Correlações fenotípicas, genotípicas e ambientais em aceroleira

O conhecimento das associações entre caracteres de interesse no melhoramento da aceroleira (Malpighia emarginata D.C.) é de fundamental importância na obtenção de cultivares melhoradas. O trabalho teve por objetivo observar as correlações fenotípicas, genotípicas e ambientais entre caracteres quantitativos de aceroleira. Foram avaliados onze genótipos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Para os pares de caracteres obtidos: massa do fruto e altura, massa da polpa e rendimento de polpa, altura do fruto e massa da polpa, semente com embrião normal e rendimento de polpa, foram constatadas correlações fenotípicas e genotípicas significativas, o que indica que a seleção de um dos caracteres de cada par pode ser feita por meio da seleção daquele que possuir maior herdabilidade ou através do caráter de mais fácil seleção.

Ocorrência de condições ambientais para a indução do florescimento de laranjeiras no Estado de São Paulo

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ocorrência de condições ambientais propícias para a indução do florescimento de laranjeiras no Estado de São Paulo, considerando como fatores de indução a baixa temperatura, dada pelo número de horas de frio abaixo de 13ºC (NHF), e a deficiência hídrica acumulada nos meses de junho, julho e agosto (DEF I), dada pelo balanço hídrico climatológico. Os cálculos e as estimativas foram realizados a partir dos dados de temperatura máxima e mínima diária e precipitação diária dos últimos 5 a 14 anos, dependendo da localidade. Foram consideradas áreas representativas das principais regiões produtoras de citros, onde os plantios estão em expansão ou áreas com potencial para exploração citrícola, sendo: Barretos, Bauru, Botucatu, Catanduva, Itapetininga, Itapeva, Jaboticabal, Jaú, Limeira, Lins, Matão, Mococa, Ourinhos, Piracicaba, São José do Rio Preto e Votuporanga. Com exceção de Botucatu, Itapetininga, Itapeva e Ourinhos, onde a indução do florescimento ocorre por baixa temperatura, a deficiência hídrica é o principal fator de indução nas demais regiões. Já nas regiões de Jaú, Limeira e Piracicaba, a indução do florescimento é ocasionada pelos dois fatores. A influência de NHF na indução do florescimento é mais variável se comparada à DEF I. Em 1996, 2000 e 2004, NHF foi superior a 300 h na maioria das localidades estudadas, mesmo em áreas onde a baixa temperatura não é comum, ex. Barretos, S. J. Rio Preto e Votuporanga. Em relação à deficiência hídrica, a maioria das localidades apresentou esse tipo de influência ambiental no período analisado, sendo as menores ocorrências observadas em Itapeva e Itapetininga (54,5 e 72,7% dos anos, respectivamente). Situação atípica ocorreu em 2004, quando a deficiência hídrica variou de fraca (10ambientais na região central.

Influência de variáveis ambientais sobre a interação genótipos x ambientes em meloeiro

O objetivo do trabalho foi quantificar a influência de variáveis ambientais sobre a interação genótipos x ambientes em meloeiro. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade de oito híbridos de melão Cantaloupe testados em nove ambientes no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para a identificação das variáveis ambientais relacionadas à interação G x A e sensibilidade dos híbridos, estimaram-se modelos de regressão fatorial, coeficiente de correlação de Spearman entre os escores dos componentes principais da análise AMMI e as médias das variáveis ambientais. As temperaturas média, máxima e mínima são as que mais influenciam na interação genótipos x ambientes em meloeiro para a produtividade.

Eletrodos modificados com polímeros perfluorados e sulfonados: aplicações em análises ambientais

Perfluoro and sulfonated ion-exchange polymers are recognized as a very useful material for various mechanistic studies and applications in electrochemistry. These polymers are characterized by high equivalent weights and by a low number of ion-exchange sites interposed between long organic chains. The solubility enables a preparation of stable polyelectrolyte films on the electrode surface. Examples of the determination of trace metals and organic componds in real environmental samples are presented.

Avaliação das condições ambientais da lagoa de Varano, no sul da Itália

In the sediments of Varano lagoon (South Italy) were evaluated the concentration of some toxic heavy metals. Besides in the same sites were determinated the bioluminescent inhibition of eluate sediments by Toxalert® 10 and all matrix datas comparated with biological classification proposed by author Frisoni based on abundance level of macrozoobenthos. The results from three tipes of approches (ecotoxicological, chemical and biological ) show a similar trend.

Métodos imunoquímicos para análise de contaminantes ambientais: conceitos, estado da arte e perspectivas

Immunoassay techniques provide simple, powerful and inexpensive methods for analysis of environmental contaminants. However, the acceptance of immunoassays is dependent on the clear demonstration of quality and validity compared to more traditional techniques. In this review, primarily, the understanding and the fundamentals of immunoassay methods are given in order to make good use of immunoassays, especially of EIA tests. Special attention is given to the concepts related to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) formats, such as inhibition concentration at 50% (IC50), detection limit (LOD), cross-reactivity (CR %). It is also explained why some immunoassays are quantitative methods whereas others can only be used as screening methods. A list of main commercial kits for detection of priority pollutants is given in order to help analysts. Others formats, such as flow-injection immunoassay analysis (FIIA), immunoassay chromatography and immunosensors are also cited.

