Estadística de la enseñanza media : datos referidos al curso 1941-42.

Se ofrecen en tres tablas estadísticas los datos referidos a la matriculación de alumnos en Enseñanza Media durante el curso 1941-1942, ordenados por poblaciones de toda España, y a su vez en datos oficiales, colegiados, privados y totales generales, de lo que se destaca que era la región de Madrid, la que tenía más alumnos matriculados, y a la que le seguían Barcelona y Valencia.

El Museo Pedagógico Nacional : desarrollo histórico y contribuciones a la educación española contemporánea (1882-1941).

El 6 de mayo de 1882 se crea en Madrid un centro de carácter cultural-pedagógico orientado a paliar las deficiencias existentes en la formación del magisterio. El Museo aparece como un organismo vivo y dinámico, verdadera institución pedagógica dispuesta a recoger todas aquellas manifestaciones en las que se refleja el movimiento pedagógico universal para ponerlas a disposición del magisterio español y ejercer una acción eficaz en la enseñanza. Se establece una teoría educativa que trata de identificar, fundamentar y situar en el mapa pedagógico de Occidente, así como anotar su influencia en el pensamiento histórico-pedagógico de España. Se establece un análisis de la Institución bajo la perspectiva interdisciplinar y social de la historia de la educación. Para el desarrollo de la investigación se aplican instrumentos metodológicos históricos, comparativos y empíricos que permiten integrar, explotar e interpretar la trayectoria seguida por la Institución. La primera parte recoge las coordenadas nacionales y extranjeras que confluyen en el nacimiento del Museo. Desde una perspectiva socioeconómica se pretende remontar hasta el estudio de los debates ideológicos que sobre cultura y enseñanza se llevan a cabo en la época contemporánea y terminar por la enseñanza primaria, durante el periodo anterior al nacimiento del Museo en sus dos vertientes, la del magisterio en ejercicio (Escuelas Primarias) y el magisterio en formación (Escuela Normales). En la segunda parte se desarrollan los principios y categorías que definen un modelo de educación en las distintas manifestaciones del Museo. Se analizan núcleos de ideas base en la docencia e investigación y en las que el Museo Pedagógico contribuyó a su estudio y resolución de problemas modernos de la educación y pedagogía. En la tercera y última parte, se orienta al estudio del desarrollo histórico del Museo en base a cuantos elementos conyunturales y estructurales posibilitaron la vida y actividad del centro. El Museo Pedagógico nace como respuesta al precario estado en que se encontraba la educación primaria en general y las Escuelas Normales en particular, y la formación de su profesorado. El planteamiento de Manuel Bartolomé Cossío, al frente del Museo Pedagógico significó la ruptura del enfoque tradicional de la enseñanza y la introducción de nuevas perspectivas en la educación y la pedagogía. Centro su objetivo en la renovación metodológica de los procedimientos tradicionales de enseñanza, al tiempo que trataba de introducir contenidos más acordes con los avances científicos y sociales. Contribuyó a la modernización de los fundamentos y la estructura educativa de un país que se encontraba sumido en un aislamiento pedagógico.

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Parallel editing, multi-positionality and maximalism: cosmopolitan effects as explored in some art works by Melanie Jackson and Vivienne Dick

Garfield produces a critique of neo-minimalist art practice by demonstrating how the artist Melanie Jackson’s Some things you are not allowed to send around the world (2003 and 2006) and the experimental film-maker Vivienne Dick’s Liberty’s booty (1980) – neither of which can be said to be about feeling ‘at home’ in the world, be it as a resident or as a nomad – examine global humanity through multi-positionality, excess and contingency, and thereby begin to articulate a new cosmopolitan relationship with the local – or, rather, with many different localities – in one and the same maximalist sweep of the work. ‘Maximalism’ in Garfield’s coinage signifies an excessive overloading (through editing, collage, and the sheer density of the range of the material) that enables the viewer to insert themselves into the narrative of the work. In the art of both Jackson and Dick Garfield detects a refusal to know or to judge the world; instead, there is an attempt to incorporate the complexities of its full range into the singular vision of the work, challenging the viewer to identify what is at stake.

Terahertz analysis of stratified wall plaster at buildings of cultural importance across Europe

Terahertz (THz) radiation is being developed as a tool for the analysis of cultural heritage, and due to recent advances in technology is now available commercially in systems which can be deployed for field analysis. The radiation is capable of penetrating up to one centimetre of wall plaster and is delivered in ultrafast pulses which are reflected from layers within this region. The technique is non-contact, non-invasive and non-destructive. While sub-surface radar is able to penetrate over a metre of wall plaster, producing details of internal structures, infrared and ultraviolet techniques produce information about the surface layers of wall plaster. THz radiation is able to provide information about the interim region of up to approximately one centimetre into the wall surface. Data from Chartres Cathedral, France, Riga Dome Cathedral, Latvia, and Chartreuse du Val de Bénédiction, France is presented each with different research questions. The presence of sub-surface paint layers was expected from documentary evidence, dating to the 13th Century, at Chartres Cathedral. In contrast, at the Riga Dome Cathedral surface painting had been obscured as recently as 1941 during the Russian occupation of Latvia using white lead-based paint. In the 13th Century, wall paintings at the Chapel of the Frescos, Chartreuse du Val de Benediction in Villeneuve les Avignon were constructed using sinopia under-painting on plaster covering uneven stonework.. This paper compares and contrasts the ability of THz radiation to provide information about sub-surface features in churches and Cathedrals across Europe by analysing depth based profiles gained from the reflected signal. © (2013) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).

The only way is up: retail format saturation and the demise of the American five and dime store, 1914-1941

We examine a classic ‘wheel of retailing’ episode – the abandonment of the five and dime pricing formula by American variety chains. These switched from a conventional product lifecycle, focusing on cost reduction through standardisation, to a reverse path up the ‘service cost - unit value’ continuum. We show that, rather than reflecting deteriorating managerial acumen, this was a response to the continued imperative for growth following retail format saturation. Firm-specific (rather than format-specific) competitive advantages were too weak for any chain to be confident it could win a within-format price war, making inter-format competition through raising price points more attractive.

Modernist Success in a Postmodern Failure: Jackson Pollock and Abstract Expressionism, the Avant-Garde and the Ascension of Late Capitalism, Art after 1945

It is hard to imagine the magnitude of the events at the end of World War II. The thought produced in the face of a myriad of deaths is almost unfeasible sixty years after the fact, but the energy was integral to the changing social landscape. Because of the country's prominence in and fortitude after the war, the U.S. was left responsible for reshaping and rejuvenating the international landscape that was destroyed by the years of brutal fighting and vile contestation. The American establishment was granted a major opportunity to establish itself amongst the global leaders. Such a grand responsibility must account for the multiplicity of thought that arises in such a decisive moment. In order to align the Abstract Expressionist art movement with the intersection of the intense, multifaceted thought developed during the postwar period, the following will discuss the political, philosophical, economic, and art historical overlap that occurred in the mid to late 1940s in the hopes of illustrating the fertility yet lingering problems associated with the restructuring of the world with America at the helm. In this way, the duration of the Abstract Expressionist moment will be better understood for both its triumphs and downfalls.