Caracterización de las fuentes mantélicas de los magmas plio-cuaternarios de Gran Canaria (Islas Canarias)

VIII Congreso geológico de España, Oviedo, 17-19 julio 2012

Sistemi navigazionali multi sensore per il posizionamento in presenza di brevi periodi di GPS outage

Il posizionamento terrestre negli ultimi anni è stato sempre più facilitato dallo sviluppo delle tecniche satellitari, che permettono di localizzare un punto sulla superficie terrestre con precisioni superiori a quelle richieste per la pura navigazione, tramite la comunicazione tra ricevitore e satelliti. Per la disponibilità del sistema satellitare è indispensabile l’intervisibilità ottica satellite - ricevitore, condizione che viene a mancare nel caso ad esempio di trekking sottobosco, a causa della copertura data da manto vegetale e chiome arboree che non permettono una corretta triangolazione geometrica satellitare. Rientrano nei sistemi navigazionali anche le piattaforme inerziali, sistemi che rilevano le accelerazioni impresse e l’orientamento della piattaforma stessa. Se montati su un veicolo possono fungere da ausilio alla determinazione dell’ “attitude”, cioè dell’atteggiamento del veicolo durante il suo movimento in uno spazio tridimensionale. In questo lavoro ci si propone di unire i benefici delle due tecnologie, satellitari e inerziali, grazie alla complementarietà delle loro caratteristiche sugli errori, unendone le potenzialità e verificando i benefici prodotti dal loro uso integrato. In particolare si utilizzeranno dispositivi di costo relativamente contenuto.

Land use management in mountainous areas: combining ground-based and EO (Earth Observation) data to investigate the shallow landsliding susceptibility in the Duron valley (Trento, Italy).

Throughout the alpine domain, shallow landslides represent a serious geologic hazard, often causing severe damages to infrastructures, private properties, natural resources and in the most catastrophic events, threatening human lives. Landslides are a major factor of landscape evolution in mountainous and hilly regions and represent a critical issue for mountainous land management, since they cause loss of pastoral lands. In several alpine contexts, shallow landsliding distribution is strictly connected to the presence and condition of vegetation on the slopes. With the aid of high-resolution satellite images, it's possible to divide automatically the mountainous territory in land cover classes, which contribute with different magnitude to the stability of the slopes. The aim of this research is to combine EO (Earth Observation) land cover maps with ground-based measurements of the land cover properties. In order to achieve this goal, a new procedure has been developed to automatically detect grass mantle degradation patterns from satellite images. Moreover, innovative surveying techniques and instruments are tested to measure in situ the shear strength of grass mantle and the geomechanical and geotechnical properties of these alpine soils. Shallow landsliding distribution is assessed with the aid of physically based models, which use the EO-based map to distribute the resistance parameters across the landscape.

Studio di fattibilità del gruppo di sterzo di un rasaerba professionale

Studio del gruppo di sterzo di un nuovo trattore rasaerba professionale della Grillo S.p.A., azienda che opera nell'ambito dell'agricoltura e del giardinaggio. Lo studio consta principalmente nella definizione di una geometria di sterzo efficace in grado di garantire alla macchina rasaerba il più piccolo raggio di sterzata possibile, compatibilmente con gli ingombri e le dimensioni della macchina stessa, il cui vantaggio consiste nel permettere la realizzazione di traiettorie strette in prossimità di alberi e nell'intorno di ostacoli che possono essere presenti lungo i percorsi di taglio, caratteristica molto ricercata dai clienti ed indispensabile per ottenere alta guidabilità del veicolo e rasatura uniforme del manto erboso senza la necessità di interventi manuali. Le ruote sterzanti di un veicolo risultano parallele solo in condizioni di traiettorie rettilinee mentre in corrispondenza di traiettorie curve tendono ad assumere angoli diversi, venendo a mancare in questo modo il parallelismo. E' oggetto di questa trattazione determinare i valori degli angoli necessari per ottenere un determinato raggio di curvatura e definire di conseguenza il sistema articolato in grado di far seguire alle ruote l'andamento di questi angoli. L'obiettivo è quindi il miglioramento e l'evoluzione del gruppo di sterzo presente sulle macchine della stessa gamma cercando di realizzare un prodotto meccanicamente più semplice e con un comportamento regolare ed uniforme in funzione del verso di sterzata; l'analisi degli sforzi e le successive verifiche strutturali, anche mediante l'impiego di software FEM dei componenti soggetti a carichi variabili con il variare della sterzata, permetteranno di convalidarne l'integrità e l'effettiva resistenza alle sollecitazioni. I componenti primari dell'assale necessiteranno di essere verificati anche nel caso di carichi dinamici (urti) in situazioni particolarmente gravose tipiche di incidenti e rotture delle macchine Grillo avvenuti in fase di lavoro o nel caso di manovre incaute. La movimentazione del veicolo avverrà per mezzo di quattro motori idraulici due dei quali verranno installati in corrispondenza dei fuselli dell'assale sterzante: ciò comporterà il dimensionamento di tali motori al fine di garantire non solo la percorrenza del mezzo con una determinata velocità ma anche il taglio lungo salite di pendenza discreta, condizioni di lavoro ordinarie di molti utilizzatori.

