Potencial de lixiviação de herbicidas utilizados na cultura do algodão em colunas de solo

O intenso uso de herbicidas implica a necessidade de determinar o potencial dessas substâncias em contaminar fontes aquáticas subsuperficiais. Diante dessa preocupação, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de água sobre o potencial de lixiviação de quatro herbicidas utilizados em pré-emergência na cultura do algodão, em dois solos provenientes de Campo Novo do Parecis-MT (RQ - textura arenosa) e Tangará da Serra-MT (LV - textura argilosa). No desenvolvimento deste trabalho utilizouse a técnica de bioensaio em colunas de solo, nas quais foram simuladas irrigações de 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mm, após a aplicação de alachlor (RQ 2,40; LV 3,36 kg ha-1), oxyfluorfen (RQ 0,48; LV 0,72 kg ha-1), prometryne (RQ 0,75; LV 1,50 kg ha-1) e S-metolachlor (RQ 1,20; LV 1,44 kg ha-1). Nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), evidenciou-se que lâminas de 80 e 100 mm de água proporcionaram lixiviação até a profundidade de 10-15 cm do alachlor e até 15-20 cm do S-metolachlor. Independentemente da lâmina de água aplicada, nas amostras de RQ oxyfluorfen não ultrapassou a camada de 5-10 cm, e o prometryne movimentou-se até a camada de 10-15 cm somente na lâmina de 100 mm de água. Nas amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV), o oxyfluorfen não se movimentou além da camada superficial, mesmo sob as maiores lâminas de irrigação, e o prometryne atingiu 5-10 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm. Os herbicidas alachlor e S-metolachlor atingiram 10-15 cm de profundidade sob lâminas de 80 e 100 mm no LV. Evidenciou-se uma maior movimentação efetiva das moléculas de herbicidas nas amostras de solo com textura arenosa (RQ), em relação às amostras de solo com textura argilosa (LV).

Efeito residual de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência em diferentes solos

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência em gramíneas forrageiras

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência sobre a produção e a qualidade de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk. Os herbicidas avaliados foram: diuron (800 e 1.600 g ha-1), ametryn (625 e 1.250 g ha-1), imazaquin (75 e 150 g ha-1), imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) e flumetsulam (70 e 140 g ha-1), além de uma testemunha sem aplicação de herbicidas. As espécies foram avaliadas separadamente no campo. Os experimentos foram instalados no delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os herbicidas ametryn (625 g ha-1), imazaquin (75 e 150 g ha-1), imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) e flumetsulam (70 e 140 g ha-1) foram os que proporcionaram maior seletividade às plantas de B. brizantha, enquanto para B. decumbens o diuron (800 e 1.600 g ha-1), o ametryn (625 e 1.250 g ha-1) e o imazethapyr (50 e 100 g ha-1) foram mais seletivos, destacando-se o diuron na menor dose. Contudo, os herbicidas avaliados não alteram a produção e a qualidade das sementes das forrageiras estudadas.

Impacto de herbicidas em isolados de Trichoderma spp.

O uso de microrganismos é uma alternativa para o controle de doenças em plantas. Todavia, é prudente verificar a interação desse com os demais métodos de controle empregados em determinada cultura. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar a fungitoxicidade dos herbicidas sobre o crescimento e desenvolvimento dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 6 x 6 x 4, com quatro repetições. O fator A correspondeu aos herbicidas pendimethalin, clomazone, carfentrazone-ethyl, oxadiazon, thiobencarb + propanil e byspiribac-sodium; o fator B, às doses dos herbicidas - 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 200% da dose recomendada; e o fator C, aos isolados de Trichoderma spp. AJAM 18, CE 66, TRI 01 e TRI 02. O ensaio foi realizado em condições in vitro; avaliaram-se o crescimento micelial radial (CMR) e a esporulação dos isolados após aplicação dos herbicidas. Observaram-se diferenças de sensibilidade dos isolados para o mesmo produto testado. O oxadiazon reduziu o CMR dos isolados AJAM 18 e TRI 01 em 66 e 35%, respectivamente. No entanto, reduziu apenas 16% do CMR do isolado TRI 02 e não alterou o CMR do isolado CE 66 mesmo em 200% da dose recomendada. Verificaram-se diferentes efeitos dos produtos em cada isolado. A mistura comercial de thiobencarb+propanil foi altamente tóxica aos isolados de Trichoderma spp., com reduções em torno de 85% no CMR e no número de esporos. Por outro lado, o byspiribac-sodium pouco afetou os isolados, apresentando reduções inferiores a 10% no CMR e na esporulação. O carfentrazone-ethyl e byspiribac-sodium demonstraram ser compatíveis com os isolados de Trichoderma spp. estudados.

