Concurrent or Sequential Adjuvant Letrozole and Radiotherapy after Conservative Surgery for Early-stage Breast Cancer: Long-term Results of the Cohort Phase 2 Randomized Trial

Purpose/Objective(s): Letrozole radiosensitizes breast cancer cells in vitro. In clinical settings, no data exist for the combination of letrozole and radiotherapy. We assessed concurrent and sequential radiotherapy and letrozole in the adjuvant setting.Materials/Methods: The present study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00208273. This Phase 2 randomized trial was undertaken in two centers in France and one in Switzerland between January 12, 2005, and February 21, 2007. One hundred fifty postmenopausal women with early-stage breast cancer were randomly assigned after conserving surgery to either concurrent radiotherapy and letrozole (n = 75) or sequential radiotherapy and letrozole (n = 75). Randomization was open label with a minimization technique, stratified by investigational centers, chemotherapy (yes vs. no), radiation boost (yes vs. no), and value of radiation-induced lymphocyte apoptosis (#16% vs. .16%). The whole breast was irradiated to a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. In the case of supraclavicular and internal mammary node irradiation, the dose was 44 - 50 Gy. Letrozole was administered orally once daily at a dose of 2 - 5 mg for 5 years (beginning 3 weeks pre-radiotherapy in the concomitant group, and 3 weeks postradiotherapy in the sequential group). The primary endpoint was the occurrence of acute (during and within 6 weeks of radiotherapy) and late (within 2 years) radiation-induced Grade 2 or worse toxic effects of the skin and lung (functional pulmonary test and lung CT-scan). Analyses were by intention-to-treat. The long-term follow-up after 2 years was only performed in Montpellier (n = 121) and evaluated skin toxicity (clinical examination every 6 months), lung fibrosis (one CT-scan yearly), cosmetic outcome.Results: All patients were analyzed apart from 1 in the concurrent group who withdrew consent before any treatment.Within the first 2 years (n = 149), no lung toxicity was identified by CT scan and no modification from baseline was noted by the lung diffusion capacity test. Two patients in each group had Grade 2 or worse late effects (both radiation-induced subcutaneous fibrosis [RISF]). After 2 years (n = 121), and with a median follow-up of 50 months (38-62), 2 patients (1 in each arm) presented a Grade 3 RISF. No lung toxicity was identified by CT scan. Cosmetic results (photographies) and quality of life was good to excellent. All patients who had Grade 3 subcutaneous fibrosis had an RILA value of 16% or less, irrespective of the sequence with letrozole.Conclusions:With long-term follow-up, letrozole can be safely delivered shortly after surgery and concomitantly with radiotherapy.

Santé reproductive et santé mentale des femmes qui ont subi la violence sexuelle en temps de conflit armé : cas de la République Démocratique du Congo

