Structure and peroxidase activity of ferric Streptomyces clavuligerus orf10-encoded protein P450CLA: UV-visible, CD, MCD and EPR spectroscopic characterization

The present study reports the spectroscopic characterization by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of the recombinant orf10-encoded P450-camphor like protein (P450CLA)of Streptomyces clavuligerus expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta in the native form and associated to external ligands containing the β-lactam, oxazole and alkylamine-derived (alcohol) moieties of the clavulamic acid. Considering the diversity of potential applications for the enzyme, the reactivity with tert-butylhydroperoxide (tert-BuOOH) was also characterized. P450CLA presents a covalently bound heme group and exhibited the UV-visible, CD and MCD spectral features of P450CAM including the fingerprint Soret band at 450 nm generated by the ferrous CO-complex. P450CLA was converted to high valence species by tert-BuOOH and promoted homolytic scission of the O-O bond. The radical profile of the reaction was tert-butyloxyl as primary and methyl and butylperoxyl as secondary radicals. The secondary methyl and butylperoxyl radicals resulted respectively from the β-scission of the alkoxyl radical and from the reaction of methyl radical with molecular oxygen.

Genomische Analyse von natürlichen Killerzell-Rezeptorgenen in nicht-humanen Primaten

Natürliche Killerzell-Rezeptoren, die MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle binden, sind im Leukozyten Rezeptor Komplex (LRC) und im Natürlichen Killer Komplex (NKC) kodiert. Die Bindung klassischer MHC-Klasse-I-Moleküle erfolgt im Menschen durch die im LRC kodierten polymorphen Killerzell-Immunglobulin-ähnlichen Rezeptoren (KIR) und in Nagetieren durch die im NKC kodierten polymorphen C-Typ Lektin-ähnlichen Ly49-Rezeptoren. Die ebenfalls im NKC kodierten C-Typ Lektin-ähnlichen CD94/NKG2-Rezeptoren sowie der NKG2D-Rezeptor sind sowohl im Menschen als auch in Nagetieren konserviert und wenig polymorph. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde das CD94-Ly49L-Intervall der NKC-Region in einem Neuweltaffen, dem Weißbüschelaffen (Callithrix jacchus), sowie einem Feuchtnasenaffen, dem Grauen Mausmaki (Microcebus murinus), über Screening von BAC-Banken und Sequenzanalyse von BAC-Contigs untersucht. Das CD94-Ly49L-Intervall im Weißbüschelaffen hat eine Länge von 171 kb und weist orthologe Gene zu den humanen NKC-Genen auf. Eine Ausnahme bildet das Gen NKG2CE, welches äquidistant zu den humanen Genen NKG2C und NKG2E ist. NKG2F und Ly49L sind Pseudogene. Expressionsanalysen der NKC-Gene in neun Weißbüschelaffen-Individuen lieferten einen mäßigen Grad an allelischen Polymorphismen. Alternative Spleißprodukte wurden für CD94, NKG2D und NKG2A identifiziert. Für NKG2A wurden verschiedene Transkripte mit potentiell unterschiedlichen Translationsstartpunkten gefunden. Im Grauen Mausmaki beträgt die Länge des CD94-Ly49L-Intervalls 489 kb. CD94 und die NKG2-Gene sind vervielfacht und wesentlich polymorpher als im Menschen und im Weißbüschelaffen. Expressionsanalysen der NKC-Gene wurden im Grauen Mausmaki und einem weiteren madagassischen Lemuren, dem Schwarzweißen Vari (Varecia variegata), durchgeführt und zeigten, dass CD94 und die NKG2-Gene im Vari ebenfalls vervielfacht sind. Die NKG2-Moleküle der Lemuren weisen unterschiedliche Kombinationen an aktivierenden und inhibierenden Signalmotiven auf und üben somit möglicherweise diverse Funktionen aus. Ly49L stellt in den Lemuren einen potentiell funktionellen inhibierenden Rezeptor dar und NKG2D besitzt im Vergleich zum humanen NKG2D-Protein eine verkürzte Zytoplasmaregion. Alternative Spleißprodukte der NKC-Gene existieren auch in den Lemuren. Darüber hinaus wurden mehrere CD94-Gene in einem weiteren Feuchtnasenaffen, dem Potto (Perodicticus potto) und einem Trockennasenaffen, dem Philippinen-Koboldmaki (Tarsius syrichta), nachgewiesen. Ein Alu-Element, welches ausschließlich in Intron 4 der CD94-Sequenzen des Philippinen-Koboldmakis auftritt, deutet darauf hin, dass sich CD94 in der Linie der Koboldmakis und in der Linie der Feuchtnasenaffen unabhängig voneinander vervielfacht hat. Die vervielfachten, polymorphen CD94/NKG2-Rezeptoren der niederen Primaten stellen möglicherweise das funktionelle Äquivalent zu den polymorphen KIR der höheren Primaten und den polymorphen Ly49-Rezeptoren der Nagetiere dar.

