Estudo hidrodinâmico quali-quantitativo de uma unidade de flotação por ar dissolvido (FAD): o efeito do dispositivo de coleta de água flotada

The main article aim was to investigate the collecting system of a dissolved air flotation (DAF) unit in pilot scale. Referring to the collecting system position, two options were analyzed: (i) top manifold and (ii) bottom manifold, pipes or plates. Qualitative and quantitative essays were performed, as image and stimulusresponse tests, respectively. The results of the essays standardized were adjusted by N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series and theoretical models of dispersion (low and high). The bottom manifold (plates with orifices) was more appropriate. The results pointed out that the N-continuous stirred tank reactors in series model was more adequate to describe the hydrodynamic behavior of the DAF unit.

Parameterization of bio-optical models for estimating chlorophyll-a concentration in a tropical eutrophic reservoir

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Drag force in a strongly coupled anisotropic plasma

We calculate the drag force experienced by an in finitely massive quark propagating at constant velocity through an anisotropic, strongly coupled N = 4 plasma by means of its gravity dual. We find that the gluon cloud trailing behind the quark is generally misaligned with the quark velocity, and that the latter is also misaligned with the force. The drag coefficient mu can be larger or smaller than the corresponding isotropic value depending on the velocity and the direction of motion. In the ultra-relativistic limit we find that generically mu proportional to p. We discuss the conditions under which this behaviour may extend to more general situations.

On the radial expansion of tubular structures in a quark-gluon plasma

We study the radial expansion of cylindrical tubes in a hot QGP. These tubes are treated as perturbations in the energy density of the system which is formed in heavy ion collisions at RHIC and LHC. We start from the equations of relativistic hydrodynamics in two spatial dimensions and cylindrical symmetry and perform an expansion of these equations in a small parameter, conserving the nonlinearity of the hydrodynamical formalism. We consider both ideal and viscous fluids and the latter are studied with a relativistic Navier-Stokes equation. We use the equation of state of the MIT bag model. In the case of ideal fluids we obtain a breaking wave equation for the energy density fluctuation, which is then solved numerically. We also show that, under certain assumptions, perturbations in a relativistic viscous fluid are governed by the Burgers equation. We estimate the typical expansion time of the tubes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

On the Origin of the Trigger-Angle Dependence of the Ridge Structure

The origin of the trigger-angle dependence of the ridge structure in two-hadron long-range correlations, as observed at RHIC, is discussed as due to an interplay between the elliptic flow caused by the initial state global geometry and flow produced by fluctuations.

The dynamics of a frictionally-dominated Amazonian estuary

The hydrodynamics, morphology and sedimentology of the Taperaçu estuary were investigated. This is one of several estuaries located within the largest mangrove fringe in the world, bordering the Amazon region, subject to a macrotidal regime and regionally atypical negligible fresh water supply. The results reveal widespread sand banks that occupy the central portion of the estuarine cross-section. Well-sorted very fine sandy sediments of marine origin prevail. Shorter flood phases, with substantially higher current velocities, were observed in the upper sector of Taperaçu, as expected for a shallow, friction-dominated estuary. However, ebb domination can be expected for estuaries with large associated mangrove areas and substantial estuarine infilling, both of which situations occur on the Taperaçu. The tidal asymmetry favoring flood currents could be the result of the absence of an effective fluvial discharge. Furthermore, it was observed that the Taperaçu is connected by tidal creeks to the neighboring Caeté estuary, allowing a stronger flux during the flood and intensifying the higher flood currents. As a whole, the results have shown a complex interaction of morphological aspects (friction, fluvial drainage, connections with neighbor estuaries, infilling and large storage area) in determining hydrodynamic patterns, thus improving the understanding of Amazon estuaries.

