Characteristics of long-term cannabis users in Sydney, Australia

Two hundred long-term cannabis users (58% male) were interviewed on their characteristics and experience of use. Respondents had been regularly using cannabis for an average of 11 years and more than half used daily (56%). The most common route of administration was in a waterpipe, and nearly all (93%) smoked the flowering heads ot the plant. One in 5 (21%) had a cannabis-related conviction. The benefits of use were perceived to be its relaxing, mood-enhancing effects, and its ability to alter consciousness. The most commonly cited negative aspects of use were cost, negative psychological effects and legal status. Polydrug use was common, with alcohol and tobacco almost universally used on a regular basis. More than half the drinkers in the sample were consuming alcohol at hazardous or harmful levels.

The effects of the Cannabis Expiation Notice System on the prevalence of cannabis use in South Australia: evidence from the National Drug Strategy Household Surveys 1985-95

This study sought to examine the impact of the Cannabis Expiation Notice (CEN) scheme on the prevalence of lifetime and weekly cannabis use in South Australia. Data from five National Drug Strategy Household Surveys between 1985 and 1995 were examined to test for differences in trends in self-reported: (1) lifetime cannabis use; and (2) current weekly cannabis use, after controlling for age and gender, between South Australia and the other states and territories. Between 1985 and 1995, rates of lifetime cannabis use increased in SA from 26% to 36%. There were also significant increases in Victoria (from 26% to 32%), Tasmania (from 21% to 33%) and New South Wales (from 26% to 33%). The increase in South Australia was significantly greater than the average increase throughout the rest of Australia, but the other Australian states differed in their rates of change. Victoria and Tasmania had similar rates of increase to South Australia; New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia showed lower rates of increase; and the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory had high rates that did not change during the period. There was no statistically significant difference between SA and the rest of Australia in the rate of increase in weekly cannabis use. While there was a greater increase in self- reported lifetime cannabis use in South Australia between 1985 and 1995 than in the average of the other Australian jurisdictions it is unlikely that this increase is due to the CEN system, because similar increases occurred in Tasmania and Victoria (where there was no change in the legal status of cannabis use), and there was no increase in the rate of weekly cannabis use in South Australia over the same period.

Tactics at the interface: Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health managers

Over the past thirty years in Australia, there has been a recognition of the need for increasing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander participation in the management of their health services as part of the strategy to improve the poor health of Australia's indigenous peoples. The proliferation of Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Services and the vigorous advocacy of groups such as the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation have significantly contributed to this recognition. This, combined with additional management opportunities in government service, has drawn attention to difficulties in recruiting and retaining appropriately experienced Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander managers, particularly in the northern states of Australia. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

An international perspective on sunken state vessels as underwater cultural heritage

On 2 November 2001, the General Assembly of the United Nations Scientific, Economic and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) adopted the convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Among the many complex issues addressed in the convention is the legal status of sunken state-owned vessels, including warships. Prior to the adoption of this convention, no conventional or customary international law existed with regards to the question of abandonment of state-owned vessels or the application of the principle of sovereign immunity to sunken state vessels. While difficulties between coastal states and maritime and former colonial powers resulted in a regime that does not comprehensively address the issues, the convention does provide some guidance in this regard and may provide a basis for further development.

Educação escolar Tupinikim e Guarani : experiências de interculturalidade em aldeias de Aracruz, no Estado do Espírito Santo

A pesquisa analisa as relações entre interculturalidade, práxis e educação escolar indígena Tupinikim e Guarani do município de Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brasil. Investiga a práxis da educação intercultural no espaço da educação escolar indígena como meio de revitalização das culturas Tupinikim e Guarani. Objetiva problematizar a formação inicial e continuada dos professores indígenas; discutir a práxis da interculturalidade no contexto da educação escolar indígena; e, identificar outros espaços educativos da cultura e educação indígena. Analisa aspectos teóricos e práticos sobre cultura (WILLIAMS, 2008; BRANDÃO, 1989; FORQUIN, 1993; CANDAU, 2011; GEERTZ, 1989), interculturalidade (D‘AMBROSIO,1996; FLEURI, 2002; 2003; SCANDIUZZI, 2009;), identidade e alteridade (MELIÁ, 2000; FREIRE, 1981; 1987; LITAIFF, 2004) e práxis (FREIRE, 1989; VÁSQUEZ, 2011; SEMERARO, 2006) e educação (escolar) indígena de acordo com a legislação vigente. Realiza pesquisa interpretativa (GEERTZ, 1989) na educação escolar indígena junto aos professores indígenas Guarani das Aldeias de Boa Esperança e Três Palmeiras (2009-2010) e professores indígenas Tupinikim da Aldeia de Comboios (2011-2013) na perspectiva de um diálogo intercultural. Contribuem nos processos investigativos para produção, sistematização e análise de dados a realização de observações, entrevistas semiestruturadas, registros no caderno de campo, fotografias, gravações em áudio e em vídeo e análise documental sobre a educação escolar indígena de Aracruz. (ANDRÉ, 2007; GIL, 1999; 2004). Os resultados deste trabalho levantam questões relativas a duas realidades de educação escolar nas comunidades indígenas pesquisadas que se constituem em aspectos de sobrevivência e desencadeia formas para interagir e reagir em defesa de sua identidade e dignidade. Nesse sentido, a escola é um local de vivências e de encontro, vista e sentida pelas lideranças e pela comunidade como uma possibilidade real para desenvolver um elo entre as formas tradicionais de vida e as formas contemporâneas. O desafio de garantir uma escola nestes termos significa concretizar a proposta de um projeto de educação escolar para os povos indígenas, constituído por especificidades de como trabalhar a terra, pelo reconhecimento de suas tradições, das línguas e da memória coletiva. Distante de apresentar respostas conclusivas propõe uma educação escolar, coletiva e participativa, que critica e dialoga com todos os envolvidos no processo educativo.

