Resposta de ovinos naturalmente infectados por nematoides gastrintestinais em pastos de capim-massai

The aim of this study was to evaluate the crossbred sheep Santa Ines response to natural infections by gastrointestinal nematodes in Panicum maximum cv. pastures Massai at different times of grazing. For this it was used 36 crossbred sheep Santa Inês, divided into four groups and randomly distributed in massai-grass pickets naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes. In the period from October 2013 to May 2014, the animals were weekly monitored for hematology tests (packed cell volume) and parasitological (egg counts per gram of feces and fecal culture) in order to monitor the level of infection of sheep and they were assessed for weight, body condition score and staining ocular mucosa by FAMACHA© method. Furthermore infective larvae was recovery from pasture in times of pre-and post-grazing pasture. At 35 kg body weight, the animals were slaughtered and necropsied to collect the contents of the abomasum and small and large intestines to recover the adult parasites, carrying out the count and identification. The animals on pasture with a height of 40 cm pre-grazing obtained low nematode eggs in feces (1608 eggs / g) and 33 cm those in pre-grazing the highest average (2,539 eggs / g). The animals in different groups showed mean values of packed cell volume less than 23% (P> 0.05). Regarding to FAMACHA, the animals belonging to the groups 40 and 50 cm pre-grazing remained over 50% of individuals between FAMACHA 1 and 2 , and those to 33 and 45 cm pre-grazing showed mostly between FAMACHA 3, 4 and 5 (69.06% and 58.93%, respectively). In the culture of larvae in feces and recovery of pasture larvae before and after grazing the following genera were found, in order of prevalence: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum and Strongyloides. The pasture with 33 cm of pre-grazing provided the highest number of larvae recovered both in the pre and post-grazing (1,081 and 715 L3 / 100 g of green matter, respectively). Among the different groups, the sheep had an average weight of between 23 and 26 kg and variation between the body 1 and 3 scores with scores greater frequency of 1.5 to 2.It can be observed that the animals kept at different times of grazing got different answers on the parasite load. Animals kept in 40 cm pre-grazing expressed a satisfactory answer than the other groups (33, 45 and 50 cm), best supporting the action of endoparasites. Moreover, this same height, was recovered fewer infective larvae on pasture in pre and post-grazing.

Sincronización de la ovulación y el ciclo inducido por el efecto "macho" mediante la administración de progesterona por vía intravaginal en cabras en período de anestro estacional

Algunos de los métodos alternativos a los tratamientos hormonales clásicos utilizando progestágenos y eCG, para la inducción y sincronización del celo y la ovulación, unido a la inseminación artificial (IA) a tiempo fijo en ganado caprino, están basados como el IMA.PRO2® en el estímulo por la presencia de los machos (efecto macho) y la sincronización de la ovulación inducida mediante prostaglandina F2α o sus análogos. En estos métodos, la administración de una dosis baja de progesterona o progestágenos durante un breve periodo de tiempo en el momento de la introducción de los machos, es un método efectivo para evitar la presencia de cuerpos lúteos de mala calidad que generan ciclos cortos, consiguiendo un primer ciclo inducido de adecuada función luteal. En el método IMA-PRO2® en el momento de la introducción de los machos se administran 25 mg de progesterona por vía intramuscular en vehículo oleoso, con buenos resultados de fertilidad después de la administración de cloprostenol y la IA sistemática, sin embargo las directivas europeas han marcado nuevas restricciones a la administración de esteroides en animales de producción, que en el caso de la progesterona o progestágenos sólo son permitidas por vía intravaginal. Se diseñaron cuatro experimentos con el fin de desarrollar una administración de progesterona por vía intravaginal, utilizable en la práctica a nivel de campo y con una eficacia similar en términos de fertilidad, en el conjunto del método IMA-PRO2®...

William Stanley Jevons : el uso de las probabilidades y el cálculo

En el capítulo tercero de la TPE, Jevons recurre al uso de las probabilidades como un método alternativo para analizar el intercambio de las mercancías. Jevons, decide no continuar con el uso de las probabilidades en los capítulos siguientes; su teoría se bifurca imperando el uso del cálculo diferencial. La explicaciónde esta bifurcación radica en la existencia de dos métodos alternativos para explicar el análisis del intercambio: La teoría de las probabilidades y el cálculo diferencial. Usar el cálculo diferencial no significaba que fuese el método más eficiente, pues no sólo existieron errores al maximizar como muestra Westergaard(1874), sino también problemas metodológicos, como muestranStigler (1956) y Blaug (1985). Por otro lado, el método de las probabilidades habría significado para el análisis del intercambio, un problema de valores esperados y un camino totalmente diferente para la revolución marginalista.