Impact of Holocene climate changes on alpine and treeline vegetation at Sanetsch Pass, Bernese Alps, Switzerland

In order to infer reactions of treeline and alpine vegetation to climatic change, past vegetation changes are reconstructed on the basis of pollen, macrofossil and charcoal analysis. The sampled sediment cores originate from the small pond Emines, located at the Sanetsch Pass (connecting the Valais and Bern, Switzerland) at an altitude of 2288 m a.s.l. Today's treeline is at ca. 2200 m a.s.l. in the area, though due to special pass (saddle) conditions it is locally depressed to ca. 2060 m a.s.l. Our results reveal that the area around Emines was covered by treeless alpine vegetation during most of the past 12,000 years. Single individuals of Betula, Larix decidua and possibly Pinus cembra occurred during the Holocene. Major centennial to millennial-scale responses of treeline vegetation to climatic changes are evident. However, alpine vegetation composition remained rather stable between 11,500 and 6000 cal. BP, showing that Holocene climatic changes of +/− 1 °C hardly influenced the local vegetation at Emines. The rapid warming of 3–4 °C at the Late Glacial/Holocene transition (11,600 cal. BP) caused significant altitudinal displacements of alpine species that were additionally affected by the rapid upward movement of trees and shrubs. Since the beginning of the Neolithic, vegetation changes at Sanetsch Pass resulted from a combination of climate change and human impact. Anthropogenic fire increase and land-use change combined with a natural change from subcontinental to more oceanic climate during the second half of the Holocene led to the disappearance of P. cembra in the study area, but favoured the occurrence of Picea abies and Alnus viridis. The mid- to late-Holocene decline of Abies alba was primarily a consequence of human impact, since this mesic species should have benefitted from a shift to more oceanic conditions. Future alpine vegetation changes will be a function of the amplitude and rapidity of global warming as well as human land use. Our results imply that alpine vegetation at our treeline pass site was never replaced by forests since the last ice-age. This may change in the future if anticipated climate change will induce upslope migration of trees. The results of this study emphasise the necessity of climate change mitigation in order to prevent biodiversity losses as a consequence of unprecedented community and species displacement in response to climatic change.

Holocene vegetation development in the catchment of Sagistalsee (1935 m asl), a small lake in the Swiss Alps

Pollen and plant macrofossils were analysed at Sägistalsee (1935 m asl), a small lake near timber-line in the Swiss Northern Alps. Open forests with Pinus cembra and Abies alba covered the catchment during the early Holocene (9000–6300 cal. BP), suggesting subcontinental climate conditions. After the expansion of Picea abies between 6300 and 6000 cal. BP the subalpine forest became denser and the tree-line reached its maximum elevation at around 2260 m asl. Charcoal fragments in the macrofossil record indicate the beginning of Late-Neolithic human impact at ca. 4400 cal. BP, followed by a extensive deforestation and lowering of the forest-limit in the catchment of Sägistalsee at 3700 cal. BP (Bronze Age). Continuous human activity, combined with a more oceanic climate during the later Holocene, led to the local extinction of Pinus cembra and Abies alba and favoured the mass expansion of Picea and Alnus viridis in the subalpine area of the Northern Alps. The periods before 6300 and after 3700 cal. BP are characterised by high erosion activity in the lake's catchment, whereas during the phase of dense Picea-Pinus cembra-Abies forests (6300–3700 cal. BP) soils were stable and sediment-accumulation rates in the lake were low. Due to decreasing land-use at higher altitudes during the Roman occupation and the Migration period, forests spread beween ca. 2000 and 1500 cal. BP, before human impact increased again in the early Middle Ages. Recent reforestation due to land-use changes in the 20th century is recorded in the top sediments. Pollen-inferred July temperature and annual precipitation suggest a trend to cooler and more oceanic climate starting at about 5500 cal. BP.

