Lifetime Prevalence, Age and Gender Distribution and Age-of-Onset of Psychiatric Disorders in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil: Results from the Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey

Objectives: To estimate prevalence, age-of-onset, gender distribution and identify correlates of lifetime psychiatric disorders in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area (SPMA). Methods: The Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey assessed psychiatric disorders on a probabilistic sample of 5,037 adult residents in the SPMA, using the World Mental Health Survey Version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Response rate was 81.3%. Results: Lifetime prevalence for any disorder was 44.8%; estimated risk at age 75 was 57.7%; comorbidity was frequent. Major depression, specific phobias and alcohol abuse were the most prevalent across disorders; anxiety disorders were the most frequent class. Early age-of-onset for phobic and impulse-control disorders and later age-of-onset for mood disorders were observed. Women were more likely to have anxiety and mood disorders, whereas men, substance use disorders. Apart from conduct disorders, more frequent in men, there were no gender differences in impulse-control disorders. There was a consistent trend of higher prevalence in the youngest cohorts. Low education level was associated to substance use disorders. Conclusions: Psychiatric disorders are highly prevalent among the general adult population in the SPMA, with frequent comorbidity, early age-of-onset for most disorders, and younger cohorts presenting higher rates of morbidity. Such scenario calls for vigorous public health action.

Accuracy of Recognition and Diagnosis of Comorbid Depression in the Nursing Home

A variety of research has documented high levels of depression among older adults in the health care setting. Additional research has shown that care providers in health care settings are not very effective at diagnosing comorbid depression.This is a troublesome finding since comorbid depression has been linked to a number of negative outcomes in older adults. Early results have indicated that comorbid depression may be associated with a number of unfavorable consequences ranging from impairments in physical functioning to increased mortality.The health care setting with arguably the highest rate of physical impairment is the nursing home and it is the nursing home where the effects of comorbid depression may be most costly. Therefore, the current analysis uses data from the Institutional Population Component of the NationalMedical Expenditure Survey (US Department of Health and Human Services, 1990) to explore rates of both recognized and unrecognized comorbid depression in the nursing home setting. Using a constructed proxy variable representative of the DSM-III-R diagnosis of depression, results indicate that approximately 8.1% of nursing home residents have an unrecognized potential comorbid depression.

Childhood Trauma and PTSD symptoms increase the risk of cognitive impairment in a sample of former indetured child laborers in old Age.

A growing body of evidence suggests a link between early childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and higher risk for dementia in old age. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between childhood trauma exposure, PTSD and neurocognitive function in a unique cohort of former indentured Swiss child laborers in their late adulthood. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study ever conducted on former indentured child laborers and the first to investigate the relationship between childhood versus adulthood trauma and cognitive function. According to PTSD symptoms and whether they experienced childhood trauma (CT) or adulthood trauma (AT), participants (n = 96) were categorized as belonging to one of four groups: CT/PTSD+, CT/PTSD-, AT/PTSD+, AT/PTSD-. Information on cognitive function was assessed using the Structured Interview for Diagnosis of Dementia of Alzheimer Type, Multi-infarct Dementia and Dementia of other Etiology according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and a vocabulary test. Depressive symptoms were investigated as a potential mediator for neurocognitive functioning. Individuals screening positively for PTSD symptoms performed worse on all cognitive tasks compared to healthy individuals, independent of whether they reported childhood or adulthood adversity. When controlling for depressive symptoms, the relationship between PTSD symptoms and poor cognitive function became stronger. Overall, results tentatively indicate that PTSD is accompanied by cognitive deficits which appear to be independent of earlier childhood adversity. Our findings suggest that cognitive deficits in old age may be partly a consequence of PTSD or at least be aggravated by it. However, several study limitations need to considered. Consideration of cognitive deficits when treating PTSD patients and victims of lifespan trauma (even without a diagnosis of a psychiatric condition) is crucial. Furthermore, early intervention may prevent long-term deficits in memory function and development of dementia in adulthood.