Problématique : Depuis bientôt deux décennies, la République Démocratique du Congo (RDC) est le territoire d’un conflit armé qui, selon l’International Rescue Commite, aurait occasionné plus de 3 millions de décès et autant de déplacés internes. Plusieurs rapports font également cas des nombreux actes de violence sexuelle (les viols, les mutilations, l’esclavage, l’exploitation sexuelle, etc.) commis envers les filles, les femmes et dans une moindre ampleur les hommes. S’il existe un consensus sur le côté barbare des actes de violence sexuelle liés aux conflits armés, rares sont les études qui ont évalué leurs conséquences sur la santé reproductive des survivantes surtout en termes d’issues telles que les fistules, les douleurs pelviennes chroniques (DPC), le désir de rapports sexuels, le désir d’enfant et le désir d’interruption de la grossesse issue de tels actes. Par ailleurs, même si la santé mentale des populations en zones de conflit représente un sujet d’intérêt, l’impact spécifique de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur la santé mentale des survivantes a été peu étudié. De plus, ces travaux s’intéressent aux effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur la santé mentale et sur la santé reproductive séparément et ce, sans évaluer les relations qui peuvent exister entre ces deux dimensions qui, pourtant, s’influencent mutuellement. Aussi, l’impact social de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit, ainsi que la contribution des normes socioculturelles aux difficultés que rencontrent les survivantes, a été peu étudié. Pourtant, l’impact social de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit peut permettre de mieux comprendre comment l’expérience d’un tel acte peut affecter la santé mentale. Enfin, aucune étude n’a évalué les effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit en la comparant à la violence sexuelle non liée au conflit (VSNLC). Pourtant, il est reconnu qu’à de nombreux égards, la violence sexuelle liée au conflit est bien différente de la VSNLC puisqu’elle est perpétrée avec l’intention de créer le maximum d’effets adverses pour la victime et sa communauté. Objectifs : Les objectifs poursuivis dans cette thèse visent à : 1) évaluer les effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur la santé reproductive; 2) évaluer les effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur la santé mentale en termes de sévérité des symptômes de stress posttraumatique (PTSD), de sévérité des symptômes de détresse psychologique et de probabilité de souffrir de troubles mentaux communs (TMC); 3) évaluer la contribution des troubles physiques de santé reproductive, en particulier les fistules et les douleurs pelviennes chroniques (DPC), aux effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur la santé mentale; 4) évaluer la contribution de l’état de santé mentale aux effets de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur le désir de rapports sexuels et le désir d’enfant; et 5) étudier l’impact de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sur le plan social ainsi que la contribution des normes socioculturelles à ses effets adverses et la façon dont ces effets pourraient à leur tour influencer la santé des femmes et leur relation avec l’enfant issu de l’acte de violence sexuelle subi. Méthodologie : Un devis mixte de nature convergente a permis de collecter des données quantitatives auprès de l’ensemble des participantes (étude transversale) et des données qualitatives sur un nombre plus restreint de femmes (étude phénoménologique). Une étude transversale populationnelle a été conduite entre juillet et août 2012 auprès de 320 femmes âgées de 15 à 45 ans habitant quatre (4) quartiers de la ville de Goma située dans la province du Nord-Kivu en RDC. Les femmes ont été recrutées à travers des annonces faites par les responsables des programmes d’alphabétisation et de résolution de conflits implantés dans les différents quartiers par le Collectif Alpha Ujuvi, une ONG locale. Les issues de santé reproductive évaluées sont : les fistules, les DPC, le désir de rapports sexuels, le désir d’enfant et le désir d’interruption de la grossesse issue d’un acte de violence sexuelle. Les variables de santé mentale d’intérêt sont : la sévérité des symptômes de détresse psychologique, la sévérité des symptômes de PTSD et la probabilité de souffrir de TMC. Pour les analyses, l’exposition a été définie en trois (3) catégories selon l’expérience passée de violence sexuelle : les femmes qui ont vécu des actes de violence sexuelle liée au conflit, celles qui ont vécu des actes de VSNLC et celles qui ont déclaré n’avoir jamais subi d’acte de violence sexuelle au cours de leur vie. Les variables de confusion potentielles mesurées sont : l’âge, le statut matrimonial, le nombre d’enfants, le niveau d’éducation le plus élevé atteint et l’occupation professionnelle. Les mesures d’associations ont été évaluées à l’aide de modèles de régressions logistiques et linéaires simples et multiples. Des tests d’interaction multiplicative et des analyses stratifiées ont été également conduits pour évaluer l’effet potentiellement modificateur de quelques variables (âge, statut matrimonial, nombre d’enfants) sur la relation entre la violence sexuelle et les variables de santé reproductive ou de santé mentale. Ces tests ont également été utilisés pour évaluer la contribution d’une variable de santé reproductive ou de santé mentale aux effets de la violence sexuelle sur l’autre dimension de la santé d’intérêt dans cette étude. Une étude phénoménologique a été conduite dans le même intervalle de temps auprès de 12 femmes ayant participé à la partie quantitative de l’étude qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit et ont eu un enfant issu d’une agression sexuelle. Les sujets explorés incluent : la perception de l’acte de violence sexuelle liée au conflit vécu et de la vie quotidienne par les victimes; la perception de l’acte de violence sexuelle liée au conflit par la famille et l’entourage et leurs réactions après l’agression; la perception de la grossesse issue de l’acte de violence sexuelle par la victime; la perception de l’enfant issu de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit par la victime ainsi que son entourage; les conséquences