Problemas de estimação de custo de capital de empresas concessionárias no Brasil: uma aplicação à regulamentação de concessões rodoviárias

Neste trabalho, discute-se a fixação de taxas de retorno de concessões no Brasil, com aplicação específica ao caso da metodologia da Agência Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (ANTT). Mostra-se a inadequação da regulamentação vigente, baseada no conceito de taxa interna de retorno (TIR), e não de custo de oportunidade do capital. A partir de um exemplo com dados referentes ao auge da crise financeira internacional (dezembro de 2008), evidencia-se também a falta de lógica decorrente da utilização de retornos e preços passados na estimação de taxas de retorno, um procedimento comum a toda a área de concessões de serviços públicos no Brasil. Propõe-se uma metodologia alternativa cujos resultados são sensíveis às condições correntes de mercado de capitais, que produz resultados coerentes com a situação então vigente.

Analysis of multi-scale systemic risk in Brazil's financial market

This work analyzes whether the relationship between risk and returns predicted by the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is valid in the Brazilian stock market. The analysis is based on discrete wavelet decomposition on different time scales. This technique allows to analyze the relationship between different time horizons, since the short-term ones (2 to 4 days) up to the long-term ones (64 to 128 days). The results indicate that there is a negative or null relationship between systemic risk and returns for Brazil from 2004 to 2007. As the average excess return of a market portfolio in relation to a risk-free asset during that period was positive, it would be expected this relationship to be positive. That is, higher systematic risk should result in higher excess returns, which did not occur. Therefore, during that period, appropriate compensation for systemic risk was not observed in the Brazilian market. The scales that proved to be most significant to the risk-return relation were the first three, which corresponded to short-term time horizons. When treating differently, year-by-year, and consequently separating positive and negative premiums, some relevance is found, during some years, in the risk/return relation predicted by the CAPM. However, this pattern did not persist throughout the years. Therefore, there is not any evidence strong enough confirming that the asset pricing follows the model.

Revisitando as estratégias de momento: o mercado brasileiro é realmente uma exceção?

RESUMONo artigo, reexaminam-se as estratégias de momento a fim de verificar se a falta de evidências quanto a sua lucratividade no mercado brasileiro pode estar relacionada às quebras que elas experimentam durante as crises, conforme reportado por Daniel e Moskowitz. Para tanto, utilizou-se o teste t-student com o intuito de comparar os retornos médios auferidos pela carteira de momento dentro e fora das crises financeiras entre janeiro de 1997 e março de 2014. A partir dos resultados, demonstra-se que, em linha com o reportado para outros mercados, a carteira experimenta quebras durante as crises, ao passo que proporciona retornos positivos e significativos nos demais períodos, mesmo após o controle para os fatores de risco dos modelos do Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) e de Fama-French. Esses achados indicam que a falta de evidências quanto à lucratividade dessas estratégias não implica o entendimento do mercado brasileiro como uma exceção, mas pode ser explicada pela quebra das carteiras de momento durante as crises, que anulam grande parte dos retornos positivos auferidos por essa estratégia em outros períodos.

Three essays in dynamic corporate finance

Summary Throughout my thesis, I elaborate on how real and financing frictions affect corporate decision making under uncertainty, and I explore how firms time their investment and financing decisions given such frictions. While the macroeconomics literature has focused on the impact of real frictions on investment decisions assuming all equity financed firms, the financial economics literature has mainly focused on the study of financing frictions. My thesis therefore assesses the join interaction of real and financing frictions in firms' dynamic investment and financing decisions. My work provides a rationale for the documented poor empirical performance of neoclassical investment models based on the joint effect of real and financing frictions on investment. A major observation relies in how the infrequency of corporate decisions may affect standard empirical tests. My thesis suggests that the book to market sorts commonly used in the empirical asset pricing literature have economic content, as they control for the lumpiness in firms' optimal investment policies. My work also elaborates on the effects of asymmetric information and strategic interaction on firms' investment and financing decisions. I study how firms time their decision to raise public equity when outside investors lack information about their future investment prospects. I derive areal-options model that predicts either cold or hot markets for new stock issues conditional on adverse selection, and I provide a rational approach to study jointly the market timing of corporate decisions and announcement effects in stock returns. My doctoral dissertation therefore contributes to our understanding of how under real and financing frictions may bias standard empirical tests, elaborates on how adverse selection may induce hot and cold markets in new issues' markets, and suggests how the underlying economic behaviour of firms may induce alternative patterns in stock prices.