The prevalence of bulimia nervosa and bulimic behaviors among university students in Texas

This cross-sectional study examined by questionnaire the prevalence of bulimia nervosa and bulimic behaviors in a sample of 1175 undergraduate students enrolled in two state-supported universities in Texas. In one university, the student population was predominantly white; in the other, it was predominantly black. Fifty-nine percent of the respondents were female and 41% were male. Information regarding age, sex, ethnicity, college major, college year, marital status, housing arrangements, religion, socioeconomic status, height, weight, dieting behaviors, and family history of alcoholism, drug abuse, and depression was collected. Bulimia status was assessed using the Revised Bulimia Test (BULIT-R), which is based on the DSM-III-R criteria for bulimia nervosa. Only 1.3% of the females and 0.4% of the males were classified as having bulimia nervosa. The prevalence of bulimic behaviors was considerably higher; 6.4% of the females and 3.6% of the males were classified as having bulimic behaviors. Univariate analysis showed the following factors to be significantly associated with bulimic behaviors: female gender, single marital status, high BMI, a family history of alcoholism, drug abuse, or depression, and certain dieting behaviors. In the present study, ethnicity did not prove to be a significant factor associated with bulimia nervosa or bulimic behaviors. Multivariate analysis showed that, in comparison to normal/underweight individuals, the odds of having bulimic behaviors for severely overweight subjects were 2.23 (95% CI: 1.43, 3.50). Students who were dieting at the time of the study were 3.22 times (95% CI: 2.05, 5.06) as likely to have bulimic behaviors as were students who had never dieted. This study concludes there is a need to distinguish between bulimia nervosa and bulimic behaviors when estimating prevalence of a population. ^

Nonpurging binge eaters versus nonbinge eaters and treatment retention for adult obesity

Dropout from obesity treatment has been a major factor associated with weight control failure, with few reliable predictors of dropouts or completers. Previous studies have tended to treat obese people as a homogeneous group with standard behavior modification-based interventions. Current research indicates there may be subgroups within the obese population, binge eaters and nonbinge eaters, who have different dropout rates. Current studies also recommend focusing on the subset of this subgroup that does not engage in purging (vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise) to compensate for binge eating. This research uses a secondary dataset (N = 156) from a prospective study in which participants were randomized to a Food Dependency (FD) and a Behavioral Self-Management (BSM) group for weight reduction. Criteria for subjects in the original study included (1) scoring higher on the existing Binge Eating Scale (BES) in order to ensure enrollment of more binge eaters and (2) no compensatory purging behavior for binge eating. Subjects were then reclassified in this study as binge eaters or nonbinge eaters using the more stringent proposed 1994 DSM-IV criteria for Binge Eating Disorder (BED). Subjects were followed for dropout. Variables studied were binge status, age at obesity onset, age at study baseline, class instructor, number of previous weight loss attempts, race, marital status, body mass index (BMI kg/m$\sp2$), type of intervention, work status, educational level, and social support. Stepwise backward regression Cox survival analysis indicated binge status had a consistent, statistically significant protective effect on dropout in which binge eaters were half as likely to dropout versus nonbinge eaters (p = 0.04). Cox proportional hazards analysis indicated no statistical difference in dropout by type of intervention (FD, p = 0.13; BSM, p = 0.80) when controlling for binge status. All other variables did not reach significance, which is consistent with the literature. Implications of these findings suggest that (1) the proposed 1994 DSM-IV criteria for BED is a more useful classification that the existing DSM-III-R criteria, and (2) the identification of subgroups among obese subjects is an important step in dropout and weight loss intervention research. Future research can confirm this finding. ^

Cost -effectiveness of services and treatments for ambulatory dually diagnosed CMHC clients: Implications for managed care