sociales de l’expérience de violence sexuelle liée au conflit et les besoins des victimes pour leur réhabilitation. Une analyse thématique avec un codage ouvert a permis de ressortir les thèmes clés des récits des participantes. Par la suite, l’approche de théorisation ancrée a été utilisée pour induire un cadre décrivant l’impact social de l’expérience de la violence sexuelle liée au conflit et les facteurs y contribuant. Résultats : Le premier article de cette thèse montre que, comparées aux femmes qui n’ont jamais vécu un acte de violence sexuelle, celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit ont une probabilité plus élevée d’avoir une fistule (OR=11.1, IC 95% [3.1-39.3]), des DPC (OR=5.1, IC 95% [2.4-10.9]), de rapporter une absence de désir de rapports sexuels (OR=3.5, IC 95% [1.7-6.9]) et une absence de désir d’enfant (OR=3.5, IC 95% [1.6-7.8]). Comparées aux mêmes femmes, celles qui ont vécu la VSNLC ont plus de probabilité de souffrir de DPC (OR=2.3, IC 95% [0.95-5.8]) et de rapporter une absence de désir d’enfant (OR=2.7, IC 95% [1.1-6.5]). Comparées aux femmes qui ont vécu la VSNLC, celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit ont également une probabilité plus élevée d’avoir une fistule (OR=9.5, IC 95% [1.6-56.4]), des DPC (OR=2.2, IC 95% [0.8-5.7]) et de rapporter une absence de désir de rapports sexuels (OR=2.5, IC 95% [1.1-6.1]). En ce qui concerne les grossesses issues des viols, comparées aux femmes qui ont vécu la VSNLC, celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit sont plus nombreuses à souhaiter avorter (55% vs 25% pour celles qui ont vécu la VSNLC). Elles sont également plus nombreuses à déclarer qu’elles auraient avorté si les soins appropriés étaient accessibles (39% vs 21% pour celles qui ont vécu la VSNLC). Le second article montre qu’en comparaison aux femmes qui n’ont jamais subi de violence sexuelle, celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit présentent des symptômes de détresse psychologique (moyennes de score respectives 8.6 et 12.6, p<0.0001) et des symptômes de PTSD (moyennes de score respectives 2.2 et 2.6, p<0.0001) plus sévères et ont plus de probabilité d’être dépistées comme un cas de TMC (30% vs 76%, p<0.0001). De plus, comparées aux femmes qui ont vécu la VSNLC, celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au conflit présentent des symptômes de détresse psychologique (moyennes de score respectives 10.1 et 12.6, p<0.0001) et des symptômes de PTSD (moyennes de score respectives 2.2 et 2.6, p<0.0001) plus sévères et ont plus de probabilité d’être dépistées comme un cas de TMC (48% vs 76%, p<0.001). Les valeurs minimales et maximales de score de sévérité de symptômes de détresse psychologique sont de 0/12 pour les femmes qui n’ont jamais vécu de violence sexuelle, 4/19 pour celles qui ont vécu la VSNLC et de 5/18 pour celles qui ont vécu la violence sexuelle liée au confit. En ce qui concerne la sévérité des symptômes de PTSD, les scores minimal et maximal sont respectivement de 0.36/3.22, 0.41/3.41 et 0.95/3.45. Le fait d’avoir développé une fistule ou de souffrir de DPC après l’agression sexuelle augmente la force des associations entre la violence sexuelle et la santé mentale. Les femmes qui ont subi la violence sexuelle liée au conflit et qui ont souffert de fistules présentent des symptômes de détresse psychologique et de PTSD plus sévères comparées aux femmes qui ont subi la violence sexuelle liée au conflit mais n’ont pas de fistules. Les résultats sont similaires pour les femmes qui ont subi la violence sexuelle liée au conflit et qui souffrent de DPC. Des résultats complémentaires suggèrent que le statut matrimonial modifie l’effet de la violence sexuelle sur la sévérité des symptômes de détresse psychologique, les femmes divorcées/séparées et les veuves étant celles qui ont les moyennes de score les plus élevées (respectivement 11.3 et 12.1 vs 9.26 et 9.49 pour les célibataires et les mariées). Par ailleurs, la sévérité des symptômes de détresse psychologique modifie l’association entre la violence sexuelle liée au conflit et le désir d’enfant. Le troisième article montre que, sur le plan social, l’expérience de violence sexuelle liée au conflit entraine également de lourdes conséquences. Toutes celles qui ont vécu ce type d’acte décrivent leur vie de survivante et de mère d’un enfant issu d’une agression sexuelle comme difficile, oppressive, faite de peines et de soucis et sans valeur. Plusieurs facteurs influencent la description que les victimes de violence sexuelle liée au conflit font de leur vie quotidienne, et ils sont tous reliés aux normes socioculturelles qui font de la femme une citoyenne de seconde zone, ne font aucune différence entre un viol et un adultère, condamnent les victimes de violence sexuelle plutôt que leurs agresseurs, rejettent et stigmatisent les victimes de tels actes ainsi que l’enfant qui en est issu. En réponse au rejet et au manque de considération, les femmes victimes de violence sexuelle liée au conflit ont tendance à s’isoler pour éviter les insultes et à garder le silence sur leur agression. En plus, les réactions de leur entourage/communauté ont tendance à leur faire revivre l’agression sexuelle subie, autant d’éléments qui nuisent davantage à leur réhabilitation. D’autres résultats démontrent que les enfants issus d’actes de violence sexuelle liée au conflit sont également rejetés par leur communauté, leur famille adoptive ainsi que le conjoint de leur mère, ce qui affecte davantage les survivantes. Avec leurs mères, les relations développées varient entre le rejet, la résignation et l’affection. Néanmoins, ces relations sont plus souvent tendues probablement à cause de la stigmatisation de la communauté. Conclusion: La violence sexuelle liée au conflit a des effets adverses sur la santé reproductive, la santé mentale mais également sur le plan social. Ces trois dimensions sont loin d’être isolées puisque cette étude a permis de démontrer qu’elles s’influencent mutuellement. Ceci suggère que la prise en charge des victimes de violence sexuelle liée au conflit ne doit pas se concentrer sur un aspect ou un autre de la santé mais prendre en compte l’ensemble des dimensions de la femme pour offrir une aide holistique, plus adaptée et qui sera plus efficace à long terme.