Performance evaluation of hospitals that provide care in the public health system, Brazil

OBJECTIVE To analyze if size, administrative level, legal status, type of unit and educational activity influence the hospital network performance in providing services to the Brazilian Unified Health System.METHODS This cross-sectional study evaluated data from the Hospital Information System and the Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Saúde (National Registry of Health Facilities), 2012, in Sao Paulo, Southeastern Brazil. We calculated performance indicators, such as: the ratio of hospital employees per bed; mean amount paid for admission; bed occupancy rate; average length of stay; bed turnover index and hospital mortality rate. Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation. The groups were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Bonferroni correction.RESULTS The hospital occupancy rate in small hospitals was lower than in medium, big and special-sized hospitals. Higher hospital occupancy rate and bed turnover index were observed in hospitals that include education in their activities. The hospital mortality rate was lower in specialized hospitals compared to general ones, despite their higher proportion of highly complex admissions. We found no differences between hospitals in the direct and indirect administration for most of the indicators analyzed.CONCLUSIONS The study indicated the importance of the scale effect on efficiency, and larger hospitals had a higher performance. Hospitals that include education in their activities had a higher operating performance, albeit with associated importance of using human resources and highly complex structures. Specialized hospitals had a significantly lower rate of mortality than general hospitals, indicating the positive effect of the volume of procedures and technology used on clinical outcomes. The analysis related to the administrative level and legal status did not show any significant performance differences between the categories of public hospitals.

Introdução e difusão de novas tecnologias : impacto do financiamento e do estatuto jurídico hospitalar

RESUMO - Os gastos com a saúde, em Portugal, como nos países da União Europeia e da OCDE, têm crescido a um ritmo superior ao do crescimento económico, assumindo uma importância crescente face ao PIB. Entre estes factores surge a velocidade da introdução da inovação e dos desenvolvimentos tecnológicos dos domínios do diagnóstico e da terapêutica. Uma das mais difíceis e importantes questões para as políticas de saúde é a relação entre a saúde e os gastos com a prestação de cuidados de saúde. Estudos recentes sugerem que os cuidados de saúde ocupam um papel importante na melhoria da saúde da população, e que os recentes avanços tecnológicos são custo-efectivos aceites na generalidade por cada ano de vida ganho. Este trabalho visa estudar a influência que o financiamento e o estatuto jurídico hospitalar têm na introdução e adopção de novas tecnologias em saúde. Para isso, além da revisão bibliográfica, foi realizada uma análise a uma base de dados, cujos elementos se cingem a pacientes com doenças cardiovasculares atendidos num dos hospitais do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, entre 2000 e 2006. --- ------------------------------------ABSTRACT - Health expenditures in Portugal, as in EU countries and in the OECD, have developed at a higher rate than economic growth, assuming an increasing importance to the GDP. Among these factors appears the speed of the introduction of innovation and technological development in diagnosis and therapy areas. One of the most difficult and most important questions for health policy is the relationship of health to health care spending. Studies now suggest that medical care has played an important role in improving the health of the population, and recent technical advances are cost-effective at generally accepted values of an added year of life. This work aims to study the influence that the prospective payment and the hospital’s legal status have in introduction and adoption of new technologies in health. For this, besides the literature review, an analysis was made to a database, whose elements are confined to patients with cardiovascular disease treated in the hospitals of t

Caraterização da tomada de decisão em organizações hospitalares : impacto do estatuto jurídico