This paper reports a cost-effectiveness analysis of standard therapeutic interventions received by ambulatory dually diagnosed clients of a Community Mental Health Center (CMHC). For the purposes of this study dually diagnosed was defined as a DSM-III-R or IV diagnosis of a major mental disorder and a concomitant substance abuse disorder. The prevalence of dually diagnosed people among the mentally ill and their unique and problematic nature continues to challenge and encumber CMHCs and poses grave public health risks. An absence of research on these clients in community-based settings and the cost-effectiveness of their standard CMHC care has hindered the development of effective community-based intervention strategies. This exploratory and descriptive effort is a first step toward providing information on which to base programmatic management decisions.^ Data for this study were derived from electronic client records of a CMHC located in a large Southwestern, Sun-belt metropolitan area. A total of 220 records were collected on clients consecutively admitted during a two-and-one-half year period. Information was gathered profiling the clients' background characteristics, receipt of standard services and treatments, costs of the care they received, and length of CMHC enrollment and subsequent psychiatric hospitalizations. The services and treatments were compared with regard to their costs and predicted contributions toward maintaining clients in the community and out of public psychiatric hospitals.^ This study investigated: (1) the study groups' background, mental illness, and substance abuse characteristics; (2) types, extent, and patterns of their receipt of standard services and treatments; (3) associations between the receipt of services and treatments, community tenure, and risk of psychiatric hospitalization; and, (4) comparisons of average costs for services and treatments in terms of their contributions toward maintaining the clients in the community.^ The results suggest that substance abuse and other lifestyle factors were related to the dually diagnosed clients' admissions to the CMHC. The dually diagnosed clients' receipt of care was associated strongly with their insurability and global functioning. Medication Services were the most expensive yet effective service or treatment. Supported Education was the third most expensive and second most effective. Psychosocial Services, the second most expensive, were only effective in terms of maintaining clients in the community. Group Counseling, the fourth most expensive, had no effect on community maintenance and increased the risk of hospitalization when accompanied by Medication Services. Individual Counseling, the least expensive, had no effect on community maintenance. But it reduced the risk of hospitalization when accompanied by Medication Services. Networking/Referral, the fifth most expensive service or treatment, was ineffective.^ The study compared the results with findings in the literature. Implications are discussed regarding further research, study limitations, practical applications and benefits, and improvements to theoretical understandings, in particular, concepts underscoring Managed Care. ^

La función atencional en la generación Millenium : Interrogando al diagnóstico de ADD y ADHD

El Déficit de Atención con o sin hiperactividad (ADD ADHD por su sigla en inglés) es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Metodología: Se realiza un muestreo no probabilístico de niños que cursan 1o año escolar, y que concurren a escuelas pertenecientes a una de las tres categorías establecidas por la ANEP1. Este criterio contempla la incidencia de la variable contexto sociocultural en el problema a estudiar. Se estudian una serie de indicadores vinculados a la función atencional, fundamentalmente la atención selectiva, a través de una estrategia cuanti-cualitativa. Objetivo general: Investigar la función atencional desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo, para contribuir al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dificultades en la atención. Objetivos específicos: 1) Determinar las características afectivas que presentan los niños con dificultades en la atención 2) Caracterizar la modalidad atencional de los niños con dificultades en la atención 3) Analizar si existen diferencias significativas en el modo de atender (desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo) entre los niños que presentan desatención y los que no la presentan. Los resultados que presentamos corresponden a los datos de la primera escuela: urbana de contexto medio. Conclusiones: Al organizar las conclusiones en función de los objetivos que nos proponemos en la investigación decimos 1) Los niños que presentaron dificultades en la atención (manifiestas o no en el aula) no muestran en sus producciones características afectivas que nos permitan considerarlo un grupo diferenciado. 2) La modalidad atencional (al considerar resultados del Denckla y los subtests estudiados del WISC III) no tiene un patrón común entre los niños que podríamos llamar desatentos (por su comportamiento en clase o por su bajo rendimiento en las pruebas) ya que no siempre tienen bajo rendimiento en ambas pruebas. 3) No existen diferencias significativas en los modos de atender entre los niños que presentaron problemas de atención y los que no lo presentaron. Por todo lo anterior podemos concluir que en la muestra estudiada: Los niños que presentan dificultades en la atención son una población muy heterogénea en los diferentes aspectos estudiados. Podemos pensar que no existe una entidad específica, más bien la desatención parece presentarse como un síntoma. Por otra parte resulta significativo desde el punto de vista de los aspectos afectivos puestos en juego en la función, esto es, una función que se desarrolla en la interacción con otros, la alta frecuencia de dibujos en los que el único personaje es el niño

La función atencional en la generación Millenium : Interrogando al diagnóstico de ADD y ADHD