The effect of the GENTLE/s robot-mediated therapy system on arm function after stroke

Objective: To evaluate the effect of robot-mediated therapy on arm dysfunction post stroke. Design: A series of single-case studies using a randomized multiple baseline design with ABC or ACB order. Subjects (n = 20) had a baseline length of 8, 9 or 10 data points. They continued measurement during the B - robot-mediated therapy and C - sling suspension phases. Setting: Physiotherapy department, teaching hospital. Subjects: Twenty subjects with varying degrees of motor and sensory deficit completed the study. Subjects attended three times a week, with each phase lasting three weeks. Interventions: In the robot-mediated therapy phase they practised three functional exercises with haptic and visual feedback from the system. In the sling suspension phase they practised three single-plane exercises. Each treatment phase was three weeks long. Main measures: The range of active shoulder flexion, the Fugl-Meyer motor assessment and the Motor Assessment Scale were measured at each visit. Results: Each subject had a varied response to the measurement and intervention phases. The rate of recovery was greater during the robot-mediated therapy phase than in the baseline phase for the majority of subjects. The rate of recovery during the robot-mediated therapy phase was also greater than that during the sling suspension phase for most subjects. Conclusion: The positive treatment effect for both groups suggests that robot-mediated therapy can have a treatment effect greater than the same duration of non-functional exercises. Further studies investigating the optimal duration of treatment in the form of a randomized controlled trial are warranted.

Aerosol impacts on drizzle properties in warm clouds from ARM Mobile Facility maritime and continental deployments

We have extensively evaluated the response of cloud-base drizzle rate (Rcb; mm day–1) in warm clouds to liquid water path (LWP; g m–2) and to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration (NCCN; cm–3), an aerosol proxy. This evaluation is based on a 19-month long dataset of Doppler radar, lidar, microwave radiometers and aerosol observing systems from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Mobile Facility deployments at the Azores and in Germany. Assuming 0.55% supersaturation to calculate NCCN, we found a power law , indicating that Rcb decreases by a factor of 2–3 as NCCN increases from 200 to 1000 cm–3 for fixed LWP. Additionally, the precipitation susceptibility to NCCN ranges between 0.5 and 0.9, in agreement with values from simulations and aircraft measurements. Surprisingly, the susceptibility of the probability of precipitation from our analysis is much higher than that from CloudSat estimates, but agrees well with simulations from a multi-scale high-resolution aerosol-climate model. Although scale issues are not completely resolved in the intercomparisons, our results are encouraging, suggesting that it is possible for multi-scale models to accurately simulate the response of LWP to aerosol perturbations.