Identifizierung und Charakterisierung neuer Proteine des Abwehrsystems der Porifera - ein Apoptoseregulator und ein antimikrobielles Protein aus dem Schwamm Suberites domuncula

Aufgrund ihrer Lebensweise und -umgebung sind effiziente Strategien zur Abwehr bedrohender Einflüsse essentiell für die Porifera. Eine dieser Strategien stellen die Apoptose in höheren Metazoen, sowie ein effizientes Immunsystem dar. Diese sichern sowohl das Überleben des Organismus als auch die Entfernung beschädigter, infizierter oder redundanter Zellen. Bei Untersuchungen der Porifera auf Moleküle, die an diesen Prozessen beteiligt sind, konnten in den letzten Jahren beachtliche Erfolge erzielt werden. So konnten das in der Apoptose involvierte Protein GCDD2 (proapoptotisch), die antiapoptotischen GCBHP1 und GCBHP2 Proteine (Wiens et al., 2001), sowie ein LPS induzierbarer TNF (Wiens et al., 2007) und zwei Caspasen (Wiens et al., 2003) in Schwämmen identifiziert werden. Um diese essentiellen Mechanismen besser verstehen zu können, sollte ein möglicher Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor-Rezeptor identifiziert werden. Hierzu wurde die SpongeBase Datenbank nach Proteinen mit Todesdomänen durchsucht und diese unter Anwendung von PCR- und Screening-Techniken in einer cDNA-Bank des marinen Schwammes S. domuncula komplettiert. Im Anschluss an ihre Sequenzierung wurde ein Klon ausgewählt, dessen Todesdomäne größte Homologie zu einem TNFR zeigte. Dieser Klon SD_TNFR-like (Suberites domuncula TNFR-homologes Protein) wurde anschließend diversen Sequenz- und Strukturanalysen unterzogen. Diese offenbarten die Existenz zweier funktional bedeutsamer Domänen (Ubiquitin-like und Todesdomäne). Vor allem die Todesdomäne impliziert eine Beteiligung des Proteins an apoptotischen Prozessen. Über einen „Yeast Two Hybrid Screen“ sollten Proteine identifiziert werden, welche mit dem Ausgangsprotein interagieren. Hierbei wurde ein Protein identifiziert, das Ähnlichkeit mit einem antimikrobiellen Peptid aufweist. Dieses Protein kann analog zu einer Gruppe von antimikrobiellen Peptiden, den α-helikalen kationischen Peptiden, in drei Teile gespalten werden. Das Signalpeptid sowie ein anionisches Propeptid werden abgespalten und es entsteht ein kationisches, antimykotisch wirksames Peptid. Beide Proteine sollten, sofern sie in die Abwehrreaktionen involviert sind, durch Inkubation mit mikrobiellen Strukturen vermehrt exprimiert werden. Eine Überprüfung der Transkription mittels Northern Blot Analysen bestätigte dies für das SD_TNFR-like nach Inkubation mit LPS und TNF- α sowie für SD_Brevinin-like nach Inkubation mit LPS, PAM und Hefe. Mit der Herstellung eines rekombinanten SD_TNFR-like-Proteins wurde die Immunisierung von Kaninchen und die folgende Gewinnung eines polyklonalen SD_TNFR-like-Antikörpers ermöglicht. Dieser gestattete den Nachweis der SD_TNFR-like -Expression mittels Western Blot-Analysen sowie die stressinduzierte erhöhte Expression mittels Dot Blot-Analysen auch auf Proteinebene. Um die Funktion des SD_TNFR-like Proteins zu charakterisierten, wurde ein Test mit RAW-Blue™-Zellen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse implizieren, dass das Protein Teil der Immunreaktion analog der der TLR- bzw. NLR- Reaktion ist. Auch die Interaktion mit einem antimikrobiellen Protein, welches für das Überleben des Organismus und die Bekämpfung der Mikroorganismen sorgt, deutet auf eine solche Beteiligung hin. Zusätzlich wird diese These durch ein Ergebnis der Strukturanalysen unterstützt, nämlich die Identifizierung einer TRAF2 Bindestelle. TRAF2 ist ein Adapterprotein der TNFR und aktiviert Überlebensfaktoren über den NF - B-Weg. Immunohistochemische Analysen zeigten, dass das SD_TNFR-like Protein im Organismus vor allem um die Bakteriozysten, um verschiedene Mikroorganismen und am Rand des Schwammes exprimiert wird, was ebenfalls für eine immunologische Funktionsweise spricht. Auch im restlichen Gewebe wird es kontinuierlich, auch ohne vorherige LPS Inkubation exprimiert. Diese Akkumulation zeigt deutlich, dass das Protein in einen Schutzmechanismus gegen äußere Bedrohungen involviert ist. Es scheint dabei direkt an den eindringenden Mikroorganismen zu wirken. Das SD_TNFR-like ist demnach ein potentieller Bestandteil der Immunantwort des Schwammes, welches Apoptose verhindern und Überlebensmechanismen aktivieren kann. Das SD_Brevinin-like Protein besitzt antimykotische Aktivität, wie in einem antimikrobiellen Test gezeigt werden konnte. Weiterhin scheint es für das SD_TNFR-like Protein als positiver bzw. negativer Regulator von Bedeutung zu sein, der eine Reaktion entweder beendet oder die Expression von Überlebensfaktoren verstärkt. Die in dieser Arbeit präsentierten Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen demonstrieren somit die Identifizierung eines neuen Schwammproteins, welches eine Rolle in der Immunantwort spielt, sowie eines neuen antimikrobiellen Peptids, welches die Wirkung des TNFR-like moduliert. Es müssen jedoch noch weitere Funktionsanalysen folgen, um den Mechanismus des SD_TNFR-like Proteins und seine Regulation genauer charakterisieren zu können