Macroalgal composition and its association with local hydrodynamics in the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, southwestern Atlantic, São Paulo, Brazil

The Laje de Santos Marine State Park (LSMSP), located in southeastern Brazil, is the only marine park in São Paulo State. This conservation unit has been established as a protected area of high biological diversity. Despite its importance for the conservation of the marine biota, little is known about the park's seaweed flora. The objectives of this study were as follows: to furnish increased knowledge of the composition of the macroalgae in the Park area; to relate the area's macroalgal composition to the presence of an important water mass in the region, the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW); and to investigate the possible influence of the Port of Santos on the composition of the macroalgae of the LSMSP. This study registered 31 new records for the LSMSP, 11 for São Paulo State, four for Brazil, one for the western Atlantic and one for the South Atlantic Ocean, in addition to the possible occurrence of one new species of Osmundea (Rhodomelaceae) and one new genus belonging to Ceramiaceae. The taxonomic composition of the macroalgae had a direct correlation with the arrival of the SACW in the summer-fall season. The SACW generated a strong thermocline and increased the supply of nutrients in the water column. Hydrodynamic and dispersion modeling analyses suggested that the Port of Santos influenced the composition of the LSMSP phycoflora.

Currents controlling sedimentation, deposits recording palaeo-hydrodynamics – lessons from the continental shelf-slope system off SE South America

The continental margin off SE South America hosts one of the world’s most energetic hydrodynamic regimes but also the second largest drainage system of the continent. Both, the ocean current system as well as the fluvial runoff are strongly controlled by the atmospheric circulation modes over the region. The distribution pattern of particular types of sediments on shelf and slope and the long-term built-up of depositional elements within the overall margin architecture are, thus, the product of both, seasonal to millennial variability as well as long-term environmental trends. This talk presents how the combination of different methodological approaches can be used to obtain a comprehensive picture of the variability of a shelf and upper-slope hydrodynamic system during Holocene times. The particular methods applied are: (a) Margin-wide stratigraphic information to elucidate the role of sea level for the oceanographic and sedimentary systems since the last glacial maximum; (b) Palaeoceanographic sediment proxies combined with palaeo-temperature indicating isotopes of bivalve shells to trace lateral shifts in the coastal oceanography (particularly of the shelf front) during the Holocene; (c) Neodymium isotopes to identify the shelf sediment transport routes resulting from the current regime; (d) Sedimentological/geochemical data to show the efficient mechanism of sand export from the shelf to the open ocean; (e) Diatom assemblages and sediment element distributions indicating palaeo-salinity and the changing marine influence to illustrate the Plata runoff history. Sea level has not only controlled the overall configuration of the shelf but also the position of the main sediment routes from the continent towards the ocean. The shelf front has shifted frequently since the last glacial times probably resulting from both, changes in the Westerly Winds intensity and in the shelf width itself. Remarkable is a southward shift of this front during the past two centuries possibly related to anthropogenic influences on the atmosphere. The oceanographic regime with its prominent hydrographic boundaries led to a clear separation of sedimentary provinces since shelf drowning. It is especially the shelf front which enhances shelf sediment export through a continuous high sand supply to the uppermost slope. Finally, the Plata River does not continuously provide sediment to the shelf but shows significant climate-related changes in discharge during the past centuries. Starting from these findings, three major fields of research should, in general, be further developed in future: (i) The immediate interaction of the hydrodynamic and sedimentary systems to close the gaps between deposit information and modern oceanographic dynamics; (ii) Material budget calculations for the marginal ocean system in terms of material fluxes, storage/retention capacities, and critical thresholds; (iii) The role of human activity on the atmospheric, oceanographic and solid material systems to unravel natural vs. anthropogenic effects and feedback mechanisms

Dinâmica Sedimentar da Lagoa Itapeva, RS - Brasil.

Os fatores hidrodinâmicos que controlam a sedimentação na Lagoa Itapeva foram avaliados através do mapa de distribuição granulométrica gerado a partir do diagrama de Pejrup e da análise da ação hidrodinâmica induzida pelas ondas no corpo lacustre. Além disso, através do método geocronológico do 210Pb estimou-se a taxa de sedimentação no interior lacustre. Os padrões texturais em amostras sedimentares de fundo indicam a presença de significativa energia hidrodinâmica atuante no processo de sedimentação, com predomínio da fração arenosa nas margens submersas e granodecrescência para tamanhos de silte grosso a fino em direção ao centro. A ação hidrodinâmica induzida pelas ondas é fator condicionante na distribuição dos sedimentos, pois os ventos mais frequentes com média de intensidade de 16 m.s-1, atuando em uma pista de até 31 km, geram ondas com altura significativa de 0,60 m, período de 3,3 s e velocidade orbital de 0,34 m.s-1 junto ao fundo. Como este valor excede o limite para movimentação de sedimentos tamanho areia, essa classe granulométrica predomina juntamente com o silte apresentando baixa concentração no tamanho argila. A taxa de sedimentação foi estimada através da obtenção de três testemunhos de sondagem sendo aplicado o método geocronológico 210Pb a qual indicou taxas de sedimentação na ordem de 2,9 mm.a-1, 2,4 mm.a-1 e 3,2 mm.a-1 no sentido norte sul. A contribuição da drenagem do rio Três Forquilhas foi o principal condicionante na diferença entre estes setores aumentando a taxa de sedimentação perto da desembocadura. A análise granulométrica ao longo dos testemunhos indica a existência de significativa energia hidrodinâmica no processo de sedimentação na área central do corpo lacustre. A fração silte é a classe dominante, com variação de diâmetro entre médio a grosso em todas as amostras, sendo mais comum a ocorrência da fração areia em relação à argila, que apresentou baixa concentração, não ultrapassando 9%.