Use of the mini nutritional assessment tool in elderly people from long-term institutions of southeast of Brazil

Background: the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) is a multidimensional method of nutritional evaluation that allows the diagnosis of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition in elderly people, it is important to mention that this method has not been well studied in Brazil. Objective: to verify the use of the MNA in elderly people that has been living in long term institutions for elderly people. Design: transversal study. Participants: 89 people (>= 60 years), being 64.0% men. The average of age for both genders was 73.7 +/- 9.1 years old, being 72.8 +/- 8.9 years old for men, and 75.3 +/- 9.3 years old for women. Setting: long-term institutions for elderly people located in the Southeast of Brazil. Methods: it was calculated the sensibility, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. It was data to set up a ROC curve to verify the accuracy of the MNA. The variable used as a ""standard"" for the nutritional diagnosis of the elderly people was the corrected arm muscle area because it is able to provide information or an estimative of the muscle reserve of a person being considered a good indicator of malnutrition in elderly people. Results: the sensibility was 84.0%, the specificity was 36.0%, the positive predictive value was 77.0%, and the negative predictive value was 47.0%; the area of the ROC curve was 0.71 (71.0%). Conclusion: the MNA method has showed accuracy, and sensibility when dealing with the diagnosis of malnutrition and risk of malnutrition in institutionalized elderly groups of the Southeastern region of Brazil, however, it presented a low specificity.

Electromyographic analysis of the arm muscles in front support exercises

The electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii - BB (long head), triceps brachii - TB (long head) and deltoideus - DA (clavicular portion) muscles, during the going (G) and return (R) phases in front support exercise, as well the efficacy of this exercise for the development of these muscles strength were studied in 10 male volunteers. The values were normalized through maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC = 100%) and statistically analyzed using the Friedman, DMS and Wilcoxon non-parametric test. A value of p≤0.05 indicated significance (Campos, 1983). All the muscles presented higher electromyographic activity in the return phase of the movement. The triceps brachii was the muscle which had higher activity in both phases of the movement. It was concluded that the front support exercise is efficient for strength development mainly in the triceps brachii muscle.

Electromyographic analysis of the arm muscles in back support exercises

This study aims at quantifying through electromyography the actions of the biceps brachii-BB (long head), tríceps brachii- TB (long head) and deltoideus-DA (clavicular portion) muscles, during the going (G) and return (R) phases in back support exercises. Surface electrodes were placed at the muscles, according to DELAGI (1981). It was used a specific software and a AID plate to take the signals. After being collected, the records were processed resulting in efficient values (RMS), were normalized by maximum isometric contraction (MVIC=100%) and statistically analysed using the Friedman, DSM and Wilcox non-parametric tests. All the muscles presented electromyographic activity of the movements. The triceps brachii was the muscle with higher activity in both phases of the movement. It was concluded that the exercise is indicated for the arm muscle strength development.

Long-term creatine supplementation improves muscular performance during resistance training in older women

This study examined the effects of long-term creatine supplementation combined with resistance training (RT) on the one-repetition maximum (1RM) strength, motor functional performance (e.g., 30-s chair stand, arm curl, and getting up from lying on the floor tests) and body composition (e.g., fat-free mass, muscle mass, and % body fat using DEXA scans) in older women. Eighteen healthy women (64.9 ± 5.0 years) were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to either a creatine (CR, N = 9) or placebo (PL, N = 9) group. Both groups underwent a 12-week RT program (3 days week-1), consuming an equivalent amount of either creatine (5.0 g day-1) or placebo (maltodextrin). After 12 week, the CR group experienced a greater (P < 0.05) increase (Δ%) in training volume (+164.2), and 1RM bench press (+5.1), knee extension (+3.9) and biceps curl (+8.8) performance than the PL group. Furthermore, CR group gained significantly more fat-free mass (+3.2) and muscle mass (+2.8) and were more efficient in performing submaximal-strength functional tests than the PL group. No changes (P > 0.05) in body mass or % body fat were observed from pre- to post-test in either group. These results indicate that long-term creatine supplementation combined with RT improves the ability to perform submaximal-strength functional tasks and promotes a greater increase in maximal strength, fat-free mass and muscle mass in older women. © 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Ten-year results of a three-arm prospective cohort study on implants in periodontally compromised patients. Part 1: implant loss and radiographic bone loss