Long-term cell-mediated protein release from calcium phosphate ceramics

Efficient delivery of growth factors from carrier biomaterials depends critically on the release kinetics of the proteins that constitute the carrier. Immobilizing growth factors to calcium phosphate ceramics has been attempted by direct adsorption and usually resulted in a rapid and passive release of the superficially adherent proteins. The insufficient retention of growth factors limited their bioavailability and their efficacy in the treatment of bone regeneration. In this study, a coprecipitation technique of proteins and calcium phosphate was employed to modify the delivery of proteins from biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics. To this end, tritium-labeled bovine serum albumin ([(3)H]BSA) was utilized as a model protein to analyze the coprecipitation efficacy and the release kinetics of the protein from the carrier material. Conventional adsorption of [(3)H]BSA resulted in a rapid and passive release of the protein from BCP ceramics, whereas the coprecipitation technique effectively prevented the burst release of [(3)H]BSA. Further analysis of the in vitro kinetics demonstrated a sustained, cell-mediated release of coprecipitated [(3)H]BSA from BCP ceramics induced by resorbing osteoclasts. The coprecipitation technique described herein, achieved a physiologic-like protein release, by incorporating [(3)H]BSA into its respective carriers, rendering it a promising tool in growth factor delivery for bone healing.

Cell death modulation by intravenous immunoglobulin

The induction of cell death in immune cells by naturally occurring antibodies specific for death receptors may present an important antiinflammatory mechanism of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Conversely, the protection of tissue cells from death receptor-mediated apoptosis by blocking antibodies is thought to contribute to the beneficial effects of IVIG in certain inflammatory disorders such as toxic epidermal necrolysis, also known as Lyell's syndrome. In this review, we focus on recent insights into the role of functional antibodies against Fas, sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin (Siglec)-8, and Siglec-9 receptors in IVIG-mediated cell survival or death effects. In addition, we examine a variety of factors in inflammatory disease that may interplay with these cellular events and influence the therapeutic efficacy or potency of IVIG. These involve activation status of the target cell, cytokine microenvironment, pathogenesis and stage of disease, individual genetic determinants, species characteristics, and batch-to-batch variations of IVIG preparations.