RESUMO - O decisor hospitalar tem como função decidir os recursos de uma organização de saúde, sejam estes financeiros, materiais ou humanos, sendo decisivo o conhecimento e informação que o apoiem na aplicabilidade nas tomadas de decisão e na solução dos problemas. As tomadas de decisão suportam-se em modelos reproduzidos pelos decisores, em processos, modelos, e em princípios, que podem ou não assumir intuição, objetividade, racionalidade e ética, bem como de técnicas várias que podem ser limitativas ou condicionadas, por força de fatores vários, como: a falta de informação inerente de uma multidisciplinaridade do processo; de condicionalismos organizacionais, internos ou externos, associados à envolvente e cultura organizacional e influências políticas e macroeconómicas; ao fator tempo; a tecnologia; a estrutura e desenho organizacional; a autoridade/poder e a autonomia para decidir; a liderança, e do estatuto jurídico que o hospital possui. Este último ponto será esmiuçado, mais profundamente, neste estudo. Iremos, através do estudo, compreender se os elementos componentes das decisões tomadas nos hospitais, são ou não adaptadas em consonância com diferentes políticas de governação hospitalar, em contextos e dinâmicas organizacionais diferenciadas, por diferentes Estatutos Jurídicos Hospitalares - EPE, SPA, PPP e Privados. Foi realizado um estudo de caráter exploratório, descritivo-correlacional e transversal, baseou-se num questionário aplicado a decisores hospitalares, incidindo nos dois vetores centrais do estudo, na tomada de decisão e no estatuto jurídico hospitalar. A decisão é então, um valiosíssimo veículo na persecução das estratégias e planos formulados pelo hospital, esperando-se destes produzir consequentes resultados eficientes, eficazes e efetivos na sua aplicação.

Os direitos dos animais

This work has the purpose of presenting the current state of the debate concerning animal rights, both in the Portuguese legal system and in foreign systems. In order to do so, it starts with an analysis of the evolution of the legal status of animals through History, and the status they have achieved in today’s legal systems. The aim of this work is to reflect upon the challenges that would result from a change of position regarding this subject, from the current legal classification as things, to a complete personalization based on the Constitution, or through the creation of a tertium genus between Men and things, that would stress the fact that animals are sentient beings.

Cessação do vínculo de emprego público: “a conjuntura jurídica dos contratados”

Dissertação de mestrado em Direito Administrativo (área de especialização em Emprego Público)

Approved Drug Products with Theurapeutic Equivalence Evaluation - 34th edition

The publication, Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (the List, commonly known as the Orange Book), identifies drug products approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the Act). Drugs on the market approved only on the basis of safety (covered by the ongoing Drug Efficacy Study Implementation [DESI] review [e.g., Donnatal® Tablets and Librax® Capsules] or pre-1938 drugs [e.g., Phenobarbital Tablets]) are not included in this publication. The main criterion for the inclusion of any product is that the product is the subject of an application with an effective approval that has not been withdrawn for safety or efficacy reasons. Inclusion of products on the List is independent of any current regulatory action through administrative or judicial means against a drug product. In addition, the List contains therapeutic equivalence evaluations for approved multisource prescription drug products. These evaluations have been prepared to serve as public information and advice to state health agencies, prescribers, and pharmacists to promote public education in the area of drug product selection and to foster containment of health care costs. Therapeutic equivalence evaluations in this publication are not official FDA actions affecting the legal status of products under the Act.

Cultural relativism in the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council

This Working Paper aims to offer an up-to-date list of cultural relativist players and arguments with respect to human rights, constituted by China, Viet Nam, Myanmar, Iran, Pakistan, Yemen, Syria, Malaysia and Cuba. This working paper argues that Indonesia, Iraq, Colombia and Mexico are not in the same cultural relativist group of states maintained by renowned scholars, notably Cristina Cerna and Dianne Otto. As such, apart from this form of cultural relativism based on the respect for the self-determination of indigenous peoples and communities, this working paper exposes two different categories of radical cultural relativism based on revolutionary discourse and/or radical Islamism, as well as targets the credibility on the latter two based on the information facilitated by the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council (HRC) Universal Periodic Review (UPR).

Análisis de la dimensión ambiental de la tenencia de la tierra. El caso de la Zona Protectora y Parque Nacional Volcán Tenorio de Costa Rica

El presente estudio consiste en la elaboración de un mapa del estado de tenencia de la tierra actual de la Zona Protectora y Parque Nacional Volcán Tenorio situado al norte de Costa Rica. A partir de este resultado cartográfico se efectuarán estudios referentes al estado legal de las propiedades, al tipo de propiedad, a la ubicación de las propiedades dentro del Área Silvestre Protegida y al evalúo de los conflictos legales dentro de ésta. Por otro lado, se analiza la cobertura de la tierra y el estado de conservación. La metodología utilizada se basa en el uso de Sistemas de Información Geográfica y en la verificación de la información mediante puntos GPS tomados al campo y su análisis en la oficina. Los resultados muestran una reubicación de los planos más precisa y real que la indicada por el Catastro Nacional. Aunque las propiedades privadas son mayoritarias, el área de estudio presenta en general un porcentaje alto de masa boscosa, mientras que en las zonas limítrofes se encuentra una fragmentación del hábitat determinada por herbazales. Este estudio contribuye a una mejor gestión y conservación del Área Protegida y es un avance en el ordenamiento territorial del país.

Matrimoni homosexual : perspectives

Treball de recerca sobre la llei que va aprovar el matrimoni homosexual a Espanya que pretén respondre a la pregunta: Quines reaccions socials, jurídiques, religioses i d'associacions homosexuals va generar l'aprovació de la llei que permet el matrimoni entre persones del mateix sexe a Espanya?