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the long-term outcomes of implants placed in patients treated for periodontitis periodontally compromised patients (PCP) and in periodontally healthy patients (PHP) in relation to adhesion to supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: One hundred and twelve partially edentulous patients were consecutively enrolled in private specialist practice and divided into three groups according to their initial periodontal condition: PHP, moderate PCP and severe PCP. Perio and implant treatment was carried out as needed. Solid screws (S), hollow screws (HS) and hollow cylinders (HC) were installed to support fixed prostheses, after successful completion of initial periodontal therapy (full-mouth plaque score <25% and full-mouth bleeding score <25%). At the end of treatment, patients were asked to follow an individualized SPT program. At 10 years, clinical measures and radiographic bone changes were recorded by two calibrated operators, blinded to the initial patient classification. RESULTS: Eleven patients were lost to follow-up. During the period of observation, 18 implants were removed because of biological complications. The implant survival rate was 96.6%, 92.8% and 90% for all implants and 98%, 94.2% and 90% for S-implants only, respectively, for PHP, moderate PCP and severe PCP. The mean bone loss was 0.75 (+/- 0.88) mm in PHP, 1.14 (+/- 1.11) mm in moderate PCP and 0.98 (+/- 1.22) mm in severe PCP, without any statistically significant difference. The percentage of sites, with bone loss > or =3 mm, was, respectively, 4.7% for PHP, 11.2% for moderate PCP and 15.1% for severe PCP, with a statistically significant difference between PHP and severe PCP (P<0.05). Lack of adhesion to SPT was correlated with a higher incidence of bone loss and implant loss. CONCLUSION: Patients with a history of periodontitis presented a lower survival rate and a statistically significantly higher number of sites with peri-implant bone loss. Furthermore, PCP, who did not completely adhere to the SPT, were found to present a higher implant failure rate. This underlines the value of the SPT in enhancing the long-term outcomes of implant therapy, particularly in subjects affected by periodontitis, in order to control reinfection and limit biological complications.

Role of complement and Fc{gamma} receptors in the protective activity of the long pentraxin PTX3 against Aspergillus fumigatus

Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a soluble pattern recognition molecule playing a nonredundant role in resistance against Aspergillus fumigatus. The present study was designed to investigate the molecular pathways involved in the opsonic activity of PTX3. The PTX3 N-terminal domain was responsible for conidia recognition, but the full-length molecule was necessary for opsonic activity. The PTX3-dependent pathway of enhanced neutrophil phagocytic activity involved complement activation via the alternative pathway; Fc receptor (Fc R) IIA/CD32 recognition of PTX3-sensitized conidia and complement receptor 3 (CR3) activation; and CR3 and CD32 localization to the phagocytic cup. Gene targeted mice (ptx3, FcR common chain, C3, C1q) validated the in vivo relevance of the pathway. In particular, the protective activity of exogenous PTX3 against A fumigatus was abolished in FcR common chain-deficient mice. Thus, the opsonic and antifungal activity of PTX3 is at the crossroad between complement, complement receptor 3-, and Fc R-mediated recognition. Because short pentraxins (eg, C-reactive protein) interact with complement and Fc R, the present results may have general significance for the mode of action of these components of the humoral arm of innate immunity.

