Resiliencia, territorios y empleo: el caso de las comarcas catalanas

La resiliencia es un concepto que ayuda a explicar el diferencial de los territorios para responder, reaccionar y enfrentarse a diferentes shocks con impacto económico. Los debates sobre desarrollo regional han dejado de centrarse exclusivamente en el crecimiento, para abarcar la resiliencia relativa de los territorios en responder a las crisis. Este artículo busca determinar el impacto de diferentes factores en el grado de resiliencia de las comarcas de Cataluña. Los resultados indican que la densidad empresarial, la especialización sectorial, el porcentaje de población extranjera, y el carácter de ruralidad impactan sobre el nivel de resiliencia de estos territorios.

Aigua, agricultura i regadiu a la Catalunya contemporània, 1800-2010

L‟objectiu d‟aquest article és mostrar quina ha estat l‟evolució i les característiques del regadiu a Catalunya entre mitjan segle XIX i principis del segle XXI. Per portar-ho a terme, a més d‟aquesta introducció, el text s‟estructura en quatre seccions. En la primera s‟expliquen quines havien estat les principals respostes de l‟agricultura tradicional a les disponibilitats d‟aigua i es destaca el paper que va tenir el regadiu. En la segona s‟analitzen els principis, les planificacions i els programes de foment del regadiu sorgits de la política hidràulica implementada per l‟estat espanyol entre finals del segle XIX i la dictadura franquista. En la tercera es destaca el protagonisme de la gran hidràulica i es mostra l‟evolució del regadiu i de la capacitat d‟embassament a Catalunya. Finalment, en la quarta secció, es realitza un balanç de la política de grans obres hidràuliques que ha imperat durant el segles XIX i XX i es destaca l‟emergència del nou paradigma hidràulic de la nova cultura de l‟aigua.

Neither dashboard nor 'mashup' indices: an empirical wealth approach as a pathway to a comprehensive measure of development

The article is composed of two sections. The first one is a critical review of the three main alternative indices to GDP which were proposed in the last decades – the Human Development Index (HDI), the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), and the Happy Planet Index (HPI) – which is made on the basis of conceptual foundations, rather than looking at issues of statistical consistency or mathematical refinement as most of the literature does. The pars construens aims to propose an alternative measure, the composite wealth index, consistent with an approach to development based on the notion of composite wealth, which is in turn derived from an empirical common sense criterion. Arguably, this approach is suitable to be conveyed into an easily understandable and coherent indicator, and thus appropriate to track development in its various dimensions: simple in its formulation, the wealth approach can incorporate social and ecological goals without significant alterations in conceptual foundations, while reducing to a minimum arbitrary weighting.

La Insostenibilidad energética del "Gran Dragón": China 1985-2009

China ya no es solo la principal fábrica del mundo, con el consiguiente nivel de consumo de recursos naturales (energía y materiales) y de emisiones de contaminantes, sino que se ha convertido en uno de los principales acreedores mundiales, y como tal, en garante del crecimiento de la mayoría de las economías occidentales. La insostenibilidad del modelo de crecimiento chino, basado en una copia de los países occidentales, se hace más evidente desde la crisis de oferta de petróleo que sacudió al mundo en julio de 2008, con los precios en máximos históricos, y que vino seguida de la crisis financiera en la que todavía nos encontramos. El presente artículo muestra la evolución del consumo de energía en China en los últimos 25 años y presenta algunas posibles causas del mismo, para concluir que es necesario repensar el modelo actual, que incluye las propuestas de salida de la crisis en China y en Occidente. Estas propuestas reiteran en los mismos errores del pasado inmediato, lo que nos puede conducir a una nueva crisis de oferta y a otra financiera, cuyos efectos distributivos a nivel mundial serán más graves que los actuales, a pesar de que puedan implicar una mejora ambiental.

La Competitividad de las exportaciones de vino español y el mercado mundial 1960-2011

Este trabajo analiza la evolución y competitividad de las exportaciones españolas de vino en el mercado mundial desde la década de 1960. Con ello explora las respuestas de la industria vinícola durante la globalización del vino. Analiza el comportamiento evolutivo del sector por tipos de vinos y el peso relativo de las exportaciones en volumen, valor y precios unitarios en el mercado mundial. El estudio de la ventaja comparativa del comercio exterior se realiza a través del índice de Ventaja Competitiva Revelada (VCR) o Índice de Balassa. Demuestra que pese al fabuloso crecimiento de las exportaciones entre 1960 y 2011 la industria española sigue especializada en vinos de bajo coste y en exportaciones a granel. Aunque mejoró la calidad y crecieron las exportaciones de vinos embotellados con denominación de origen, la competitividad del sector muestra serias debilidades que la sitúan entre las más bajas de los países especializados.

