Emissione di Bremsstrahlung e applicazioni astrofisiche.

In ambiente astrofsico i principali meccanismi di produzione di energia sono associati a cariche elettriche in moto non uniforme. In generale è noto che cariche libere emettono radiazione elettromagnetica solamente se accelerate:una carica stazionaria ha campo elettrico costante e campo magnetico nullo, quindi non irradia, e lo stesso si ha per una carica in moto uniforme (difatti basta porsi nel sistema di riferimento solidale ad essa perchè si ricada nel caso precedente). In questo contesto si inserisce la radiazione di Bremsstrahlung, caratteristica dei plasmi astrofsici molto caldi e dovuta all'interazione coulombiana tra gli ioni e gli elettroni liberi del gas ionizzato. Data la piccola massa dell'elettrone, durante l'interazione lo ione non viene accelerato in maniera apprezzabile, quindi è possibile trattare il problema come quello di cariche elettriche negative decelerate dal campo coulombiano stazionario di un mare di cariche positive. Non a caso in tedesco la parola Bremsstrahlung signifca radiazione di frenamento". L'emissione di Bremsstrahlung è detta anche free-free emission poichè l'elettrone perde energia passando da uno stato non legato a un altro stato non legato. Questo processo di radiazione avviene nel continuo, su un intervallo di frequenze che va dal radio ai raggi gamma. In astrofsica è il principale meccanismo di raffreddamento per i plasmi a temperature elevate: si osserva nelle regioni HII, sottoforma di emissione radio, ma anche nelle galactic hot-coronae, nelle stelle binarie X, nei dischi di accrescimento intorno alle stelle evolute e ai buchi neri, nel gas intergalattico degli ammassi di galassie e nelle atmosfere di gas caldo in cui sono immerse le galassie ellittiche, perlopiù sottoforma di emissione X. La trattazione del fenomeno sarà estesa anche al caso relativistico che, per esempio, trova applicazione nell'emissione dei ares solari e della componente elettronica dei raggi cosmici. Infine la radiazione di Bremsstrahlung, oltre a permettere, solamente mediante misure spettroscopiche, di ricavare la temperatura e la misura di emissione di una nube di plasma, consente di effettuare una vera e propria "mappatura" del campo gravitazionale dei sistemi che hanno gas caldo.

Processi di scattering in astrofisica

Lo scattering è un processo fisico che descrive le interazioni tra particelle e radiazione elettromagnetica. Esistono diversi tipi di scattering, dove la natura di questi processi dipende dall'energia della particella e della radiazione. Quando l'elettrone fermo subisce un urto elastico con un fotone di bassa energia si ha lo \emph{scattering Thomson}. In questo processo l'onda elettromagnetica accelera la particella; successivamente dopo l'urto l'onda viene diffusa con la stessa frequenza iniziale. Questo processo accade a basse energie poichè ad energie più alte prevale l'effetto dovuto allo \emph{scattering Compton}. In questo meccanismo un fotone interagisce con un elettrone cedendogli energia e in particolare si ha una variazione di frequenza per il fotone. Quando è l'elettrone a trasferire al fotone parte della sua energia si ha \emph{Inverse Compton}. Gli ultimi due processi in realtà sono situazioni limite di un caso più generale chiamato \emph{Comptonizzazione}. Considerando un plasma rarefatto di fotoni ed elettroni, la Comptonizzazione stabilisce come l'evoluzione dello spettro viene modificato a causa dell'interazione tra fotoni ed elettroni. Nel secondo capitolo di questo elaborato verrà esaminata l'emissione in banda X della radiazione elettromagnetica in seguito a fenomeni di accrescimento intorno a buchi neri; nello specifico si analizzerà l'emissione soft e hard per buchi neri galattici.

Analisi sulla letteratura postcoloniale black British e proposta di traduzione dei primi due capitoli del romanzo "Never far from nowhere" di Andrea Levy

Nel presente elaborato mi propongo di sviluppare un’analisi sulla letteratura postcoloniale, concentrandomi su un ramo specifico di quest’ultima, la black British literature, con annessa proposta di traduzione di alcuni capitoli del romanzo “Never far from nowhere”, pubblicato nel 1996 da una delle maggiori esponenti della narrativa black British, la scrittrice inglese di origini giamaicane Andrea Levy.  Nel primo capitolo, l’intento principale è quello di far luce sulle analogie esistenti fra traduzione letteraria e letteratura postcoloniale.  Nel secondo capitolo, mi concentrerò in particolare sulla black British literature: la narrativa inglese prodotta dagli immigrati provenienti dai Paesi del Commonwealth, sviluppatasi in Gran Bretagna in seguito al flusso migratorio degli anni Cinquanta.  Il terzo capitolo sarà dedicato alla biografia e alle opere di Andrea Levy, agli episodi che hanno in qualche modo segnato la sua vita e determinato la sua scelta di diventare scrittrice.  Nel quarto capitolo, infine, presenterò il romanzo che ho scelto di tradurre, Never far from nowhere. Seguirà un commento alla traduzione in cui ripercorro tutti i passaggi che mi sono parsi più problematici da tradurre.  L’obiettivo di questo elaborato è di valorizzare un genere letterario che è stato a lungo sottovalutato, nonostante la sua enorme portata storica e ideologica, il suo carattere di testimonianza e la valenza che ha assunto non solo per l’identità black British, ma per l’identità britannica a tutto tondo.

