonifier. D’une manière générale, les pourcentages des degrés d’accord pour la pertinence et la clarté des contenus développés au niveau de chaque section sont satisfaisants. Cependant, les recommandations des experts ont suscité des ajustements sur : 1) le contenu du guide soit de conserver une seule épreuve en mathématiques et de retirer les énoncés concernant les volets lecture et écriture en français; 2) le contenu de certains tableaux : à compléter ou à fusionner et; 3) la qualité de la langue : certaines phrases ont été reformulées, les erreurs de numérotation de certaines sous-sections ont été corrigées. La version finale serait celle qui est adaptée au contexte burkinabé. Ce guide est destiné aux structures chargées de l’évaluation des apprentissages et des acquis des élèves au Burkina Faso. Il constitue aussi un référentiel pour la formation initiale et continue des enseignants et des encadreurs. Bien que la recherche ait rempli des conditions méthodologiques et éthiques, la mise en oeuvre de ses résultats se limite au contexte burkinabé. Cependant, ils pourront soutenir ou orienter d’autres recherches qui s’inscrivent dans la même dynamique.

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Im Rahmen von empirischen Untersuchungen zum Lehren und Lernen von Mathematik haben wir einen Test entwickelt ("Potentialtest"), der die "mathematische Leistungsfähigkeit" von 13/14jährigen Jugendlichen in England und Deutschland für Vergleichszwecke messen soll. Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschreiben wir die Entstehung des Tests sowie Resultate der Durchführung des Tests bei 1036 englischen und deutschen Lernenden. Die Resultate werden unter Berücksichtigung von - aus unseren früheren Fallstudien bekannten - Charakteristika des Mathematikunterrichts in beiden Ländern interpretiert.

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A PowerPoint used to start a discussion about the nature of e-learning, and showing how Blackboard can be used to support independent learning by students.

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Resumen tomado de la publicación. Con el apoyo económico del departamento MIDE de la UNED. Incluye anexos

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Se trata de una investigación que se realizó en la Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica "Antonio José de Sucre" (UNEXPO), Vicerrectorado Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela, referida al estudio e intervención educativa en el programa de preparadurías (mecanismo de asesoramiento académico entre estudiantes de ingeniería), en el ámbito de matemática I (asignatura crítica), que desarrolló procesos participativos de enseñanza-aprendizaje en aula fundamentados en una metodología colaborativa, de cara a la promoción de un cambio educativo. La investigación tiene como propósito promover la mejora de los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje que se desarrollan en este programa, facilitando la participación de los preparadores en un proceso de intervención. Las acciones que orientaron la intervención en el aula, se fundamentan en una concepción constructivista y sociocultural de los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, que otorgan un papel preponderante a la actividad del alumno mediada por factores de su contexto educativo. Desde el punto de vista metodológico, estamos frente a un tipo de investigación interpretativa, sustentada operacionalmente por la metodología cualitativa. Para llevarla a cabo, se definieron tres fases interconectadas en el proceso investigativo: descriptiva, de intervención y valoración; destacando que la fase intervención en el aula, se inspiró en la investigación-acción, como mecanismo indagatorio y propulsor de la transformación en la práctica. En estas fases, fue predominante la identificación de informantes clave de acuerdo a momentos y ámbitos de actuación y combinaciones que relacionaban técnicas narrativas como los grupos de discusión, entrevistas cualitativas y la observación, entre otras. Los resultados más resaltantes, tienden a realizar una caracterización exhaustiva de las preparadurías, describir de forma pormenorizada la experiencia vivida con los preparadores, la cual trata de aportar una estrategia pedagógica en matemática I, traducida en el aprovechamiento de las relaciones simétricas entre alumnos en ambientes colaborativos. La investigación permite a la UNEXPO, otras universidades y a la comunidad educativa, evaluar la posibilidades que ofrece una propuesta innovadora de enseñanza-aprendizaje en matemática I, que puede orientar las acciones pedagógicas en una de las asignaturas con más bajo porcentaje de promoción; combinando la colaboración, participación; explorando y aprovechando las relaciones entre iguales en ambientes alternativos de aprendizaje como las preparadurías.

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Para garantir a melhor aprendizagem para os alunos nas escolas, de forma a assegurar uma educação de qualidade e assim uma consequente preparação para o futuro dos mesmos na sociedade, é crucial que as escolas adotem estratégias de inclusão, de maneira a adaptar o ensino e a aprendizagem às diferentes características e necessidades dos alunos, e à diversidade que hoje em dia está patente no sistema de ensino. De forma a fomentar a educação inclusiva, é importante que as escolas e os professores organizem o processo ensino-aprendizagem com base na aprendizagem cooperativa, realizada em grupos heterogéneos, onde o sucesso do grupo depende de todos os alunos que o constituem. As interações estabelecidas tanto no seio do grupo como também entre o professor e o grupo de alunos, são fundamentais, pois são consideradas um fator positivo que assegura uma aprendizagem de qualidade sustentada nas relações de interdependência existentes entre alunos e professores. O objetivo deste estudo é perceber qual a perceção dos alunos do 3º ciclo relativamente à aprendizagem na sala de aula nas disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa, Matemática e Educação Física e se essas perceções variam de forma positiva ou negativa em função da disciplina em causa. A amostra foi constituída por 1159 alunos do 3º ciclo, à qual foi aplicado o questionário “A perceção dos alunos sobre a aprendizagem na sala de aula” (A.S.A - P.A., Leitão, 2012). Concluiu-se que os alunos têm uma perceção mais positiva sobre as aprendizagens na disciplina de Educação Física quando comparada com as demais. A perceção dos alunos do 3º ciclo relativamente à interdependência aluno/aluno varia em função da disciplina. Relativamente à interdependência professor/aluno, a perceção dos alunos só não varia entre as disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Educação Física quando comparadas. Já em relação à negociação, a perceção dos alunos apenas varia entre as disciplinas de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática quando comparadas. Por fim, referente à meta-aprendizagem concluímos que a perceção dos alunos do 3º ciclo não varia em função da disciplina.