Lactococcus lactis HemW (HemN) is a haem-binding protein with a putative role in haem trafficking

Lactococcus lactis cannot synthesize haem, but when supplied with haem, expresses a cytochrome bd oxidase. Apart from the cydAB structural genes for this oxidase, L. lactis features two additional genes, hemH and hemW (hemN), with conjectured functions in haem metabolism. While it appears clear that hemH encodes a ferrochelatase, no function is known for hemW. HemW-like proteins occur in bacteria, plants and animals, and are usually annotated as CPDHs (coproporphyrinogen III dehydrogenases). However, such a function has never been demonstrated for a HemW-like protein. We here studied HemW of L. lactis and showed that it is devoid of CPDH activity in vivo and in vitro. Recombinantly produced, purified HemW contained an Fe-S (iron-sulfur) cluster and was dimeric; upon loss of the iron, the protein became monomeric. Both forms of the protein covalently bound haem b in vitro, with a stoichiometry of one haem per monomer and a KD of 8 μM. In vivo, HemW occurred as a haem-free cytosolic form, as well as a haem-containing membrane-associated form. Addition of L. lactis membranes to haem-containing HemW triggered the release of haem from HemW in vitro. On the basis of these findings, we propose a role of HemW in haem trafficking. HemW-like proteins form a distinct phylogenetic clade that has not previously been recognized.

Tie2 receptor expression and phosphorylation in cultured cells and mouse tissues

Accumulating experimental evidence indicates that endothelial cell growth and blood vessel morphogenesis are processes that are governed by the activity of specifically expressed receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). We have used two new rat monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to study the expression and phosphorylation of one such receptor, mouse Tie2 (tyrosine kinase that contains immunoglobulin-like loops and epidermal-growth-factor-similar domains 2]), in transfected cells, endothelioma cell lines and mouse tissues. The Tie2 receptor was found to be constitutively autophosphorylated when over-expressed in COS7 cells. In contrast, the endogenous Tie2 protein was not phosphorylated in endothelioma cell lines. However, in these cell lines, Tie2 could be induced to become tyrosine phosphorylated, and this activation was found to be independent of Tie1. Studying Tie2 receptor activity during angiogenesis in mouse development, the receptor was only weakly phosphorylated in the early postnatal mouse brain whereas a stronger activation could be detected in mouse embryos at day 10.5 post coitum.

Autophagic-like cell death in neutrophils induced by autoantibodies

Human neutrophils undergo autophagic-like cell death following Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-9 (Siglec-9) ligation and concurrent stimulation with certain, but not all, neutrophil survival cytokines. Caspase inhibition by these cytokines is required, but is not sufficient, to trigger this particular form of cell death. Additional mechanisms may involve reactive oxygen species (ROS), and blocking of ROS or prevention of ROS production prevents autophagic-like neutrophil death. Interestingly, human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) preparations contain natural anti-Siglec-9 autoantibodies, which are able to ligate Siglec-9 on neutrophils and induce autophagic-like cell death in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and some other survival cytokines. Here, we discuss the pathophysiological and therapeutic implications of these recent findings.

Evidence that the novel receptor FGFRL1 signals indirectly via FGFR1

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor-like protein 1 (FGFRL1) is a recently discovered member of the FGF receptor (FGFR) family. Similar to the classical FGFRs, it contains three extracellular immunoglobulin-like domains and interacts with FGF ligands. However, in contrast to the classical receptors, it does not contain any intracellular tyrosine kinase domain and consequently cannot signal by transphosphorylation. In mouse kidneys, FgfrL1 is expressed primarily at embryonic stages E14-E15 in regions where nascent nephrons develop. In this study, we used whole-mount in situ hybridization to show the spatial pattern of five different Fgfrs in the developing mouse kidney. We compared the expression pattern of FgfrL1 with that of other Fgfrs. The expression pattern of FgfrL1 closely resembled that of Fgfr1, but clearly differed from that of Fgfr2‑Fgfr4. It is therefore conceivable that FgfrL1 signals indirectly via Fgfr1. The mechanisms by which FgfrL1 affects the activity of Fgfr1 remain to be elucidated.

Identification and phenotypic characterization of a second collagen adhesin, Scm, and genome-based identification and analysis of 13 other predicted MSCRAMMs, including four distinct pilus loci, in Enterococcus faecium.

