Health consequences of exposure to e-waste : a systematic review

Background The population exposed to potentially hazardous substances through inappropriate and unsafe management practices related to disposal and recycling of end-of-life electrical and electronic equipment, collectively known as e-waste, is increasing. We aimed to summarise the evidence for the association between such exposures and adverse health outcomes. Methods We systematically searched five electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycNET, and CINAHL) for studies assessing the association between exposure to e-waste and outcomes related to mental health and neurodevelopment, physical health, education, and violence and criminal behaviour, from Jan 1, 1965, to Dec 17, 2012, and yielded 2274 records. Of the 165 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, we excluded a further 142, resulting in the inclusion of 23 published epidemiological studies that met the predetermined criteria. All studies were from southeast China. We assessed evidence of a causal association between exposure to e-waste and health outcomes within the Bradford Hill framework. Findings We recorded plausible outcomes associated with exposure to e-waste including change in thyroid function, changes in cellular expression and function, adverse neonatal outcomes, changes in temperament and behaviour, and decreased lung function. Boys aged 8–9 years living in an e-waste recycling town had a lower forced vital capacity than did those living in a control town. Significant negative correlations between blood chromium concentrations and forced vital capacity in children aged 11 and 13 years were also reported. Findings from most studies showed increases in spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and premature births, and reduced birthweights and birth lengths associated with exposure to e-waste. People living in e-waste recycling towns or working in e-waste recycling had evidence of greater DNA damage than did those living in control towns. Studies of the effects of exposure to e-waste on thyroid function were not consistent. One study related exposure to e-waste and waste electrical and electronic equipment to educational outcomes. Interpretation Although data suggest that exposure to e-waste is harmful to health, more well designed epidemiological investigations in vulnerable populations, especially pregnant women and children, are needed to confirm these associations. Funding Children's Health and Environment Program, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Australia.

Photocatalytic treatment of municipal wastewater using modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles

Photocatalytic degradation of municipal wastewater was investigated using reagent grade TiO2 and modified neodymium doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. For the first time, surface modification of Nd3+ doped TiO2 hybrid nanoparticles were carried out with n-butylamine as surface modifier under mild hydrothermal conditions. The modified nanoparticles obtained were characterized by Powder XRD, FTIR, DLS, TEM, BET surface area, zeta potential and UV-Vis Spectroscopy. The characterization results indicated better morphology, particle size distribution and low agglomeration of the nanoparticles synthesized. It was found that photodegradation of wastewater using surface modified neodymium doped TiO2 nanoparticles was more compared to pure TiO2, which can be attributed to the doping and modification with n-butylamine.

Biogenic nanosilver incorporated reverse osmosis membrane for antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected pathogenic strains: An enhanced eco-friendly water disinfection approach

Reverse osmosis (RO) membranes have been used extensively in water desalination plants, waste water treatment in industries, agricultural farms and drinking water production applications. The objective of this work is to impart antibacterial and antifungal activities to commercially available RO membrane used in water purification systems by incorporating biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using Rosa indica wichuriana hybrid leaf extract. The morphology and surface topography of uncoated and AgNPs-coated RO membrane were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Elemental composition of the AgNPs-coated RO membrane was analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). The functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Hydrophilicity of the uncoated and AgNPs-coated RO membrane was analyzed using water contact angle measurements. The thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The AgNPs incorporated RO membrane exhibited good antibacterial and antifungal activities against pathogenic bacterial strains such as E. coli, S. aureus, M. luteus, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa and fungal strains such as Candida tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. albicans.

Estudo dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos de uma prestadora de services do setor naval, com vistas ao gerenciamento ambiental.

Esta pesquisa usou o estudo de caso para analisar os resíduos eletroeletrônicos gerados em uma Empresa prestadora de serviços atuante no setor naval. Após breve reflexão sobre a relação homem-natureza, apresenta-se o conceito de resíduos sólidos e suas classificações, introduzindo-se dados que embasam o impacto dos eletroeletrônicos na geração de resíduos no Brasil. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre a evolução da eletricidade e da eletrônica até os dias atuais, passando-se a comentar os aspectos e impactos da produção e descarte dos dispositivos eletroeletrônicos, que utilizam algumas substâncias tóxicas em sua manufatura. Destacam-se alguns caminhos alternativos para os resíduos eletroeletrônicos como o reuso, o reaproveitamento e a reciclagem que abriram caminhos para novos negócios. O estudo se volta para uma abordagem da legislação ambiental, mencionando aspectos da legislação dos Estados Unidos e da Europa, além de discorrer sobre fatos relevantes do ordenamento jurídico ambiental brasileiro, com ênfase na Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos. Esta Seção se encerra com um breve resumo do alinhamento do setor naval à legislação ambiental, através do uso das normas ISO da série 14.000. Prossegue-se com a descrição da Empresa onde se realizou o estudo de caso, apresentando-se um resumo acerca de sua trajetória, estrutura de funcionamento e a situação da gestão ambiental. Em seguida, é descrita a metodologia usada para o desenvolvimento do estudo de caso, detalhando-se os tipos de pesquisa e procedimentos utilizados para a caracterização dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos, bem como as ferramentas de gestão usadas para sua análise. Discorre-se, então, sobre o estudo de caso realizado na Empresa, com a apresentação das ações e pesquisas realizadas acerca de seus processos de geração e descarte de resíduos eletroeletrônicos. Os dados obtidos neste estudo foram analisados à luz do conhecimento ambiental e gestor e, com o auxílio de algumas ferramentas de gestão, foram selecionados os resíduos eletroeletrônicos mais impactantes e os com possibilidade de serem gerenciados pela Empresa. Encerrando o trabalho, as conclusões sobre o estudo e as sugestões para a melhoria do gerenciamento dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos são disponibilizadas para uso da Empresa, propondo-se também a implementação de um sistema de gerenciamento integrado para todos os resíduos nela gerados.