Uso do Blue Rayon para extração/concentração de compostos policíclicos em amostras ambientais

This is a review about the use of Blue rayon in the extraction and concentration of environmental contaminants in the aquatic environment. Blue rayon is an adsorbent composed of fibers covalently linked with copper phthalocyanine trisulphonate that has the ability to selectively adsorb polycyclic compounds. Blue rayon can be used in situ, in columns or in flasks. This method showed to be efficient in the extraction of important classes of environmental contaminants like the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines and phenylbenzotriazoles (PBTAs) and can be an important tool in monitoring studies for the evaluation of water quality.

Fundamentos e aplicações ambientais dos processos fenton e foto-fenton

Wastewater and soil treatment processes based on Fenton's reagent have gained great attention in recent years due to its high oxidation power. This review describes the fundaments of the Fenton and photo-Fenton processes and discusses the main aspects related to the degradation of organic contaminants in water such as the complexation of iron, the use of solar light as the source of irradiation and the most important reactor types used. An overview of the main applications of the process to a variety of industrial wastewater and soil remediations is presented.

Utilização da extração em fase sólida (SPE) na determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em matrizes aquosas ambientais

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a great environmental concern mainly because of their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. This paper reports utilization of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique to determine PAHs in environmental aqueous matrices. The recovery from environmental aqueous matrices fortified with PAHs varied from 63.7 to 93.1% for atmospheric liquid precipitation, from 38.3 to 95.1% for superficial river water, and from 71.0 to 95.5% for marine water. No negative matrix effect was observed for the recovery of PAHs from atmospheric liquid precipitation and marine water, but was observed for superficial river water, particularly for PAHs possessing 5 and 6 aromatic rings.

Estudo da capacidade de complexação e sua relação com algumas variáveis ambientais em cinco represas do Rio Tietê/Brasil

The copper and cadmium complexation properties in natural sediment suspensions of reservoirs of the Tietê River were studied using the solid membrane copper and cadmium ion-selective electrodes. The complexation and the average conditional stability constants were determined under equilibrium conditions at pH=6.00 ± 0.05 in a medium of 1.0 mol L-1 sodium nitrate, using the Scatchard method. The copper and cadmium electrodes presented Nernstian behavior from 1x10-6 to 1x10-3 mol L-1 of total metal concentration. Scatchard graphs suggest two classes of binding sites for both metals. A multivariate study was done to correlate the reservoirs and the variables: complexation properties, size, total organic carbon, volatile acid sulfide, E II and pH.

Cério: propriedades catalíticas, aplicações tecnológicas e ambientais

Cerium based-compounds have great importance in a wide range of technological applications, such as: fuel cell devices development; metallurgic processes, petroleum refining; glass and ceramic production. Recently, its catalytic properties have been also explored for environmental applications, especially those to prevent or to control atmospheric and water pollution. Subjects covered in this work include a brief description of the fundaments of cerium catalytic properties and some relevant technological applications. Special attention is given to its photocatalytic activity and its ability to degrade pollutants. Recent results and future prospect about these applications are also evaluated.

2-fenilbenzotriazóis (PBTA): uma nova classe de contaminantes ambientais

This work is a literature review of PBTAs, the phenylbenzotriazoles generated from the reduction and chlorination of azo dyes. The PBTAs and the non- chlorinated PBTAs were isolated for the first time from river blue rayon organic extracts that showed high mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome genotoxicity assay. To date, 8 PBTAs have been identified and beside their mutagenic activity in bacteria they cause genotoxic effects in fish and mammalian cell cultures. Due to the large number of textile dyeing facilities in Brazil, studies to determine them in the aquatic environment seem to be relevant.

Traçadores: o uso de agentes químicos para estudos hidrológicos, ambientais, petroquímicos e biológicos

This paper presents a revision of the history, definitions, and classification of tracers (natural and artificial, internal and external). The fundamental ideas concerning tracers are described, followed by their application illustrated by typical examples. The advantages and disadvantages of five classes among the most frequently used external tracers (fluorescent, microbial, chemical, radioactive and activable isotopes) are also described in detail. This review also presents some interesting and modern applications of tracers in the areas of diagnostics in medical practice, environmental pollution, hydrology and petroleum chemistry.

Determinação seletiva de tributilestanho na presença de Sn(IV) em amostras ambientais usando HG-ICP OES e Saccharomyces cerevisiae como material sorvente

A method for selective determination of tributyltin in the presence of Sn(IV) by combining hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (HG-ICP OES) and solid phase extraction (SPE) using baker's yeast is proposed. The procedure is based on selective retention of TBT by the yeast at pH = 6. Detection limit of 1.9 µg L-1 and quantification limit of 6.3 µg L-1 were obtained. TBT and San(IV) were determined in the range of 0-25 µg L-1 and the proposed approach was applied to analyze river water, sea water and biological extracts, with recoveries of 114, 101 and 86%, respectively.

Ocorrência, comportamento e impactos ambientais provocados pela presença de antimicrobianos veterinários em solos

Antimicrobials, among other veterinary drugs, are used worldwide in industry and agriculture to protect animal health and prevent economic loss. In recent years, they have been detected in various environmental compartments, including soil, surface and groundwater and have become a topic of research interest. Emphasizing this class of compounds, this review presents the different pathways which veterinary drugs enter in the environment, in particular contaminate soils. Also are presented regulatory aspects and guidelines, adsorption/desorption and degradation of these compounds in soils and the consequences of its dispersal in the environment.