Climate-pollen relationships AD 1901-1996 in two small mires near the forest limit in the northern and central Swiss Alps

Climatic relationships were established in two 210Pb dated pollen sequences from small mires closely surrounded by forest just below actual forest limits (but about 300 m below potential climatic forest limits) in the northern Swiss Alps (suboceanic in climate; mainly with Picea) and the central Swiss Alps (subcontinental; mainly Pinus cembra and Larix) at annual or near-annual resolution from ad 1901 to 1996. Effects of vegetational succession were removed by splitting the time series into early and late periods and by linear detrending. Both pollen concentrations detrended by the depth-age model and modified percentages (in which counts of dominant pollen types are down-weighted) are correlated by simple linear regression with smoothed climatic parameters with one-and two-year timelags, including average monthly and April/September daylight air temperatures and with seasonal and annual precipitation sums. Results from detrended pollen concentrations suggest that peat accumulation is favoured in the northern-Alpine mire either by early snowmelt or by summer precipitation, but in the central-Alpine mire by increased precipitation and cooler summers, suggesting a position of the northern-Alpine mire near the upper altitudinal limit of peat formation, but of the central-Alpine mire near the lower limit. Results from modified pollen percentages indicate that pollen pro duction by plants growing near their upper altitudinal limit is limited by insufficient warmth in summer, and pollen production by plants growing near their lower altitudinal limit is limited by too-high temperatures. Only weakly significant pollen/climate relationships were found for Pinus cembra and Larix, probably because they experience little climatic stress growing 300 m below the potential climatic forest limit.

Central European vegetation response to abrupt climate change at 8.2 ka

Oxygen isotope records show a major climatic reversal at 8.2 ka in Greenland and Europe. Annually laminated sediments from two lakes in Switzerland and Germany were sampled contiguously to assess the response of European vegetation to climate change ca. 8.2 ka with time resolution and precision comparable to those of the Greenland ice cores. The pollen assemblages show pronounced and immediate responses (0–20 yr) of terrestrial vegetation to the climatic change at 8.2 ka. A sudden collapse of Corylus avellana (hazel) was accompanied by the rapid expansion of Pinus (pine), Betula (birch), and Tilia (linden), and by the invasion of Fagus silvatica (beech) and Abies alba (fir). Vegetational changes suggest that climatic cooling reduced drought stress, allowing more drought-sensitive and taller growing species to out-compete Corylus avellana by forming denser forest canopies. Climate cooling at 8.2 ka and the immediate reorganization of terrestrial ecosystems has gone unrecognized by previous pollen studies. On the basis of our data we conclude that the early Holocene high abundance of C. avellana in Europe was climatically caused, and we question the conventional opinion that postglacial expansions of F. silvatica and A. alba were controlled by low migration rates rather than by climate. The close connection between climatic change and vegetational response at a subcontinental scale implies that forecasted global warming may trigger rapid collapses, expansions, and invasions of tree species.

(Table 1) Nd and Sr isotopic analyses of ODP Leg 127 basalts

Sr and Nd isotopic compositions are reported for basaltic rocks collected during ODP Leg 127 from the Yamato Basin, a rifted backarc basin in the Japan Sea. The basalts are classified into two groups in terms of Nd isotopic composition: the upper sills at Site 797 are characterized by higher 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.513083-0.513158, epsilon-Nd = 8.68-10.14) and the basalts from Site 794 and the lower sills at Site 797 have lower 143Nd/144Nd ratios (0.512684-0.512862, epsilon-Nd = 0.90-4.37). All of the basalts show higher Sr isotopic compositions than those of the mantle array, which is attributed to seawater alteration. The basalts with lower Nd isotopic values ranging in age from 20.6 to 17.3 Ma have tapped an enriched subcontinental upper mantle (SCUM) with the minor involvement of a depleted asthenospheric mantle (AM). Subsequent change in composition through the physical replacement of SCUM by AM yielded the basalts of the upper sills of higher Nd isotopic compositions. This event within the upper mantle was associated with the breakup of the overlying lithosphere during the rifting of the Japan Sea backarc basin.

Variación de la concentración de nitratos en un suelo franco limoso del Alto Valle de Río Negro.