The roots of success: industrial growth in Italy reconsidered, 1911- 1951

This article reconsiders the growth of Italian industry from the First World War to the eve of the economic miracle, with the aid of sector-specific new value-added series, at three different price-bases. The new estimates reduce growth during the First World War, making the Italian case comparable to the other belligerent countries, while improving the performance of the 1920s. The 1929 crisis looks more profound than before, while the recovery after 1933 is now stronger. During the 1920s and the 1930s, a significant shift from traditional to more advanced activities took place: when confronted with the rest of Europe, the interwar period was a relative success, which laid the ground for the following economic boom.

Alimentació i nutrició al Vallès Occidental. Un segle i mig de canvis i permanències: 1787-1936

En aquest treball s’analitzen els canvis que es produeixen en la dieta de la població de la comarca catalana del Vallès Occidental entre finals del segle XVIII i 1936, un període marcat per les grans transformacions econòmiques i socials que experimenta aquesta comarca amb el procés d’industrialització, d’urbanització, l’intens creixement demogràfic i la transformació de la seva agricultura. El resultat serà una millora i canvis importants en la composició de la dieta, que es poden emmarcar en el context de l’anomenada transició nutricional, i que acaben repercutint a llarg termini en un augment dels nivells de vida i de benestar de la població.

An analysis of the metabolic patterns of two rural communities affected by soy expansion in the North of Argentina

The soy expansion model in Argentina generates structural changes in traditional lifestyles that can be associated with different biophysical and socioeconomic impacts. To explore this issue, we apply an innovative method for integrated assessment - the Multi Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) framework - to characterize two communities in the Chaco Region, Province of Formosa, North of Argentina. These communities have recently experienced the expansion of soy production, altering their economic activity, energy consumption patterns, land use, and human time allocation. The integrated characterization presented in the paper illustrates the differences (biophysical, socioeconomic, and historical) between the two communities that can be associated with different responses. The analysis of the factors behind these differences has important policy implications for the sustainable development of local communities in the area.

Soberanía alimentaria y cambios en la dieta en México 1961-2009. Una primera aproximación a partir de los datos sobre consumo aparente de la FAO

El trabajo que se desarrolla a continuación persigue un doble objetivo: por una parte, realizar una primera aproximación a los cambios que se han producido en la dieta de la población de México en los últimos 50 años. Unos cambios que se desarrollan en el contexto de la denominada transición nutricional, y que, como tendremos ocasión de constatar, adoptan en países en desarrollo como México unas características que no se ajustan totalmente al modelo de transición que en su momento determinaron las transformaciones experimentadas por los países de la Europa noroccidental. En segundo lugar, evaluar y analizar el proceso paralelo de progresiva pérdida de la soberanía alimentaria y de globalización de la dieta experimentada por México. Desde los años 1960 la dieta de las poblaciones centroamericanas se ha transformado de forma espectacular. En el marco de la llamada transición nutricional se ha producido un aumento del consumo de energía y nutrientes, a la vez que se ha modificado su procedencia tanto en lo que concierne a los productos como al lugar donde han sido producidos y la forma en que han sido procesados previamente. En concreto, se constata la reducción del consumo y aportación nutritiva de algunos integrantes tradicionales de la dieta, como los frijoles, en beneficio de otros productos vegetales como la patata, y especialmente de productos de origen animal como la carne de pollo, la leche o los huevos. Destacar la creciente importación directa e indirecta de alimentos básicos, como el maíz, componente importante de la dieta humana y de la alimentación de la creciente cabaña ganadera donde se destinan gran parte de las disponibilidades. Finalmente se analiza el impulso que desde la perspectiva de la oferta alimentaria disponible suponen en este proceso las medidas liberalizadoras que siguen a la crisis de la deuda externa de 1982 y la entrada en vigor del NAFTA en 1994.

Improving the organisation and commercialisation of small coffee and cocoa producers in the Northern Amazon Region of Ecuador

Coffee and cocoa represent the main sources of income for small farmers in the Northern Amazon Region of Ecuador. The provinces of Orellana and Sucumbios, as border areas, have benefited from investments made by many public and private institutions. Many of the projects carried out in the area have been aimed at energising the production of coffee and cocoa, strengthening the producers’ associations and providing commercialisation infrastructure. Improving the quality of life of this population threatened by poverty and high migration flows mainly from Colombia is a significant challenge. This paper presents research highlighting the importance of associative commercialisation to raising income from coffee and cocoa. The research draws on primary information obtained during field work, and from official information from the Ministry of Agriculture. The study presents an overview of current organisational structures, initiatives of associative commercialisation, stockpiling of infrastructure and ownership regimes, as well as estimates for both ‘robusta’ coffee and national cocoa production and income. The analysis of the main constraints presents different alternatives for the implementation of public land policies. These policies are aimed at mitigating the problems associated with the organisational structure of the producers, with processes of commercialisation and with environmental aspects, among others.