Higher-Order Nonlinearity In Accretion Disks: Quasi-Periodic Oscillations Of Black Hole And Neutron Star Sources And Their Spin

We propose a unified model to explain Quasi-Periodic Oscillation (QPO), particularly of high frequency, observed from black hole and neutron star systems globally. We consider accreting systems to be damped harmonic oscillators exhibiting epicyclic oscillations with higher-order nonlinear resonance to explain QPO. The resonance is expected to be driven by the disturbance from the compact object at its spin frequency. The model explains various properties parallelly for both types of the compact object. It describes QPOs successfully for ten different compact sources. Based on this, we predict the spin frequency of the neutron star Sco X-1 and specific angular momentum of black holes GRO J1655–40, XTE J1550–564, H1743–322, and GRS 1915+105.

The mixed black hole partition function for the STU model

We evaluate the mixed partition function for dyonic BPS black holes using the recently proposed degeneracy formula for the STU model. The result factorizes into the OSV mixed partition function times a proportionality factor. The latter is in agreement with the measure factor that was recently conjectured for a class of N = 2 black holes that contains the STU model.

Spectral states and accretion geometries in Galactic black hole binaries

Black hole X-ray binaries, binary systems where matter from a companion star is accreted by a stellar mass black hole, thereby releasing enormous amounts of gravitational energy converted into radiation, are seen as strong X-ray sources in the sky. As a black hole can only be detected via its interaction with its surroundings, these binary systems provide important evidence for the existence of black holes. There are now at least twenty cases where the measured mass of the X-ray emitting compact object in a binary exceeds the upper limit for a neutron star, thus inferring the presence of a black hole. These binary systems serve as excellent laboratories not only to study the physics of accretion but also to test predictions of general relativity in strongly curved space time. An understanding of the accretion flow onto these, the most compact objects in our Universe, is therefore of great importance to physics. We are only now slowly beginning to understand the spectra and variability observed in these X-ray sources. During the last decade, a framework has developed that provides an interpretation of the spectral evolution as a function of changes in the physics and geometry of the accretion flow driven by a variable accretion rate. This doctoral thesis presents studies of two black hole binary systems, Cygnus~X-1 and GRS~1915+105, plus the possible black hole candidate Cygnus~X-3, and the results from an attempt to interpret their observed properties within this emerging framework. The main result presented in this thesis is an interpretation of the spectral variability in the enigmatic source Cygnus~X-3, including the nature and accretion geometry of its so-called hard spectral state. The results suggest that the compact object in this source, which has not been uniquely identified as a black hole on the basis of standard mass measurements, is most probably a massive, ~30 Msun, black hole, and thus the most massive black hole observed in a binary in our Galaxy so far. In addition, results concerning a possible observation of limit-cycle variability in the microquasar GRS~1915+105 are presented as well as evidence of `mini-hysteresis' in the extreme hard state of Cygnus X-1.

Logarithmic corrections to extremal black hole entropy in N=2, 4 and 8 supergravity

We compute the logarithmic correction to black hole entropy about exponentially suppressed saddle points of the Quantum Entropy Function corresponding to Z(N) orbifolds of the near horizon geometry of the extremal black hole under study. By carefully accounting for zero mode contributions we show that the logarithmic contributions for quarter-BPS black holes in N = 4 supergravity and one-eighth BPS black holes in N = 8 supergravity perfectly match with the prediction from the microstate counting. We also find that the logarithmic contribution for half-BPS black holes in N = 2 supergravity depends non-trivially on the Z(N) orbifold. Our analysis draws heavily on the results we had previously obtained for heat kernel coefficients on Z(N) orbifolds of spheres and hyperboloids in arXiv:1311.6286 and we also propose a generalization of the Plancherel formula to Z(N) orbifolds of hyperboloids to an expression involving the Harish-Chandra character of sl (2, R), a result which is of possible mathematical interest.

Heat kernels on the AdS(2) cone and logarithmic corrections to extremal black hole entropy

We develop new techniques to efficiently evaluate heat kernel coefficients for the Laplacian in the short-time expansion on spheres and hyperboloids with conical singularities. We then apply these techniques to explicitly compute the logarithmic contribution to black hole entropy from an N = 4 vector multiplet about a Z(N) orbifold of the near-horizon geometry of quarter-BPS black holes in N = 4 supergravity. We find that this vanishes, matching perfectly with the prediction from the microstate counting. We also discuss possible generalisations of our heat kernel results to higher-spin fields over ZN orbifolds of higher-dimensional spheres and hyperboloids.