Problemas direto e inverso de processos de separação em leito móvel simulado mediante mecanismos cinéticos de adsorção

Diversas aplicações industriais relevantes envolvem os processos de adsorção, citando como exemplos a purificação de produtos, separação de substâncias, controle de poluição e umidade entre outros. O interesse crescente pelos processos de purificação de biomoléculas deve-se principalmente ao desenvolvimento da biotecnologia e à demanda das indústrias farmacêutica e química por produtos com alto grau de pureza. O leito móvel simulado (LMS) é um processo cromatográfico contínuo que tem sido aplicado para simular o movimento do leito de adsorvente, de forma contracorrente ao movimento do líquido, através da troca periódica das posições das correntes de entrada e saída, sendo operado de forma contínua, sem prejuízo da pureza das correntes de saída. Esta consiste no extrato, rico no componente mais fortemente adsorvido, e no rafinado, rico no componente mais fracamente adsorvido, sendo o processo particularmente adequado a separações binárias. O objetivo desta tese é estudar e avaliar diferentes abordagens utilizando métodos estocásticos de otimização para o problema inverso dos fenômenos envolvidos no processo de separação em LMS. Foram utilizados modelos discretos com diferentes abordagens de transferência de massa, com a vantagem da utilização de um grande número de pratos teóricos em uma coluna de comprimento moderado, neste processo a separação cresce à medida que os solutos fluem através do leito, isto é, ao maior número de vezes que as moléculas interagem entre a fase móvel e a fase estacionária alcançando assim o equilíbrio. A modelagem e a simulação verificadas nestas abordagens permitiram a avaliação e a identificação das principais características de uma unidade de separação do LMS. A aplicação em estudo refere-se à simulação de processos de separação do Baclofen e da Cetamina. Estes compostos foram escolhidos por estarem bem caracterizados na literatura, estando disponíveis em estudos de cinética e de equilíbrio de adsorção nos resultados experimentais. De posse de resultados experimentais avaliou-se o comportamento do problema direto e inverso de uma unidade de separação LMS visando comparar os resultados obtidos com os experimentais, sempre se baseando em critérios de eficiência de separação entre as fases móvel e estacionária. Os métodos estudados foram o GA (Genetic Algorithm) e o PCA (Particle Collision Algorithm) e também foi feita uma hibridização entre o GA e o PCA. Como resultado desta tese analisouse e comparou-se os métodos de otimização em diferentes aspectos relacionados com o mecanismo cinético de transferência de massa por adsorção e dessorção entre as fases sólidas do adsorvente.

Research on operating conditions at the catalytic reactor for the combined removal of NOx and PCDD/PCDFs from MWI plants

The management of municipal solid waste (MSW), particularly the role of incineration, is currently a subject of public debate. Incineration shows to be a good alternative of reducing the volume of waste and eliminating certain infectious components. Moreover, Municipal Waste Incinerators (MWI), are reported to be highly hygienic and apart from that MWIs are immediately effective in terms of transport (incinerators can be built close to the waste sources) and incineration's nature. Nevertheless, the emissions of many hazardous substances make the Municipal Waste Incineration (MWI) plants to be unpopular. Metals (especially lead, manganese, cadmium, chromium and mercury) are concentrated in fly and bottom ashes. Furthermore, incomplete combustion produces a wide variety of potentially hazardous organic compounds, such as aldehydes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), chlorinated hydrocarbons including polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF), and even acid gases, including NOx. Many of these hazardous substances are carcinogenic and some have direct systemic toxicity.

Effects of nitrogen forms on the production of cyanobacterial toxin microcystin-LR by an isolated Microcystis aeruginosa

A cyanobacterial strain, which produced high content of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) but no rnicrocystin-RR (MC-RR), was isolated from the hypertrophic Dianchi Lake in China and identified as Microcystis aeruginosa DC-1. Effects of nitrogen containing chemicals and trace elements on the growth and the production of MC-LR by this strain were Studied. In the presence of bicine, compared with urea and ammonium, nitrate greatly promoted the growth and the production of MC-LR. However, leucine and arginine, which were the constitutional components in the molecular structure of MC-LR or RR, inhibited the production of MC-LR. Iron and silicon up to 10mg/L had little effects on the growth of M. aeruginosa DC-1, but the production of MC-LR was apparently enhanced. Under all conditions studied here, only MC-LR but no RR was detected within the cells of M. aeruginosa DC-1. Thus, chemical forms of nitrogen, rather than the usually concerned the total nitrogen, Lind trace elements played important roles in the production of MC toxins during cyanobacterial blooms.

Variation of microcystins in a lake for water supply

A site investigation was conducted to correlate the relationships between microcystins (MC) concentration and algal growth in Dianchi Lake in China. Laboratory experiments were undertaken to test the effects of sediment adsorption, photoirradiation and biodegradation on microcystins removal. Bioaccumulation of microcystins was also determined using silver carp fish. It was observed that MC concentrations varied in accordance with algae growth in Dianchi Lake. The results obtained in the laboratory demonstrated that the removal of MC with fresh sediments was less than 10%, photoirradiation removed more than 75% MC within two hours, and the biodegradation needed much longer time to produce substantial degradation of MC. The results suggest that bioaccumulation of microcystins in fish was not significant in Dianchi Lake.

The application of thermal methods for determining chemical composition of carbonaceous aerosols: A review

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