1000 resultados para INDUSTRIA DEL PETRÓLEO - ASPECTOS SOCIALES


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El Fondo Noruego del Petróleo es un fondo constituido para salvaguardar los ingresos de la explotación de los recursos naturales no renovables para las futuras generaciones. Es utilizado como un Fondo de macro estabilización, y sus recursos son manejados de forma tal, que no afectan la economía interna. Este Fondo en la actualidad es un ejemplo mundial de eficiencia, transparencia y de políticas inteligentes, sobretodo para las economías productoras de petróleo que dependen enteramente del mismo y de los vaivenes de la economía mundial. En esta tesis haremos un estudio del FONDO, sus políticas y gerencia; veremos en que invierte para asegurar bajo riesgo y altas ganancias. Asimismo acompañaremos la investigación con las políticas utilizadas para el manejo de los recursos del FONDO las cuales han probado ser exitosas. En Venezuela como país petrolero mono productor, es necesario un mecanismo que salvaguarde los ingresos para el futuro, y que transforme los actuales en un beneficio verdadero para la población. Brevemente analizaremos la realidad venezolana como campo fértil para la adaptación del FONDO y veremos los beneficios que puede traer este al país. Considero esta investigación un gran aporte, ya que poco a poco el petróleo se esta agotando, la dependencia de este en el mundo es cada vez menor y nuestros lideres por años han demostrado incapacidad en el manejo de estos recursos.

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Under the circumstances of the desestatization that penetrate Brazilian economy in the 90‟s, new features in the monopoly of oil by the Union were designed by the constitutional amendment number 9. of 1995. This deep change in the legal regime of oil sector brought the possibility of entrance to small and medium size producers in this industry, especially through the production activities developed in mature and marginal fields of oil, which are located mainly in northeast region of Brazil. Considering that the intervention of state over the economy finds its guidelines and limits in Federal Constitution disposals, the present work investigated in which way states regulation, mainly through taxation rules, has obeyed the constitutional regime in force, and specially, the reduction of regional inequalities principle. By mean, firstly, of an analysis of central concepts (mature fields, marginal fields, small and medium size producers) we observed that the imprecision over the conceptual aspect has constituted an obstacle to a specific states‟ regulation, directed to this newborn class of producers, whose growth has been pursuit by the state. That is verified in the case of concession procedures, and also, concerning the taxation system applied to small and medium size producers. Examining the main constitutional principles related to this universe which are the legality, equality, privileged treatment to small enterprises, contributive capacity, and reduction of regional inequalities we conclude that it is legally possible, a truly specific regulation, including a special taxation regime, to the small and medium size producers whose activities are concentrate over mature-marginal fields, aiming the concretization of the Brazilian state main goals

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Cellulose is the most abundant vegetable organic compound, being derived mainly from plant residues. The decomposition of sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) straw was studied in a period up to 90 days, through variables related to the carbon cycle, such as respiratory activity and CM-cellulase (CM, cellulose microcrystalline) and CMC-cellulase (CMC, carboxymethylcellulose) activities. The treatments consisted of 0, 0.5 and 1.0% of straw, in the presence and absence of vinasse (a sugar-cane alcohol industry byproduct) and nitrogen fertilizer. The respiratory and cellulase activities increased up to the 14th day of incubation and later decreased. The respiratory activity was 1.9 and 2.3 fold larger (P < 0.05) in the soil with 0.5 and 1.0% of straw added, respectively, in relation to the control. CM- and CMC- cellulase activities also increased from 1.8 to 2.9 and from 2.3 to 2.7 fold, respectively. The vinasse addition enhanced CO 2 production and CM-cellulase activity, however, no significant effect was observed on CMC-cellulase activity. The addition of N reduced both respiratory and cellulase activities. The decomposition of the sugar-cane straw may enhance soil nutrient cycling increasing agricultural production. © 2006 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA.

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