Spanning tests in return and stochastic discount factor mean-variance frontiers: A unifying approach

We propose new spanning tests that assess if the initial and additional assets share theeconomically meaningful cost and mean representing portfolios. We prove their asymptoticequivalence to existing tests under local alternatives. We also show that unlike two-step oriterated procedures, single-step methods such as continuously updated GMM yield numericallyidentical overidentifyng restrictions tests, so there is arguably a single spanning test.To prove these results, we extend optimal GMM inference to deal with singularities in thelong run second moment matrix of the influence functions. Finally, we test for spanningusing size and book-to-market sorted US stock portfolios.

A comparison of stock market mechanisms

This paper studies the relationship between the amount of publicinformation that stock market prices incorporate and the equilibriumbehavior of market participants. The analysis is framed in a static, NREEsetup where traders exchange vectors of assets accessing multidimensionalinformation under two alternative market structures. In the first(the unrestricted system), both informed and uninformed speculators cancondition their demands for each traded asset on all equilibrium prices;in the second (the restricted system), they are restricted to conditiontheir demand on the price of the asset they want to trade. I show thatinformed traders incentives to exploit multidimensional privateinformation depend on the number of prices they can condition upon whensubmitting their demand schedules, and on the specific price formationprocess one considers. Building on this insight, I then give conditionsunder which the restricted system is more efficient than the unrestrictedsystem.

Understanding portfolio efficiency with conditioning information

We show that unconditionally efficient returns do not achieve the maximum unconditionalSharpe ratio, neither display zero unconditional Jensen s alphas, when returns arepredictable. Next, we define a new type of efficient returns that is characterized by thoseunconditional properties. We also study a different type of efficient returns that is rationalizedby standard mean-variance preferences and motivates new Sharpe ratios and Jensen salphas. We revisit the testable implications of asset pricing models from the perspective ofthe three sets of efficient returns. We also revisit the empirical evidence on the conditionalvariants of the CAPM and the Fama-French model from a portfolio perspective.

Giffen goods and market making

This paper shows that information effects per se are not responsible forthe Giffen goods anomaly affecting competitive traders demands in multi-asset, noisy rational expectations equilibrium models. The role thatinformation plays in traders strategies also matters. In a market withrisk averse, uninformed traders, informed agents havea dual motive for trading: speculation and market making. Whilespeculation entails using prices to assess the effect of private signalerror terms, market making requires employing them to disentangle noisetraders effects in traders aggregate orders. In a correlated environment,this complicates a trader s signal-extraction problem and maygenerate upward-sloping demand curves. Assuming either (i) that competitive,risk neutral market makers price the assets, or that (ii) the risktolerance coefficient of uninformed traders grows without bound, removesthe market making component from informed traders demands, rendering themwell behaved in prices.

Betting on Hitler: The value of political connections in Nazi Germany

This paper examines the value of connections between German industry andthe Nazi movement in early 1933. Drawing on previously unused contemporarysources about management and supervisory board composition and stock returns,we find that one out of seven firms, and a large proportion of the biggest companies,had substantive links with the National Socialist German Workers Party. Firmssupporting the Nazi movement experienced unusually high returns, outperformingunconnected ones by 5% to 8% between January and March 1933. These resultsare not driven by sectoral composition and are robust to alternative estimatorsand definitions of affiliation.

Portfolio choice beyond the traditional approach

This paper surveys asset allocation methods that extend the traditional approach. An important feature of the the traditional approach is that measures the risk and return tradeoff in terms of mean and variance of final wealth. However, there are also other important features that are not always made explicit in terms of investor s wealth, information, and horizon: The investor makes a single portfolio choice based only on the mean and variance of her final financial wealth and she knows the relevant parameters in that computation. First, the paper describes traditional portfolio choice based on four basic assumptions, while the rest of the sections extend those assumptions. Each section will describe the corresponding equilibrium implications in terms of portfolio advice and asset pricing.