Attention has recently been drawn to Enterococcus faecium because of an increasing number of nosocomial infections caused by this species and its resistance to multiple antibacterial agents. However, relatively little is known about the pathogenic determinants of this organism. We have previously identified a cell-wall-anchored collagen adhesin, Acm, produced by some isolates of E. faecium, and a secreted antigen, SagA, exhibiting broad-spectrum binding to extracellular matrix proteins. Here, we analysed the draft genome of strain TX0016 for potential microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs). Genome-based bioinformatics identified 22 predicted cell-wall-anchored E. faecium surface proteins (Fms), of which 15 (including Acm) had characteristics typical of MSCRAMMs, including predicted folding into a modular architecture with multiple immunoglobulin-like domains. Functional characterization of one [Fms10; redesignated second collagen adhesin of E. faecium (Scm)] revealed that recombinant Scm(65) (A- and B-domains) and Scm(36) (A-domain) bound to collagen type V efficiently in a concentration-dependent manner, bound considerably less to collagen type I and fibrinogen, and differed from Acm in their binding specificities to collagen types IV and V. Results from far-UV circular dichroism measurements of recombinant Scm(36) and of Acm(37) indicated that these proteins were rich in beta-sheets, supporting our folding predictions. Whole-cell ELISA and FACS analyses unambiguously demonstrated surface expression of Scm in most E. faecium isolates. Strikingly, 11 of the 15 predicted MSCRAMMs clustered in four loci, each with a class C sortase gene; nine of these showed similarity to Enterococcus faecalis Ebp pilus subunits and also contained motifs essential for pilus assembly. Antibodies against one of the predicted major pilus proteins, Fms9 (redesignated EbpC(fm)), detected a 'ladder' pattern of high-molecular-mass protein bands in a Western blot analysis of cell surface extracts from E. faecium, suggesting that EbpC(fm) is polymerized into a pilus structure. Further analysis of the transcripts of the corresponding gene cluster indicated that fms1 (ebpA(fm)), fms5 (ebpB(fm)) and ebpC(fm) are co-transcribed, a result consistent with those for pilus-encoding gene clusters of other Gram-positive bacteria. All 15 genes occurred frequently in 30 clinically derived diverse E. faecium isolates tested. The common occurrence of MSCRAMM- and pilus-encoding genes and the presence of a second collagen-binding protein may have important implications for our understanding of this emerging pathogen.

14-3-3 proteins interact with the beta-thymosin repeat protein Csp24.

Conditioned stimulus pathway protein 24 (Csp24) is a beta-thymosin-like protein that is homologous to other members of the family of beta-thymosin repeat proteins that contain multiple actin binding domains. Actin co-precipitates with Csp24 and co-localizes with it in the cytosol of type-B photoreceptor cell bodies. Several signal transduction pathways have been shown to regulate the phosphorylation of Csp24 and contribute to cellular plasticity. Here, we report the identification of the adapter protein 14-3-3 in lysates of the Hermissenda circumesophageal nervous system and its interaction with Csp24. Immunoprecipitation experiments using an antibody that is broadly reactive with several isoforms of the 14-3-3 family of proteins showed that Csp24 co-precipitates with 14-3-3 protein, and nervous systems stimulated with 5-HT exhibited a significant increase in co-precipitated Csp24 probed with a phosphospecific antibody as compared with controls. These results indicate that post-translational modifications of Csp24 regulate its interaction with 14-3-3 protein, and suggest that this mechanism may contribute to the control of intrinsic enhanced excitability.

U7 snRNP-specific Lsm11 protein: dual binding contacts with the 100 kDa zinc finger processing factor (ZFP100) and a ZFP100-independent function in histone RNA 3' end processing

The 3' cleavage generating non-polyadenylated animal histone mRNAs depends on the base pairing between U7 snRNA and a conserved histone pre-mRNA downstream element. This interaction is enhanced by a 100 kDa zinc finger protein (ZFP100) that forms a bridge between an RNA hairpin element upstream of the processing site and the U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP). The N-terminus of Lsm11, a U7-specific Sm-like protein, was shown to be crucial for histone RNA processing and to bind ZFP100. By further analysing these two functions of Lsm11, we find that Lsm11 and ZFP100 can undergo two interactions, i.e. between the Lsm11 N-terminus and the zinc finger repeats of ZFP100, and between the N-terminus of ZFP100 and the Sm domain of Lsm11, respectively. Both interactions are not specific for the two proteins in vitro, but the second interaction is sufficient for a specific recognition of the U7 snRNP by ZFP100 in cell extracts. Furthermore, clustered point mutations in three phylogenetically conserved regions of the Lsm11 N-terminus impair or abolish histone RNA processing. As these mutations have no effect on the two interactions with ZFP100, these protein regions must play other roles in histone RNA processing, e.g. by contacting the pre-mRNA or additional processing factors.