Beyond GDP: Methodological and measurement issues in redefining “wealth”

In the last decades; a growing stock of literature has been devoted to the criticism of GDP as an indicator of societal wealth. A relevant question is: what are the perspectives to build, on the existing knowledge and consensus, alternative measures of prosperity? A starting point may be to connect well-being research agenda with the sustainability one. However, there is no doubt that there is a lot of complexity and fuzziness inherent in multidimensional concepts such as sustainability and well-being. This article analyses the theoretical foundations and the empirical validity of some multidimensional technical tools that can be used for well-being evaluation and assessment. Of course one should not forget that policy conclusions derived through any mathematical model depend also on the conceptual framework used, i.e. which representation of reality (and thus which societal values and interests) has been considered.

Passive modernization? the new human development index and its components in Italy’s regions (1871-2007)

The article presents and discusses estimates of social and economic indicators for Italy’s regions in benchmark years roughly from Unification to the present day: life expectancy, education, GDP per capita at purchasing power parity, and the new Human Development Index (HDI). A broad interpretative hypothesis, based on the distinction between passive and active modernization, is proposed to account for the evolution of regional imbalances over the long-run. In the lack of active modernization, Southern Italy converged thanks to passive modernization, i.e., State intervention: however, this was more effective in life expectancy, less successful in education, expensive and as a whole ineffective in GDP. As a consequence, convergence in the HDI occurred from the late XIX century to the 1970s, but came to a sudden halt in the last decades of the XX century.

On the foundations of well-being economics and policy

When one wishes to implement public policies, there is a previous need of comparing different actions and valuating and evaluating them to assess their social attractiveness. Recently the concept of well-being has been proposed as a multidimensional proxy for measuring societal prosperity and progress; a key research topic is then on how we can measure and evaluate this plurality of dimensions for policy decisions. This paper defends the thesis articulated in the following points: 1. Different metrics are linked to different objectives and values. To use only one measurement unit (on the grounds of the so-called commensurability principle) for incorporating a plurality of dimensions, objectives and values, implies reductionism necessarily. 2. Point 1) can be proven as a matter of formal logic by drawing on the work of Geach about moral philosophy. This theoretical demonstration is an original contribution of this article. Here the distinction between predicative and attributive adjectives is formalised and definitions are provided. Predicative adjectives are further distinguished into absolute and relative ones. The new concepts of set commensurability and rod commensurability are introduced too. 3. The existence of a plurality of social actors, with interest in the policy being assessed, causes that social decisions involve multiple types of values, of which economic efficiency is only one. Therefore it is misleading to make social decisions based only on that one value. 4. Weak comparability of values, which is grounded on incommensurability, is proved to be the main methodological foundation of policy evaluation in the framework of well-being economics. Incommensurability does not imply incomparability; on the contrary incommensurability is the only rational way to compare societal options under a plurality of policy objectives. 5. Weak comparability can be implemented by using multi-criteria evaluation, which is a formal framework for applied consequentialism under incommensurability. Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation, in particular, allows considering both technical and social incommensurabilities simultaneously.

Comércio de Algodões e Cavalos em Cabo Verde (1460-1535)

Desde o seu descobrimento, Cabo Verde, como porto marítimo de passagem obrigatória, revelou-se de grande importância para o comércio entre Europa e África. Daí se compreenda que a maior parte dos réditos do arquipélago provinham do trato africano. Foi igualmente durante o século XV que a cultura do algodão e a criação de cavalos germinaram no arquipélago como mercadorias internas, passiveis de exportação. Ancorado firmemente na documentação manuscrita e relatos do período, esta dissertação compreende uma análise da cultura algodoeira e da criação equídea em Cabo Verde desde a sua descoberta até 1535, com a finalidade de identificar os motivos do desenvolvimentos destas duas actividades no arquipélago, a evolução ao longo do tempo do comércio destas duas mercadorias compreender e a importância do sector agropecuário nas ilhas.

The Energy metabolism of China and India between 1971-2010: studying the bifurcation

This paper presents a comparison of the changes in the energetic metabolic pattern of China and India, the two most populated countries in the world, with two economies undergoing an important economic transition. The comparison of the changes in the energetic metabolic pattern has the scope to characterize and explain a bifurcation in their evolutionary path in the recent years, using the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) approach. The analysis shows an impressive transformation of China’s energy metabolism determined by the joining of the WTO in 2001. Since then, China became the largest factory of the world with a generalized capitalization of all sectors ―especially the industrial sector― boosting economic labor productivity as well as total energy consumption. India, on the contrary, lags behind when considering these factors. Looking at changes in the household sector (energy metabolism associated with final consumption) in the case of China, the energetic metabolic rate (EMR) soared in the last decade, also thanks to a reduced growth of population, whereas in India it remained stagnant for the last 40 years. This analysis indicates a big challenge for India for the next decade. In the light of the data analyzed both countries will continue to require strong injections of technical capital requiring a continuous increase in their total energy consumption. When considering the size of these economies it is easy to guess that this may induce a dramatic increase in the price of energy, an event that at the moment will penalize much more the chance of a quick economic development of India.