La abundancia y bajo costo del recurso hídrico en el Alto Valle de Río Negro combinados con un manejo ineficiente del mismo, principalmente durante la primera parte de la primavera, época en la que los productores riegan con mayor frecuencia para luchar pasivamente contra las probables heladas tardías, permiten inferir que los nitratos presentes en el suelo, así como el aportado por los fertilizantes nitrogenados, están sujetos al lixiviado durante una gran parte del ciclo productivo. En la actualidad no existen estudios regionales que ilustren la variación estacional de la concentración de nitratos en la zona de exploración radical de frutales, por lo que se inició el presente trabajo con el propósito de: a) medir la concentración de los nitratos en el perfil del suelo cultivado con manzanos, desde el período de floración hasta el inicio de caída de hojas, con fertilización nitrogenada en dos dosis y sin fertilización a distintas profundidades de extracción; b) determinar la eficiencia del riego a manto de dicho monte. Se ensayaron dos concentraciones de nitrógeno, adicionado como nitrato de amonio en dos oportunidades: el 50% a la caída de los pétalos y el 50% restante cercano a la cosecha, correspondiendo a dosis de 100 kg ha-1 (N1), 200 kg ha-1 (N2) y un testigo sin agregado de N (N0), durante el período 2004-2005 y 2005-2006. Para determinar los niveles de N en el suelo, expresado como nitratos, se extrajeron muestras del mismo a tres profundidades 0-30; 30-60; 60-90 cm, al inicio de floración, antes del primer riego y después de cada riego. La lámina de agua empleada para el riego a manto osciló entre 1712 y 2400 mm, con un aprovechamiento a campo del 30%. La concentración de nitratos fue baja cuando no se fertilizó, manteniéndose alrededor de 22 mg kg-1 en superficie y reduciéndose a la mitad a la profundidad de 30-60 cm, durante el período de muestreo. En ambas dosis empleadas, el contenido de nitratos del suelo fue mayor llegando a 175 y 300 mg kg-1, respectivamente. Estos valores se igualan a los del testigo a los 30 días en el caso de N1 y a los 60 días para N2. Los resultados permiten inferir que la concentración de nitratos fue efímera en el perfil del suelo y mejoró la eficiencia de riego, principalmente durante la primavera con el fin de minimizar pérdidas de nitrógeno.

Chemistry of orthopyroxenes, clinopyroxenes, and spinels of ODP Hole 103-637A peridotites

Mineral compositions of the plagioclase-bearing ultramafic tectonites dredged and cored seaward of the continental slope of the Galicia margin (Leg 103, Site 637) were compared to mineral compositions from onshore low-pressure ultramafic bodies (southeastern Ronda, western Pyrenees, and Lizard Point), on the basis of standardized (30-s counting time) probe analyses. The comparison was extended to some plagioclase-free harzburgites related to ophiolites (Santa Elena in Costa Rica, north Oman, and the Humboldt body in New Caledonia) on the basis of new analytical data and data from the literature. The behavior of Cr, Na, Al, Mg, Fe, Ni, and Ti in olivine, pyroxenes, and spinel was examined in order to distinguish between the effects of partial melting and mineral facies change, from the spinel to plagioclase stability fields. The peridotite from the Galicia margin appears slightly depleted in major incompatible elements and experienced a minor partial melting. However, it experienced large scale but heterogeneous recrystallization in the plagioclase field. These features are very similar to those observed in Ronda, whereas in the western Pyrenees the minerals exemplify a very minor partial-melting event (or none at all) and have retained compositions corresponding to those of the relatively high-pressure Seiland sub facies. The minerals from the Lizard Point peridotite have characteristics (low Mg/(Mg + Fe) ratio; high Cr/(Cr + Al) ratio in spinel) more related to cumulate from a differentiated tholeiitic melt than related to ophiolitic tectonite. Diffusion profiles of Al and Cr across pyroxenes and spinel show that recrystallization features occurred at different speeds or temperatures in the different bodies. The pyroxenes from Ronda would have experienced recrystallization about 14 times faster than the peridotite from the Galicia margin. The western Pyrenean lherzolites also experienced rapid recrystallization; nevertheless, because they are of a different mineral facies, the data are not directly comparable to that from Ronda and Galicia. The harzburgite at Santa Elena as well as a xenolith from alkali basalt exemplify rapid cooling characterized by very weak re-equilibration. Recrystallization speed is related to emplacement speed in the present geological environment. The slow-rising Galicia margin peridotite was emplaced by thinning of the lithospheric subcontinental mantle near an incipient mid-oceanic ridge. The fast-rising peridotites from Ronda and the western Pyrenees were hot diapirs emplaced from the asthenosphere along transcurrent faults, possibly related to the opening of the Atlantic Ocean.