Desempenho de fosfitos de potássio no manejo de mofo branco em soja

Soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian agriculture being one of the products most exported by the country. Its yield may be affected by diseases such as white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary, which, under favorable field conditions prevents the crop of expressing all its productive potential. The fungus is cosmopolitan and infects more than 400 species of plants. This disease is difficult to control, and the use of chemicals has not been sufficient to avoid significant losses, thus, this products are expensive and may cause environmental damage. Alternative methods, such as foliar fertilizers based on potassium phosphite, can also be used in the management of this disease. In this context, this work aimed to study different sources of potassium phosphite and its effects in the control of white mold in soybeans, as well as the time of application in culture, its action in inducing plants defense responses and/or its influence over the seeds quality. The effect of phosphites, over the pathogen, was evaluated in vitro, on mycelial inhibition, the mass of dry mycelium and germination of sclerotia. In all tests, the following phosphites were utilized: Phosphite A (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite B (P2O5-40%; K2O-28% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite C (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha) e Phosphite D (P2O5-30%; K2O-20% - 2,4 L/ha). At the induction of resistance tests were evaluated the synthesis of phytoalexin in soybean cotyledons and the enzymes FAL and POX evaluated in seedlings in growing chamber, sprayed with phosphites and the fungicide fluazinam. Field experiment was carried out at Coronel Domingos Soares-PR, in the 2012/2013 season, in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen. Soybean cultivar BMX Active was no-till seeded with 0,5m between rows. The experimental was laid out as a factorial 5 x 4 scheme (treatment x application time). Phosphites sources were used, as described above, and water was sprayed in the control treatment. Treatments were applied at four different growth stages: V4, V4 + R1, R1 and R2 at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. Soybean yield components and seeds and health and physiological quality were evaluated after harvesting. None of the tested phosphites affected mycelial growth and sclerotia germination or influenced phytoalexin synthesis. Phosphites C and D stood out due to an increasing in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity 48 hours after its inoculation. These same products also induced the synthesis and peroxidases and phosphite C kept the levels of this enzyme elevated up to 72 hours after inoculation. At the field trials, phosphites C and D stood out in the control of white mold. There was no significant interaction of potassium phosphite on physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds.

Chorume de suíno no controle da rizoctoniose em beterraba

The fungus Rhizoctonia solani is a soil borne pathogen that causes damage to various crops. The chemical control, when managed incorrectly, can be harmful to the environment, which makes the study of alternative control important. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different doses of Liquid swine manure (LSM), with and without the retention of gases, at different soil pH levels, to control R. solani in beet. An inoculum of the fungus R. solani was on rice grains, which had been previously sterilised. The experiments were set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomised block design, arranged in a three-factor 2 x 2 x 5 scheme, comprising of soil pH levels (4.8 and 7.2) x with and without gas retention x LSM dose (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%), with four replications per treatment. To setup the experiments, 4 kg of soil of each pH level were packed separately into plastic bags. Subsequently, the soil of each bag was infested with 15 g of fungus inoculum/kg of soil, and moistened as necessary. After seven days of infestation of the soil with the pathogen the different doses of LSM were incorporated separately into the bags, the bags designated as the gas retention treatment were closed, while those designated as the gas release treatment were left open. After seven days, part of the soil from each bag was packed separately into 16 cells of 128 cell Styrofoam trays, which were then seeded with two beet seeds per cell. The other part of the soil was placed in 2 litre pots, to conduct the quantification of microbial activity, through the method of CO2 release, 21 days after the experiment was setup. Seedling emergence and damping-off evaluations were performed daily for 21 days consecutively. The data was submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant were submitted to regression analysis or Tukey at 5% probability of error. The experiments were repeated twice. According to the results obtained, there was a suppressive effect of LSM on R. solani. For the variable emergence, the 10% dose of LSM resulted in the largest number of emerging plants in the two soil pH levels studied, whether or not gas was retained. Seedling dampingoff decreased with increasing volumes of LSM incorporated into the soil. The soil with the pH level of 7.2 presented less seedling damping-off than the soil with a pH level of 4.8. The retention of gases provided greater control of R. solani in the higher LSM doses and in soil with a pH level of 7.2. Also noted in this study that there was a significant increase in microbial activity with increasing doses of LSM when applied to soil with pH levels of 4.8 and 7.2. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 10% dose of LSM provided the best control of R. solani without harming seedling emergence.