Mechanisms of Ligand–Protein Interaction in Sec-14-like Transporters Investigated by Computer Simulations

We review our recent work on protein-ligand interactions in vitamin transporters of the Sec-14-like protein. Our studies focused on the cellular-retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP) and the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP). CRALBP is responsible for mobilisation and photo-protection of short-chain cis-retinoids in the dim-light visual cycle or rod photoreceptors. alpha-TTP is a key protein responsible for selection and retention of RRR-alpha-tocopherol, the most active isoform of vitamin E in superior animals. Our simulation studies evidence how subtle chemical variations in the substrate can lead to significant distortion in the structure of the complex, and how these changes can either lead to new protein function, or be used to model engineered protein variants with tailored properties. Finally, we show how integration of computational and experimental results can contribute in synergy to the understanding of fundamental processes at the biomolecular scale.

Transgenic Expression of Human CD46 on Porcine Endothelium: Effect on Coagulation and Fibrinolytic Cascades During Ex Vivo Human-to-Pig Limb Xenoperfusions

BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the coagulation system due to inflammatory responses and cross-species molecular incompatibilities represents a major obstacle to successful xenotransplantation. We hypothesized that complement inhibition mediated by transgenic expression of human CD46 in pigs might also regulate the coagulation and fibrinolysis cascades and tested this in ex vivo human-to-pig xenoperfusions. METHODS Forelimbs of wild-type and hCD46/HLA-E double transgenic pigs were ex vivo xenoperfused for 12 hours with whole heparinized human blood. Muscle biopsies were stained for galactose-α1,3-galactose, immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, complement, fibrin, tissue factor, fibrinogen-like protein 2, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. The PAI-1/tPA complexes, D-dimers, and prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 were measured in plasma samples after ex vivo xenoperfusion. RESULTS No differences of galactose expression or deposition of immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G were found in xenoperfused tissues of wild type and transgenic limbs. In contrast, significantly lower deposition of C5b-9 (P < 0.0001), fibrin (P = 0.009), and diminished expression of tissue factor (P = 0.005) and fibrinogen-like protein 2 (P = 0.028) were found in xenoperfused tissues of transgenic limbs. Levels of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 (P = 0.031) and D-dimers (P = 0.044) were significantly lower in plasma samples obtained from transgenic as compared to wild-type pig limb perfusions. The expression of the fibrinolytic marker tPA was significantly higher (P = 0.009), whereas PAI-1 expression (P = 0.022) and PAI-1/tPA complexes in plasma (P = 0.015) were lower after transgenic xenoperfusion as compared to wild-type xenoperfusions. CONCLUSIONS In this human-to-pig xenoperfusion model, complement inhibition by transgenic hCD46 expression led to a significant inhibition of procoagulant and antifibrinolytic pathways.

INTERACTION OF BACILLUS ANTHRACIS EXOSPORIUM PROTEIN BCLA WITH COMPLEMENT FACTOR H AND SPORE PERSISTENCE IN THE LUNG

Anthrax outbreaks in the United States and Europe and its potential use as a bioweapon have made Bacillus anthracis an interest of study. Anthrax infections are caused by the entry of B. anthracis spores into the host via the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract, cuts or wounds in the skin, and injection. Among these four forms, inhalational anthrax has the highest lethality rate and persistence of spores in the lungs of animals following pulmonary exposure has been noted for decades. However, details or mechanisms of spore persistence were not known. In this study, we investigated spore persistence in a mouse model. The results suggest that B. anthracis spores have special properties that promote persistence in the lung, and that there may be multiple mechanisms contributing to spore persistence. Moreover, recent discoveries from our laboratory suggest that spores evolved a sophisticated mechanism to interact with the host complement system. The complement system is a crucial part of the host defense mechanism against foreign microorganisms. Knowledge of the specific interactions that occur between the complement system and B. anthracis was limited. Studies performed in our laboratory have suggested that spores of B. anthracis can target specific proteins, such as Factor H (fH) of the complement system. Spores of B. anthracis are enclosed by an exosporium, which consists of a basal layer surrounded by a nap of hair-like filaments. The major structural component of the filaments is called Bacillus collagen-like protein of anthracis (BclA), which comprises a central collagen-like region and a globular C-terminal domain. BclA is the first point of contact with the innate system of an infected host. In this study, we investigated the molecular details of BclA-fH interaction with respect to the specific binding mechanism and the functional significance of this interaction in a murine model of anthrax infection. We hypothesized that the recruitment of fH to the spore surface by BclA limits the extent of complement activation and promotes pathogen survival and persistence in the infected host. Findings from this study are significant to understanding how to treat post-exposure prophylaxis and improve our knowledge of spores with the host immune system.