El Déficit de Atención con o sin hiperactividad (ADD ADHD por su sigla en inglés) es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Metodología: Se realiza un muestreo no probabilístico de niños que cursan 1o año escolar, y que concurren a escuelas pertenecientes a una de las tres categorías establecidas por la ANEP1. Este criterio contempla la incidencia de la variable contexto sociocultural en el problema a estudiar. Se estudian una serie de indicadores vinculados a la función atencional, fundamentalmente la atención selectiva, a través de una estrategia cuanti-cualitativa. Objetivo general: Investigar la función atencional desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo, para contribuir al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dificultades en la atención. Objetivos específicos: 1) Determinar las características afectivas que presentan los niños con dificultades en la atención 2) Caracterizar la modalidad atencional de los niños con dificultades en la atención 3) Analizar si existen diferencias significativas en el modo de atender (desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo) entre los niños que presentan desatención y los que no la presentan. Los resultados que presentamos corresponden a los datos de la primera escuela: urbana de contexto medio. Conclusiones: Al organizar las conclusiones en función de los objetivos que nos proponemos en la investigación decimos 1) Los niños que presentaron dificultades en la atención (manifiestas o no en el aula) no muestran en sus producciones características afectivas que nos permitan considerarlo un grupo diferenciado. 2) La modalidad atencional (al considerar resultados del Denckla y los subtests estudiados del WISC III) no tiene un patrón común entre los niños que podríamos llamar desatentos (por su comportamiento en clase o por su bajo rendimiento en las pruebas) ya que no siempre tienen bajo rendimiento en ambas pruebas. 3) No existen diferencias significativas en los modos de atender entre los niños que presentaron problemas de atención y los que no lo presentaron. Por todo lo anterior podemos concluir que en la muestra estudiada: Los niños que presentan dificultades en la atención son una población muy heterogénea en los diferentes aspectos estudiados. Podemos pensar que no existe una entidad específica, más bien la desatención parece presentarse como un síntoma. Por otra parte resulta significativo desde el punto de vista de los aspectos afectivos puestos en juego en la función, esto es, una función que se desarrolla en la interacción con otros, la alta frecuencia de dibujos en los que el único personaje es el niño

La función atencional en la generación Millenium : Interrogando al diagnóstico de ADD y ADHD

El Déficit de Atención con o sin hiperactividad (ADD ADHD por su sigla en inglés) es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Es un cuadro que aparece descrito bajo esa denominación por primera vez en 1980 en el DSM III, teniendo luego diversas descripciones en las siguientes ediciones del Manual (DSM III-R 1987, DSM IV 1992). El DSM, a diferencia del CIE 10, se ocupa de describir un repertorio de síntomas sin que esto suponga un abordaje conceptual del cuadro. Metodología: Se realiza un muestreo no probabilístico de niños que cursan 1o año escolar, y que concurren a escuelas pertenecientes a una de las tres categorías establecidas por la ANEP1. Este criterio contempla la incidencia de la variable contexto sociocultural en el problema a estudiar. Se estudian una serie de indicadores vinculados a la función atencional, fundamentalmente la atención selectiva, a través de una estrategia cuanti-cualitativa. Objetivo general: Investigar la función atencional desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo, para contribuir al diagnóstico y tratamiento de las dificultades en la atención. Objetivos específicos: 1) Determinar las características afectivas que presentan los niños con dificultades en la atención 2) Caracterizar la modalidad atencional de los niños con dificultades en la atención 3) Analizar si existen diferencias significativas en el modo de atender (desde el punto de vista cognitivo y afectivo) entre los niños que presentan desatención y los que no la presentan. Los resultados que presentamos corresponden a los datos de la primera escuela: urbana de contexto medio. Conclusiones: Al organizar las conclusiones en función de los objetivos que nos proponemos en la investigación decimos 1) Los niños que presentaron dificultades en la atención (manifiestas o no en el aula) no muestran en sus producciones características afectivas que nos permitan considerarlo un grupo diferenciado. 2) La modalidad atencional (al considerar resultados del Denckla y los subtests estudiados del WISC III) no tiene un patrón común entre los niños que podríamos llamar desatentos (por su comportamiento en clase o por su bajo rendimiento en las pruebas) ya que no siempre tienen bajo rendimiento en ambas pruebas. 3) No existen diferencias significativas en los modos de atender entre los niños que presentaron problemas de atención y los que no lo presentaron. Por todo lo anterior podemos concluir que en la muestra estudiada: Los niños que presentan dificultades en la atención son una población muy heterogénea en los diferentes aspectos estudiados. Podemos pensar que no existe una entidad específica, más bien la desatención parece presentarse como un síntoma. Por otra parte resulta significativo desde el punto de vista de los aspectos afectivos puestos en juego en la función, esto es, una función que se desarrolla en la interacción con otros, la alta frecuencia de dibujos en los que el único personaje es el niño

[Calligraphic specimen, 1205?, i.e. 1790 or 1791?].