The search for gravitational waves from the coalescence of black hole binary systems in data from the LIGO and Virgo detectors. Or: A dark walk through a random forest

The LIGO and Virgo gravitational-wave observatories are complex and extremely sensitive strain detectors that can be used to search for a wide variety of gravitational waves from astrophysical and cosmological sources. In this thesis, I motivate the search for the gravitational wave signals from coalescing black hole binary systems with total mass between 25 and 100 solar masses. The mechanisms for formation of such systems are not well-understood, and we do not have many observational constraints on the parameters that guide the formation scenarios. Detection of gravitational waves from such systems — or, in the absence of detection, the tightening of upper limits on the rate of such coalescences — will provide valuable information that can inform the astrophysics of the formation of these systems. I review the search for these systems and place upper limits on the rate of black hole binary coalescences with total mass between 25 and 100 solar masses. I then show how the sensitivity of this search can be improved by up to 40% by the the application of the multivariate statistical classifier known as a random forest of bagged decision trees to more effectively discriminate between signal and non-Gaussian instrumental noise. I also discuss the use of this classifier in the search for the ringdown signal from the merger of two black holes with total mass between 50 and 450 solar masses and present upper limits. I also apply multivariate statistical classifiers to the problem of quantifying the non-Gaussianity of LIGO data. Despite these improvements, no gravitational-wave signals have been detected in LIGO data so far. However, the use of multivariate statistical classification can significantly improve the sensitivity of the Advanced LIGO detectors to such signals.

Energy and entropy radiated by a black hole embedded in a de Sitter braneworld

We study the Hawking radiation of a (4+n)-dimensional Schwarzschild black hole imbedded in space-time with a positive cosmological constant. The greybody and energy emission rates of scalars, fermions, bosons, and gravitons are calculated in the full range of energy. Valuable information on the dimensions and curvature of space-time is revealed. Furthermore, we investigate the entropy radiated and lost by black holes. We find their ratio near 1 in favor of the Bekenstein's conjecture.

The massive neutron star or low-mass black hole in 2S 0921-630

We report on the optical spectroscopy of the eclipsing halo low-mass X-ray binary 2S 0921-630, which reveals the absorption-line radial velocity curve of the K0 III secondary star with a semiamplitude K-2=92.89+/-3.84 km s(-1), a systemic velocity gamma=34.9+/-3.3 km s(-1), and an orbital period P-orb of 9.0035+/-0.0029 days (1 sigma). Given the quality of the data, we find no evidence for the effects of X-ray irradiation. Using the previously determined rotational broadening of the mass donor and applying conservative limits on the orbital inclination, we constrain the compact object mass to be 2.0-4.3 M-circle dot (1 sigma), ruling out a canonical neutron star at the 99% level. Since the nature of the compact object is unclear, this mass range implies that the compact object is either a low-mass black hole with a mass slightly higher than the maximum possible neutron star mass (2.9 M-circle dot) or a massive neutron star. If the compact object is a black hole, it confirms the prediction of the existence of low-mass black holes, while if the object is a massive neutron star, its high mass severely constrains the equation of state of nuclear matter.

Overview of laser-driven generation of electron–positron beams

Electron–positron (e–p) plasmas are widely thought to be emitted, in the form of ultra-relativistic winds or collimated jets, by some of the most energetic or powerful objects in the Universe, such as black-holes, pulsars, and quasars. These phenomena represent an unmatched astrophysical laboratory to test physics at its limit and, given their immense distance from Earth (some even farther than several billion light years), they also provide a unique window on the very early stages of our Universe. However, due to such gigantic distances, their properties are only inferred from the indirect interpretation of their radiative signatures and from matching numerical models: their generation mechanism and dynamics still pose complicated enigmas to the scientific community. Small-scale reproductions in the laboratory would represent a fundamental step towards a deeper understanding of this exotic state of matter. Here we present recent experimental results concerning the laser-driven production of ultra-relativistic e–p beams. In particular, we focus on the possibility of generating beams that present charge neutrality and that allow for collective effects in their dynamics, necessary ingredients for the testing pair-plasma physics in the laboratory. A brief discussion of the analytical and numerical modelling of the dynamics of these plasmas is also presented in order to provide a summary of the novel plasma physics that can be accessed with these objects. Finally, general considerations on the scalability of laboratory plasmas up to astrophysical scenarios are given.

STUDIES ON SCATTERING AND QUASI-NORMAL MODES IN BLACK HOLE SPACE-TIMES

The question of stability of black hole was first studied by Regge and Wheeler who investigated linear perturbations of the exterior Schwarzschild spacetime. Further work on this problem led to the study of quasi-normal modes which is believed as a characteristic sound of black holes. Quasi-normal modes (QNMs) describe the damped oscillations under perturbations in the surrounding geometry of a black hole with frequencies and damping times of oscillations entirely fixed by the black hole parameters.In the present work we study the influence of cosmic string on the QNMs of various black hole background spacetimes which are perturbed by a massless Dirac field.

Studies on Thermodynamics and No-hair Theorem in Black hole Spacetime

Department of Physics, Cochin University of Science and Technology