Experimental model identification of open-frame underwater vehicles

Most of the works published on hydrodynamic parameter identification of open-frame underwater vehicles focus their attention almost exclusively on good coherence between simulated and measured responses, giving less importance to the determination of “actual values” for hydrodynamic parameters. To gain insight into hydrodynamic parameter experimental identification of open-frame underwater vehicles, an experimental identification procedure is proposed here to determine parameters of uncoupled and coupled models. The identification procedure includes: (i) a prior estimation of actual values of the forces/torques applied to the vehicle, (ii) identification of drag parameters from constant velocity tests and (iii) identification of inertia and coupling parameters from oscillatory tests; at this stage, the estimated values of drag parameter obtained in item (ii) are used. The procedure proposed here was used to identify the hydrodynamic parameters of LAURS—an unmanned underwater vehicle developed at the University of São Paulo. The thruster–thruster and thruster–hull interactions and the advance velocity of the vehicle are shown to have a strong impact on the efficiency of thrusters appended to open-frame underwater vehicles, especially for high advance velocities. Results of tests with excitation in 1-DOF and 3-DOF are reported and discussed, showing the feasibility of the developed procedure.

Solitrons Hidrodinâmicos de Korteweg-de Vries.

Esse artigo foi escrito para alunos de graduação e pós- graduação em Física e para alunos de Engenharia. Primeiramente mostramos como construir a equação diferencial não-linear de Korteweg e de Vries a partir das equações básicas da hidrodinâmica. Em seguida mostramos como resolvê-la obtendo as ondas denominadas de solitons.

Modelación numérica de procesos ecológicos e hidrodinámicos en áreas costeras y oceánicas

[ES] Se habla de los principios básicos de modelación costera y oceánica y las diferentes posibles aplicaciones usando las herramientas de modelación Mohid modelling system.

Investigación y cuantificación de los procesos de colmatación en las operaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos mediante balsas de infiltración y pozos de inyección

La deposición de determinadas fracciones de finos en el entorno de los pozos de inyección y las balsas de infiltración, ambas instalaciones de recarga artificial de acuíferos, conlleva la variación de propiedades hidrogeológicas del medio tales como la permeabilidad. La hidráulica de pozos y la hidrodinámica de balsas tradicionales no contemplan la condición de permeabilidad variable, por lo que se han investigado las funciones de colmatación y permeabilidad como funciones matemáticas susceptibles de reproducir este nuevo comportamiento. A partir de estas funciones, la utilización de métodos analíticos y numéricos ha permitido desarrollar las correspondientes ecuaciones de flujo aplicables a medios detríticos colmatados; el objetivo de esta nueva formulación es la cuantificación de los efectos que los procesos de colmatación tienen sobre las formaciones permeables. Se comprueba que el caudal unitario infiltrado en las balsas de recarga depende de la permeabilidad del medio; asimismo, en dichas instalaciones, la masa de finos colmatada depende de su concentración en la superficie de infiltración y de las velocidades de decantación e infiltración a través de la balsa. Por su parte y en presencia de colmatación, los acuíferos sometidos a caudales constantes de inyección por pozos experimentan ascensos de nivel piezométrico superiores a los teóricamente predecibles; por el contrario, la evolución de los caudales de inyección a nivel constante en los pozos de recarga responde a un comportamiento decreciente, también superior a lo inicialmente previsto por el modelo teórico. Estas variaciones de caudal y nivel piezométrico dependen de parámetros como la concentración y tamaño de los sólidos en suspensión en el agua de recarga, el tamaño de las partículas constituyentes del medio detrítico, la distancia al eje del pozo, etc.