Desenvolvimento de metodologias alternativas para quantificação de micronutrientes em produtos de nutrição infantil

As farinhas infantis, alimentos que se destinam a recém-nascidos e crianças até à idade pré-escolar, devem satisfazer todas as necessidades nutricionais que se verificam durante o período de crescimento e desenvolvimentos físico e mental desta faixa etária. Desta forma, são frequentemente adicionadas prémisturas de vitaminas e minerais durante a sua produção (fortificação), de maneira a que a quantidade adicionada e a composição do produto final sejam concordantes com a legislação comunitária em vigor. A implementação, na linha de produção, de métodos alternativos de análise “amigos do ambiente” e passíveis de obter resultados rápidos acerca da composição nutricional dos produtos alimentares, mesmo antes destes serem embalados, permite reduções de tempo, custos e um melhor controlo do processo de produção. A espectroscopia FT-NIR e a espectroscopia de XRF são técnicas que permitem a quantificação de micronutrientes e possuem características fundamentais ao controlo rápido de processos. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos modelos de calibração para quantificação de zinco, por espectroscopia de XRF, em três receitas de pré-misturas de vitaminas e minerais. Construíram-se dois modelos de calibração, um com um R2 de 0,990 e um SEC de 26,624 mg/100g e outro com um R2 de 0,927 e um SEC de 18,838 mg/100g. Estes resultados indicam que os modelos de calibração construídos são adequados e podem ser usados na determinação rápida do teor de zinco em pré-misturas de vitaminas e minerais. Foram também verificadas as rectas de calibração existentes para quantificação de cálcio e ferro por espectroscopia de XRF e quantificação de vitamina C por espectroscopia FT-NIR para aplicação nas novas receitas de pré-misturas de vitaminas e minerais.

Utilización del enema baritado en el tratamiento médico de la invaginación intestinal en niños menores de 2 años ingresados en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom entre los años 2005 a 2013

Actualmente es bien conocida la influencia que la presión ejercida tiene en la reducción de la invaginación, bien neumática o hidrostática. Inicialmente fue difícil conseguir de una manera fiable ejercer presiones significativas y se desarrollaron diversos sistemas que incluían jeringas e instrumentos que sellaban la región anal. En nuestro país no existen estudios ni protocolos acerca del uso del enema baritado como herramienta terapéutica de inicio de la invaginación intestinal, a pesar de que la incidencia de ésta patología es similar a la publicada en la mayoría de estudios internacionales, por lo que se vuelve importante conocer más acerca de éste tratamiento y de cómo aplicarlo en nuestros hospitales. Objetivo: evaluar la utilización del enema baritado como tratamiento de primer escoge de la invaginación intestinal en niños menores de 2 años ingresados en el Hospital Nacional de Niños Benjamín Bloom entre los años 2005 y 2013. Metodología: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, de carácter descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el cual se incluyeron la totalidad de niños a los cuales se les realizó enema baritado como primera opción de tratamiento de la invaginación intestinal en el HNNBB en el período comprendido entre 2005 a 2013. Resultados: se incluyeron un total de 37 pacientes con una ligera preponderancia del sexo masculino provenientes del área urbana y en su mayoría menores de 1 año. El promedio de evolución fue de menos de 24 horas y los tres síntomas principales fueron enterorragia, vómitos y otros que incluía irritabilidad como principal síntoma. El diagnóstico se realizaba principalmente en las primeras 24 horas y el método diagnóstico más utilizado fue la USG abdominal. El motivo de referencia principal fue la sospecha de invaginación intestinal. Fueron 20 pacientes en los cuales resolvió el enema baritado la invaginación y sólo uno de ellos presentó un íleo como complicación y 2 de ellos se reinvaginaron nuevamente un mes y tres meses después. 17 pacientes el enema no resolvió la invaginación y tuvieron que ser intervenidos quirúrgicamente, de ellos solo 1 presentó con complicación y fue por una sepsis secundaria al cuadro de invaginación, estuvo en UCI 10 días. La EIH fue relativamente menor cuando la invaginación fue resuelta sólo por enema baritado. La leucocitosis es el hallazgo de laboratorio más encontrado en ésta serie. Conclusión: en su mayoría los datos coinciden con los reportados en las series revisadas. Cabe destacar la poca utilización del enema baritado como medida terapéutica de la invaginación intestinal, ésto debido a múltiples factores que van desde la falta de personal capacitado, falta de recursos materiales y de recurso humano disponible las 24 horas del día y por la falta de protocolos de manejo que orienten a la utilización del procedimiento. Existe además un alto índice de intervenciones quirúrgicas que no permite hacer énfasis en métodos alternativos de tratamiento.