Oraculizando a los ciudadanos : Demagogia y profanación de las inscripciones oraculares en Caballeros de Aristófanes (vv. 818- 819)

Dentro de los ataques cómicos que el Morcillero emite a Paflagonio en Caballeros de Aristófanes, uno en particular describe las formas que le permitieron a este figurado Cleón construir su poder sobre Atenas. Luego de que el propio Paflagonio se comparara con el gran Temístocles, el Morcillero expone los modos perniciosos de hacer política: en vv. 818-819, dice que Paflagonio convirtió a Atenas en una ciudad pequeña "levantando muros a través de ella y oraculizando". La primera estrategia remite al dicho del "divide y triunfarás". La segunda, en cambio, hace referencia a una institución político-religiosa como la adivinación. El oráculo, que era un aparato ideológico de la polis ateniense, aparece en el drama como un mensaje legitimador de quien detenta o detentará el poder y Aristófanes echa un manto de sospecha sobre dicha institución sagrada que es manipulada con fines propagandísticos. Con base en estas reflexiones, esta ponencia se propone analizar en Caballeros la denuncia del Morcillero sobre el ocultamiento de los oráculos inscriptos, su vínculo con el contexto socio- histórico de su inscripción y los motivos cómicos que subyacen en la operatoria de profanación de los mensajes divinos

Tiempo de cerezas

"Tiempo de cerezas" es una mención a una vieja canción de los libertarios de la comuna de Paris, que el donostiarra Inazio Mujika Iraola (1963-) tomó como título para el cuento largo Gerezi denbora (Tiempo de cerezas) en euskera precisamente, publicado en 1999. Este cuento largo, para algunos novela corta, representó una de las primeras excepciones de la literatura vasca escrita en euskera en que el tema de la Guerra Civil española se trata lejos del punto de vista de la épica, tan propio hasta entonces. Gerezi denbora nos acerca a la parte absurda e incluso irónica de la guerra, de cualquier guerra. Que una pareja de anarquistas y un cura nacionalista vasco vayan a rescatar al arzobispo de Valladolid y ponerle a salvo en las líneas franquistas más bien podría resultar una comedia barata, pero no, ya que esta línea argumental de Gerezi denbora está basada en hechos reales. Gerezi denbora nos retrotrae a una época de sueños y esperanza, a un tiempo en el que debajo del manto de ideologías diversas, el anhelo general era construir un mundo diferente del conocido hasta entonces, años duros pero de gran riqueza, muy diferentes a los actuales de la globalización.

Catástrofe e invación discursiva en Phaedra de Séneca

El prólogo de la tragedia despliega dos espacios distintivos: las silvae de Hipólito y el opresivo y lujurioso espacio interior del palacio de Fedra. Cada personaje es definido por las características de los espacios que sus discursos configuran: los castos y salvajes bosques de Hipólito revelarán, bajo su manto de agreste tranquilidad, una violenta y estéril dicción que sugiere una inadecuación del personaje al paradigma de sapiens que parte de la crítica ha visto en él, mientras que el espacio interior de Fedra estará lleno de llamas y vapor, símbolos de su pasión. Ambos mundos conviven a modo de compartimentos estancos: frío y llamas, castidad y libido, nieve y vapor conviven pacíficamente, y en esta convivencia no hay ni catástrofe ni tragedia. Éstas se desarrollan y toman fuerza a medida que Fedra se adentra discursivamente en los dominios de Hipólito y los tiña progresivamente con su discurso, convirtiéndolo finalmente en un locushorridus donde el joven cazador huirá horrorizado como las bestias que solía perseguir. Por lo tanto tragedia y catástrofe ocurren cuando las silvae de Hipólito se convierten en el acechante Nemus habitado por lujuriosas criaturas gracias a la intrusión discursiva que la reina realiza en el áspero paisaje configurado en la monodia inicial del personaje

La inundación de 1959: Sus efectos en el sur entrerriano

Caracterizada por una verdadera maraña hidrográfica, las tierras entrerrianas presentan a mediados del siglo XX, rasgos productivos exclusivamente agro-pecuarios. La inundación de abril de 1959, considerada en la Argentina un "desastre nacional", deja bajo las aguas una extensión que supera los 20.000 km2. Desde Concordia hasta el delta y durante tres meses, la provincia observa un continuo manto hídrico sobre tierras ricamente productivas. Sorprendidos por la situación, los pobladores afectados buscan protección en las zonas altas y en ciudades cabeceras de Departamento. El gobierno nacional, provincial y los municipales diseñan estrategias de auxilio con el concurso espontáneamente solidario de la población. Aproximarnos a registros testimoniales escritos y orales, representativos de los que guarda aún la memoria colectiva, permite visualizar efectos socio-económicos producidos en el Departamento Gualeguaychú por la inundación del '59, evaluada en ese tiempo, la de mayor envergadura en la historia hidrográfica regional.