Desarrollo de un procedimiento para el cálculo de la fuerza de fricción en un contacto EHD. Validación experimental del procedimiento

Con objeto de minimizar la fricción y desgaste, la industria diseña sus máquinas para que estas funcionen en régimen elastohidrodinámico durante el mayor tiempo posible. Científicos de todos los tiempos han dedicado sus vidas al estudio de la lubricación en régimen de película gruesa. Con especial interés, Ingenieros del último siglo y medio han realizado multitud de experimentos y, con los medios disponibles en su momento, han analizado y tabulado resultados, con objeto de disponer de herramientas que permitieran calcular la fuerza de fricción en contactos EHD. En el presente trabajo de tesis se ha elaborado un modelo propio de lubricación en régimen elastohidrodinámico. Este modelo permite la resolución del problema EHD por dos vías. En primer lugar la resolución analítica del problema EHD permite obtener de forma rápida valores aproximados de coeficiente de fricción y espesor de película, comprobar las hipótesis de cada modelo, y estudiar la influencia de los parámetros. En segundo lugar es posible resolver el problema EHD de forma numérica, realizándose un cálculo totalmente paramétrico de coeficiente de fricción y de la película lubricante. El cálculo se realiza de forma interactiva y a través de una herramienta informática. El objetivo del trabajo es disponer de una herramienta que aplicada a cualquier contacto tribológico (engranajes, rodamientos, etc), permita estudiar su eficiencia, predecir flash de temperatura, posibilidad de fallo por desgaste o gripado. Para el ajuste del modelo ha sido necesaria la realización de unos experimentos previos de ajuste de los equipos de ensayo. Los equipos de ensayo de laboratorio nos ofrecen unos resultados de coeficiente de fricción. Estos valores son introducidos en los modelos de la teoría elastohidrodinámica clásica disponibles en la literatura. Los modelos nos permiten estimar valores teóricos de coeficiente de fricción y espesor de película, que son contrastados con los valores de coeficiente de fricción obtenidos experimentalmente. Por repetición de experiencias ha sido posible ajustar los parámetros de material y lubricante que definen los modelos, hasta ajustar los resultados calculados con los obtenidos por vía experimental. Este ajuste ha permitido comprobar los cálculos y validar las hipótesis de los regímenes y condiciones de operación de los equipos de ensayo. Finalmente se han empleado los parámetros de material y lubricante obtenidos, para formar el modelo EHD propio. Introduciendo en el modelo los resultados obtenidos, es posible calcular el espesor de película y el coeficiente de fricción, para cualquier condición de velocidad, temperatura y carga. Para la elaboración de este modelo se ha partido de las ecuaciones de estado de la hidrodinámica (Ley de Continuidad de Reynols). Este modelo predice el comportamiento ideal en régimen hidrodinámico. Para aproximarnos al régimen elastohidrodinámico no es posible considerar a los cuerpos en contacto como sólidos rígidos que mantienen su geometría inalterada, y por tanto se introducen en este modelo las leyes que consideran la deformación elástica de los materiales. Por último es necesario tener en cuenta que sólo cuando el fluido lubricante está sometido a bajas velocidades de deformación y las condiciones de carga no son elevadas, es posible considerar su comportamiento ideal newtoniano, según el cual la tensión tangencial que ofrece es proporcional al gradiente de velocidad al que se encuentra sometido. Para el ajuste del modelo y adecuada predicción de la película lubricante es necesario introducir modelos de comportamiento del lubricante más complejos que tienen en cuenta las propiedades viscoelásticas de este, tales como Newton/Barus, Tensión Cortante Límite y Carreau. Para ello se han tomado medidas reológicas de los fluidos a distintas presiones y temperaturas. Se ha demostrado que los modelos isotermos no predicen adecuadamente el coeficiente de fricción en condiciones de funcionamiento con deslizamientos elevados, debido al calentamiento del aceite por compresión y cizalla. Es estos casos es necesario emplear un modelo termoelastohidrodinámico.