Exquisite album of calligraphy (muraqqaʻ or murakkaa) with design for a monumental inscription to appear in stone on a commemorative range marker (menzil taşı) of Bilâl Ağa (d.1807?), likely executed by Yesari Mehmed Esad Efendi (d.1798), the great Ottoman master of nastaʻlīq (talik).

Bibliotheca Hispana vetus sive Hispani scriptores qui ab Octaviani Augusti aevo ad annum Christi MD floruerunt /

Mode of access: Internet.

The genetics of alcohol intake and of alcohol dependence

Background: Because alcohol has multiple dose-dependent consequences, it is important to understand the causes of individual variation in the amount of alcohol used. The aims of this study were to assess the long-term repeatability and genetic or environmental causes of variation in alcohol intake and to estimate the degree of overlap with causes of susceptibility to alcohol dependence. Methods: Data were used from three studies conducted between 1980 and 1995 on volunteer adult male and female Australian twin subjects. In each study, alcohol intake was reported both as quantity X frequency and as past-week data. Repeatability was calculated as correlations between occasions and between measures, and the effects of genes and environment were estimated by multivariate model fitting to the twin pair repeated measures of alcohol use. Relationships between mean alcohol use and the lifetime history of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence were tested by bivariate model fitting. Results: Repeatability of the alcohol intake measures was between 0.54 and 0.85, with the highest repeatability between measures within study and the lowest repeatability between the first and last studies. Reported alcohol consumption was mainly affected by genetic factors affecting all times of study and by nonshared environmental factors (including measurement error) unique to each time of study. Genes that affect alcohol intake do affect alcohol dependence, but genetic effects unique to dependence are also significant; environmental effects are largely unique to either intake and dependence. Conclusions: Nearly all the repeatable component of variation in alcohol intake is due to genetic effects. Genes affecting intake also affect dependence risk, but there are other genes that affect dependence alone. Studies aiming to identify genes that affect alcohol use disorders need to test loci and candidate genes against both phenotypes.

The phasevarion: A genetic system controlling coordinated, random switching of expression of multiple genes

Several host-adapted bacterial pathogens contain methyltransferases associated with type III restriction-modification (R-M) systems that are subject to reversible, high-frequency on/off switching of expression (phase variation). To investigate the role of phase-variable expression of R-M systems, we made a mutant strain lacking the methyltransferase (mod) associated with a type III R-M system of Haemophilus influenzae and analyzed its phenotype. By microarray analysis, we identified a number of genes that were either up- or down-regulated in the mod mutant strain. This system reports the coordinated random switching of a set of genes in a bacterial pathogen and may represent a widely used mechanism.

The diagnostic interview for psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications

Background. We describe the development, reliability and applications of the Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP), a comprehensive interview schedule for psychotic disorders. Method. The DIP is intended for use by interviewers with a clinical background and was designed to occupy the middle ground between fully structured, lay-administered schedules, and semi-structured., psychiatrist-administered interviews. It encompasses four main domains: (a) demographic data; (b) social functioning and disability; (c) a diagnostic module comprising symptoms, signs and past history ratings; and (d) patterns of service utilization Lind patient-perceived need for services. It generates diagnoses according to several sets of criteria using the OPCRIT computerized diagnostic algorithm and can be administered either on-screen or in a hard-copy format. Results. The DIP proved easy to use and was well accepted in the field. For the diagnostic module, inter-rater reliability was assessed on 20 cases rated by 24 clinicians: good reliability was demonstrated for both ICD-10 and DSM-III-R diagnoses. Seven cases were interviewed 2-11 weeks apart to determine test-retest reliability, with pairwise agreement of 0.8-1.0 for most items. Diagnostic validity was assessed in 10 cases, interviewed with the DIP and using the SCAN as 'gold standard': in nine cases clinical diagnoses were in agreement. Conclusions. The DIP is suitable for use in large-scale epidemiological studies of psychotic disorders. as well as in smaller Studies where time is at a premium. While the diagnostic module stands on its own, the full DIP schedule, covering demography, social functioning and service utilization makes it a versatile multi-purpose tool.

Austral Hepaticae III : Stolonophora, a new genus of Geocalycaceae / John J. Engel and R. M. Schuster.

v.36:no.11(1975)