Intensiiviperhetyö Vantaalla : haasteena asiakkaan kiinnittyminen työskentelyyn

Lastensuojeluongelmien kasautuminen ja huostaanottojen kasvu ovat asettaneet useat kunnat miettimään erilaisia keinoja kyseisten ongelmien ratkaisemiseksi. Vantaalla haasteeseen vastattiin tuomalla lastensuojelun palveluvalikoimaan uusi työmuoto: intensiiviperhetyö. Intensiiviperhetyön yksikön toiminta käynnistyi toukokuussa 2007, ensisijaisena tarkoituksenaan vähentää huostaanottojen määrää. Intensiiviperhetyön kohderyhmänä on perheet, joiden lapsilla on akuutti huostaanoton uhka. Huostaanoton uhan riski lisää väistämättä jännitettä työskentelysuhteeseen sekä asiakkaan motivoimiseen ja kiinnittymiseen muutostyöhön. Tässä opinnäytetyössä pyrin selvittämään, mitkä tekijät perhetyöntekijöiden näkemyksen mukaan vaikuttavat kiinnittymiseen ja millaiset perhetyön menetelmät tukevat työskentelysuhteeseen kiinnittymistä. Tavoitteenani on tuottaa ymmärrystä ja tietoa niistä tekijöistä, jotka vaikuttavat kiinnittymiseen edesauttavasti ja ehkäisevästi. Teoreettinen viitekehys rakentuu perhetyön sekä asiakkaan kiinnittymisen määritelmistä. Perhetyö fokusoituu tässä tutkimuksessa tehostettuun perhetyöhön. Kiinnittymisen määritelmä on avattu niistä tekijöistä, jotka mahdollistavat asiakassuhteen luomisen. Tutkimusaineisto on kerätty perhetyöntekijöiltä kyselylomakkeella, joka sisältää sekä suljettuja että avoimia kysymyksiä. Perhetyöntekijät ovat täyttäneet yksikön käynnistyttyä ensimmäisen puolen vuoden ajalta kaikista intensiiviperhetyössä olleista asiakkaista lomakkeet. Aineisto on analysoitu avokysymysten osalta sisällönanalyysin keinoin ja suljettujen kysymysten analysoinnissa on käytetty Excel -ohjelmaa. Keskeisin tulos on, että perheiden kiinnittyminen työskentelyyn toteutui hyvin. Perhetyön menetelmillä ei ole merkittävää vaikutusta perheiden kiinnittymisessä. Tärkeintä kiinnittymisessä on perheen motivoiminen ja yhteistyön rakentaminen, josta työntekijä on ensisijaisesti vastuussa. Perhetyöntekijät tarvitsevat riittävästi aikaa rakentaakseen yhteistyötä jokaisen perheenjäsen kanssa. Yhdenkin perheenjäsen negatiivinen suhtautuminen työskentelyyn heijastuu koko perheen motivoitumiseen. Avainsanat lastensuojelu, perhetyö, intensiiviperhetyö, asiakassuhde, kiinnittyminen

”Kyllähän nyt pitäs olla jo semmonen aika, että pääsis niin kö keskustelemhan näistä asioista.” Tutkimus lappilaisten sotavankien, partisaanien uhrien ja huutolaisten elämänkulusta, voimavaroista, terveydestä ja sairauksista

Research into the course of life, mental stamina and health status of wartime prisoners, victims of Soviet partisan attacks, and paupers in Finnish Lapland The basis of this research comprised the issues raised during the interviews conducted in my work as a general practitioner in Lapland, regarding factors that have possibly affected the life stories and health conditions of Lappish people who had lived through the war as war prisoners, victims of partisan attacks, or paupers. The purpose of the study was to describe how the different life phases and experiences emerged from the interviewees’ stories and to identify their mental stamina. Another goal was to make observations on their health status, in which the main emphasis became to address mental symptoms. The cohort consisted of elderly Finns who lived in Lapland during the war and experienced war imprisonment, pauperism, or became victims of partisan attacks. All three groups consisted of 12 interviewees. The interview transcripts were read several times and then investigated using the content analysis methods applicable to the material. The research methodology was based on building awareness and understanding. Thematic tagging and data coding were used as structured analysis tools. In all three groups most of the interviewees clearly identified their mental stamina, the most fundamental of which were home, family and work. The war prisoners’ injuries and nervous sensibility symptoms had been shown in earlier studies on war prisoners, and on this basis they had been granted disability pensions. However, many of them had suppressed their traumatic experiences and mental difficulties, and they could not talk about these issues until at the time of these interviews held at old age. Four of them still suffered from a post-traumatic stress disorder. The victims of Soviet partisans had had to carry their mental load alone for decades before the cruel ravages on civilians in remote areas of Lapland became publicly known. Most of them still had disturbing nervous sensibility symptoms. Four interviewees had a post-traumatic stress disorder, and in addition to these, the mental symptoms of one had developed into a post-traumatic stress disorder during old age. Many of the interviewees who had been left paupers remembered their childhood as filled with grief and feelings of inferiority, and had nightmares relating to their wartime experiences. Yet none of them suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder. The results showed that the exceptional suffering caused by the war, the wartime imprisonment and the devastating attacks by Soviet partisans had led especially to mental difficulties. These were left almost completely unnoticed in the post-war conditions, and the war victims were unable to seek help on their own. Based on the results, our health care for the elderly should focus on familiarization with the individual experiences and life stories of each elderly person. This can facilitate geriatric diagnostics and individual therapy planning. Empathic familiarization with the life experiences of the elderly may strengthen their mental stamina and improve the quality of successful aging.

Ultrafine grinding of FGD and phosphogypsum with an attrition bead mill and a jet mill : optimisation and modelling of grinding and mill comparison

Fine powders of minerals are used commonly in the paper and paint industry, and for ceramics. Research for utilizing of different waste materials in these applications is environmentally important. In this work, the ultrafine grinding of two waste gypsum materials, namely FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) gypsum and phosphogypsum from a phosphoric acid plant, with the attrition bead mill and with the jet mill has been studied. The ' objective of this research was to test the suitability of the attrition bead mill and of the jet mill to produce gypsum powders with a particle size of a few microns. The grinding conditions were optimised by studying the influences of different operational grinding parameters on the grinding rate and on the energy consumption of the process in order to achieve a product fineness such as that required in the paper industry with as low energy consumption as possible. Based on experimental results, the most influential parameters in the attrition grinding were found to be the bead size, the stirrer type, and the stirring speed. The best conditions, based on the product fineness and specific energy consumption of grinding, for the attrition grinding process is to grind the material with small grinding beads and a high rotational speed of the stirrer. Also, by using some suitable grinding additive, a finer product is achieved with a lower energy consumption. In jet mill grinding the most influential parameters were the feed rate, the volumetric flow rate of the grinding air, and the height of the internal classification tube. The optimised condition for the jet is to grind with a small feed rate and with a large rate of volumetric flow rate of grinding air when the inside tube is low. The finer product with a larger rate of production was achieved with the attrition bead mill than with the jet mill, thus the attrition grinding is better for the ultrafine grinding of gypsum than the jet grinding. Finally the suitability of the population balance model for simulation of grinding processes has been studied with different S , B , and C functions. A new S function for the modelling of an attrition mill and a new C function for the modelling of a jet mill were developed. The suitability of the selected models with the developed grinding functions was tested by curve fitting the particle size distributions of the grinding products and then comparing the fitted size distributions to the measured particle sizes. According to the simulation results, the models are suitable for the estimation and simulation of the studied grinding processes.

Taara

Digitoitu 15. 8. 2008.

Juha

Digitoitu 11. 10. 2007.