Duality in mean-variance frontiers with conditioning information

Portfolio and stochastic discount factor (SDF) frontiers are usually regarded as dual objects, and researchers sometimes use one to answer questions about the other. However, the introduction of conditioning information and active portfolio strategies alters this relationship. For instance, the unconditional portfolio frontier in Hansen and Richard (1987) is not dual to the unconditional SDF frontier in Gallant, Hansen and Tauchen (1990). We characterise the dual objects to those frontiers, and relate them to the frontiers generated with managed portfolios, which are commonly used in empirical work. We also study the implications of a safe asset and other special cases.

The mean-variance model from the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix

En este artículo, a partir de la inversa de la matriz de varianzas y covarianzas se obtiene el modelo Esperanza-Varianza de Markowitz siguiendo un camino más corto y matemáticamente riguroso. También se obtiene la ecuación de equilibrio del CAPM de Sharpe.

The mean-variance model from the inverse of the variance-covariance matrix

En este artículo, a partir de la inversa de la matriz de varianzas y covarianzas se obtiene el modelo Esperanza-Varianza de Markowitz siguiendo un camino más corto y matemáticamente riguroso. También se obtiene la ecuación de equilibrio del CAPM de Sharpe.

Pankin riskiprofiilin mukainen pääomien allokointi ja oman pääoman tuottovaateen määrittäminen, Case: OKO-konserni

Tutkielman tavoitteena on määrittää taloudellisen lisäarvolaskelman lähtötiedot, eli riskiprofiilin mukainen pääoman allokointi ja oman pääoman tuottovaade pankin neljälle liiketoiminta-alueelle, jotta tulevaisuudessa voidaan laskea kunkin liiketoiminta-alueen tuotettu euromääräinen lisäarvo. Tutkielman teoriaosuudessa käsitellään taloudellisen lisäarvon muodostumisen taustalla vaikuttavia tekijöitä pankin näkökulmasta ja tutkitaan kuinka pankkien uusi vakavaraisuuskehikko vaikuttaa pankin riskienhallintaan ja siten pääomien allokointiin sekä pääoman tuottovaateen määrittämiseen. Tutkimus on suoritettu teorian pohjalta, jota on syvennetty muutamaa asiantuntijaa haastattelemalla ja aiheeseen liittyviä tekstejä analysoimalla. Johtopäätöksenä tässä tutkielmassa on, ettei kannata tyytyä pääoman allokoinnissa viranomaispääoman tasolle, vaan kehittyneempien taloudellisten pääomamallien kehittäminen on tullut ajankohtaiseksi. Lisäksi oikein mitoitetut riskit ja riskipainotettu hinnoittelu toimii tehokkaasti etenkin osakkeenomistajien edun mukaisesti, kun pääomalle saadaan riskeihin nähden maksimaalinen tuotto. Basel II –vakavaraisuussäännösten ansiosta pääoman hallinnoinnista tulee aiempaa joustavampaa ja tehokkaampaa ja tämä puolestaan vaikuttaa myönteisesti vähimmäispääoman määrään, mikäli uudistuksen suomat mahdollisuudet otetaan tehokkaasti käyttöön pääomia hallinnoitaessa. Capital Asset Pricing –malli on hyvä tapa määrittää oman pääoman kustannus listatuille pörssiyrityksille, mutta sen soveltaminen yrityksiin, joiden osakkeita ei ole noteerattu pörssissä tai soveltaminen liiketoiminta-alueille tuottaa omat hankaluutensa. Tilinpäätösbeta, jota analysoitiin tässä tutkimuksessa yhtenä vaihtoehtona, toimii tilanteissa, jossa riski muodostuu pääosin tulosriskistä, ja jossa tulosriskin katsotaan kuvaavan liiketoiminta-alueen riskiä. Tulevaisuudessa mallia voidaan täydentää muilla riskitekijöillä. Tulevaisuudessa ratkaistavaksi myös jää se, määritetäänkö lisäpreemio jokaiselle liiketoiminta-alueelle erikseen, vai käytetäänkö samaa lisäpreemiota jokaisella liiketoiminta-alueella.