Aplicación exitosa de PRP y parches de fibrina en un caso clínico de un equino deportivo

Resumen Los equinos deportivos, son víctimas de frecuentes heridas en la región distal de los miembros y de fracturas articulares. La medicina regenerativa es un campo emergente el cual utiliza métodos alternativos para diferentes lesiones de difícil resolución con tratamiento convencional. Existen antecedentes que utilizan parches de fibrina (PF) en la reparación de heridas cutáneas y plasma rico en plaquetas (PRP) en lesiones osteoarticulares. Este trabajo tuvo por objetivo evaluar la aplicación de PRP sobre una fractura de tercer carpiano del miembro anterior derecho y la aplicación de PF en una herida de 54 cm² en la región metatarsiana del miembro posterior izquierdo de un equino Sangre Pura de Carrera (SPC). Se realizó una única aplicación PRP mediante artrocentesis intercarpiana. Sobre la herida cutánea, se realizaron 3 aplicaciones (1 por semana) de PF. Un mes post-aplicación de PRP el equino ya no evidenciaba claudicación, no manifestaba dolor ni inflamación articular y no rechazaba el apoyo. A nivel radiográfico, se observó consolidación de la línea de fractura, con remodelación ósea. A su vez, luego de la tercera aplicación de PF (3 semanas), la superficie de la herida se redujo dos tercios del tamaño original y a las 8 semanas se logró su completa resolución

Shortcuts to adiabaticity in the double well

123 p.

Análise da descarga sólida em suspensão na Bacia do Riacho Fundo, Brasília - DF

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, 2015.

Evaluation of the use of PetrifilmTM EB count plates for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in poultry samples.

Um teste rápido, que apresente o resultado em curto período de tempo, que seja simples, sensível para detectar baixos níveis de micro-organismos, preciso e que não seja caro, seria o mais adequado para a rotina laboratorial da indústria de alimentos ou mesmo para os laboratórios de Saúde Pública. Um dos métodos alternativos prontos para o uso, comercialmente disponíveis no mercado, são as placas PetrifilmTM. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se há diferença estatística significativa entre o método convencional - empregando o ágar vermelho violeta bile glicose ? e o método alternativo, PetrifilmTM EB (3M Company), para a enumeração de Enterobacteriaceae em carcaças de frango.

In vitro-in vivo Pharmacokinetic correlation model for quality assurance of antiretroviral drugs

Introduction: The In vitro-in vivo pharmacokinetic correlation models (IVIVC) are a fundamental part of the drug discovery and development process. The ability to accurately predict the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of a drug based on in vitro observations can have several applications during a successful development process. Objective: To develop a comprehensive model to predict the in vivo absorption of antiretroviral drugs based on permeability studies, in vitro and in vivo solubility and demonstrate its correlation with the pharmacokinetic profile in humans. Methods: Analytical tools to test the biopharmaceutical properties of stavudine, lamivudine y zidovudine were developed. The kinetics of dissolution, permeability in caco-2 cells and pharmacokinetics of absorption in rabbits and healthy volunteers were evaluated. Results: The cumulative areas under the curve (AUC) obtained in the permeability study with Caco-2 cells, the dissolution study and the pharmacokinetics in rabbits correlated with the cumulative AUC values in humans. These results demonstrated a direct relation between in vitro data and absorption, both in humans and in the in vivo model. Conclusions: The analytical methods and procedures applied to the development of an IVIVC model showed a strong correlation among themselves. These IVIVC models are proposed as alternative and cost/effective methods to evaluate the biopharmaceutical properties that determine the bioavailability of a drug and their application includes the development process, quality assurance, bioequivalence studies and pharmacosurveillance.

Recomendações para o enraizamento de estacas de acerola (Malpiguia glabra L.) nas condições climáticas de Rio Branco-Acre.

Com o objetivo de se avaliar métodos alternativos para a produção de mudas de acerola, nas condições climáticas de Rio Branco-AC, o Centro de Pesquisa Agroflorestal do Acre (CPAF-Acre) desenvolveu estudos sobre o desempenho da espécie quanto ao enraizamento de estacas, em função da posição de retirada das mesmas no ramo.

Características da supervisão existencial

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada no ISPA - Instituto Universitário

Conversão de sistemas de produção.

2008