Regulation of leukocyte recruitment by the long pentraxin PTX3

Pentraxins are a superfamily of conserved proteins involved in the acute-phase response and innate immunity. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a prototypical member of the long pentraxin subfamily, is a key component of the humoral arm of innate immunity that is essential for resistance to certain pathogens. A regulatory role for pentraxins in inflammation has long been recognized, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that PTX3 bound P-selectin and attenuated neutrophil recruitment at sites of inflammation. PTX3 released from activated leukocytes functioned locally to dampen neutrophil recruitment and regulate inflammation. Antibodies have glycosylation-dependent regulatory effect on inflammation. Therefore, PTX3, which is an essential component of humoral innate immunity, and immunoglobulins share functional outputs, including complement activation, opsonization and, as shown here, glycosylation-dependent regulation of inflammation.

Pathogen recognition by the long pentraxin PTX3

Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) that recognise pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. The long pentraxin PTX3 is a prototypic soluble PRM that is produced at sites of infection and inflammation by both somatic and immune cells. Gene targeting of this evolutionarily conserved protein has revealed a nonredundant role in resistance to selected pathogens. Moreover, PTX3 exerts important functions at the cross-road between innate immunity, inflammation, and female fertility. Here, we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition and cross-talk with other components of the innate immune system.

The long pentraxin PTX3 at the crossroads between innate immunity and tissue remodelling

Innate immunity represents the first line of defence against pathogens and plays key roles in the activation and orientation of the adaptive immune response. The innate immune system comprises both a cellular and a humoral arm. Components of the humoral arm include soluble pattern recognition molecules that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate the immune response in coordination with the cellular arm, therefore acting as functional ancestors of antibodies. Pentraxins are essential constituents of the humoral arm of innate immunity and represent a superfamily of highly conserved acute phase proteins, traditionally classified into short and long pentraxins. Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is the prototypic member of the long pentraxins subfamily. As opposed to C-reactive protein, whose sequence and regulation have not been conserved during evolution from mouse to man, the evolutionary conservation of sequence, gene organization and regulation of PTX3 has allowed addressing its pathophysiological roles in genetically modified mice, in diverse conditions, ranging from infections to sterile inflammation, angiogenesis and female fertility. Despite this conservation, a number of predominantly non-coding polymorphisms have been identified in the PTX3 gene which, when associated in particular haplotypes, have been shown to be relevant in clinical conditions including infection and fertility. Here we review the studies on PTX3, with emphasis on pathogen recognition, tissue remodelling and crosstalk with other components of the innate immune system.

High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin pulse therapy in patients with progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy: a long-term follow-up

In progressive immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment has been used to delay disease progression, but the long-term efficacy is largely unknown. We report the clinical outcomes after IVIg therapy in six male patients with progressive IgAN [median glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 31 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)] followed for a median observation period of 8 years. In this single-arm, non-randomized study, IVIg was given monthly at a dose of 2 g/kg body weight for 6 months. The course of renal function was assessed by linear regression analysis of GFR and proteinuria, and was compared to eight patients with IgAN (median GFR 29 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) without IVIg as a contemporaneous control group. IgAN disease progression was delayed after IVIg therapy on average for 3 years. The mean loss of renal function decreased from -1.05 ml/min per month to -0.15 ml/min per month (P = 0.024) and proteinuria decreased from 2.4 g/l to 1.0 g/l (P = 0.015). The primary end-point (GFR < 10 ml/min or relapse) occurred 5.2 years (median; range 0.4-8.8) after the first IVIg pulse, and after 1.3 years (median; range 0.8-2.4) in the control group (P = 0.043). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median renal survival time with IVIg was prolonged by 3.5 years (IVIg 4.7 years versus control 1.2 years; P = 0.006). IVIg pulse therapy may be considered as a treatment option to reduce the loss of renal function and improve proteinuria in patients with progressive IgAN.

Skeletal benefits after long-term retirement in former elite female gymnasts

Bone strength benefits after long-term retirement from elite gymnastics in terms of bone geometry and volumetric BMD were studied by comparing retired female gymnasts to moderately active age-matched women. In a cross-sectional study, 30 retired female gymnasts were compared with 30 age-matched moderately active controls. Bone geometric and densitometric parameters were measured by pQCT at the distal epiphyses and shafts of the tibia, femur, radius, and humerus. Muscle cross-sectional areas were assessed from the shaft scans. Independent t-tests were conducted on bone and muscle variables to detect differences between the two groups. The gymnasts had retired for a mean of 6.1 +/- 0.4 yr and were engaged in arm and upper arm was greater by 15-17.6% (p