Progetto e implementazione di circuiti a switch sincronizzato per la conversione di micropotenze da trasduttori piezoelettrici

Una delle principali caratteristiche dei trasduttori per energy harvesting piezoelettrici è il fatto che la loro impedenza d'uscita è principalmente capacitiva. Questo consente di elaborare schemi di conversione dell'energia basati su circuiti risonanti attivati in modo sincrono con le vibrazioni, che risultano in grado di aumentare notevolmente la potenza di uscita rispetto alle comuni interfacce passive. Questa tesi si è posta come obiettivo la progettazione e implementazione di un circuito per energy harvesting da vibrazioni basato sulla tecnica Synchronized Switch Harvesting on Inductor (SSHI) che garantisse un'elevata efficienza di conversione. Dovendo gestire potenze in ingresso tipicamente di debole entità, l'architettura proposta è stata ottimizzata per minimizzare la dissipazione di potenza interna al convertitore. Il circuito proposto è stato infine validato sperimentalmente tramite allestimento di un setup di misura dedicato.

Analysis and improvements of four-wire power converters for electric vehicle chargers

A robust and well-distributed backbone charging network is the priority to ensure widespread electrification of road transport, providing a driving experience similar to that of internal combustion engine vehicles. International standards set multiple technical targets for on-board and off-board electric vehicle chargers; output voltage levels, harmonic emissions, and isolation requirements strongly influence the design of power converters. Additionally, smart-grid services such as vehicle-to-grid and vehicle-to-vehicle require the implementation of bi-directional stages that inevitably increase system complexity and component count. To face these design challenges, the present thesis provides a rigorous analysis of four-leg and split-capacitor three-phase four-wire active front-end topologies focusing on the harmonic description under different modulation techniques and conditions. The resulting analytical formulation paves the way for converter performance improvements while maintaining regulatory constraints and technical requirements under control. Specifically, split-capacitor inverter current ripple was characterized as providing closed-form formulations valid for every sub-case ranging from synchronous to interleaved PWM. Outcomes are the base for a novel variable switching PWM technique capable of mediating harmonic content limitation and switching loss reduction. A similar analysis is proposed for four-leg inverters with a broad range of continuous and discontinuous PWM modulations. The general superiority of discontinuous PWM modulation in reducing switching losses and limiting harmonic emission was demonstrated. Developments are realized through a parametric description of the neutral wire inductor. Finally, a novel class of integrated isolated converter topologies is proposed aiming at the neutral wire delivery without employing extra switching components rather than the one already available in typical three-phase inverter and dual-active-bridge back-to-back configurations. The fourth leg was integrated inside the dual-active-bridge input bridge providing relevant component count savings. A novel modified single-phase-shift modulation technique was developed to ensure a seamless transition between working conditions like voltage level and power factor. Several simulations and experiments validate the outcomes.