Ensaios sobre a metodologia do estudo da influência de três herbicidas em Spirodela punctata (G.F.W. Meyer) Thompson (Lemnaceae)

O presente trabalho visa conhecer a taxa de multiplicação e o índice de mortalidade de S. punctata a diversas concentrações do butaclora, propanila e glifosato bem como comparar dois métodos diferentes de investigações (ensaio 1 e 2). Os dados indicaram que no ensaio 1 as concentrações foram pouco tóxicas provocando baixos índices de mortalidade embora tenha ocorrido inibição do crescimento nas concentrações mais fortes. O ensaio 2 mostrou que a butaclora e a propanila são mais tóxicas que o glifosato, com valores de mortalidade de 100% em apenas 48 horas. A taxa de multiplicação, neste ensaio, somente foi determinada para o glifosato, pois os demais herbicidas foram altamente tóxicos para a espécie. Verificou-se, na comparação dos dois métodos diferentes, que os recipientes utilizados no ensaio 2 foram mais adequados ao cultivo da espécie e que os efeitos tóxicos devem ser observados em frondes consideradas individualmente e não em plantas inteiras.

Seletividade de combinações de herbicidas latifolicidas com lactofen para a cultura de soja

Combinações de herbicidas visam o aumento do espectro de controle de plantas daninhas do complexo florístico, sendo usadas na agricultura com freqüência. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a seletividade das combinações do herbicida lactofen, com bentazon, fomesafen, chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr na cultura da soja, cultivar BR-37. Para isso, foi instalado um experimento de campo em Maringá-PR, em área livre de plantas daninhas evitando assim possíveis interferências sobre a cultura. Os tratamentos combinados foram obtidos aplicando-se de maneira contínua cada produto e suas doses a 75, 50 e 25% da dose comercial, seguindo as linhas de soja e novamente, aplicando-os perpendicularmente as mesmas, sendo assim, os locais onde houve o cruzamento e sobreposição das aplicações, formaram-se as combinações dos herbicidas, originando também, quatro testemunhas diagonais aos tratamentos. A comparação entre as médias de produtividade foi feita com o cálculo dos intervalos de confiança das testemunhas e de cada tratamento, adotando-se o teste t a 5%. As combinações foram seletivas para a cultura da soja. Verificaram-se reduções na produtividade de soja entre as combinações com os herbicidas nas maiores doses, sugerindo a necessidade de realizar novas pesquisas com os mesmos.

Seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas inibidores da enzima accase na cultura da mamona

This experiment aimed to evaluate the selectivity and efficacy of ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in castor bean crop, at Paraguacu Paulista, São Paulo, during the 2002/03 agricultural season. The experimental design used was randomized complete blocks, with eleven treatments and four replicates, constituted by the following herbicides and adjuvants: fluazifop-p-butyl 313 g ha(-1)) + Agral (TM) 0.2% v/v); sethoxydim 322 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); haloxyfop-methyl 120 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); clethodim+ fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 75 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); quizalofop-pethyl 125 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); clethodim 156 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); propaquizafop 175 g ha(-1)) + Assist (TM) 0.5% v/v); tepraloxydim 400 g ha(-1)) + Dash (TM) 0.5% v/v); butroxydim 100 g ha(-1)) + Dash (TM) 0.5% v/v); isoxaflutole 60 g ha(-1)) and weed-free check. At the moment of application, castor bean plants presented 4 to 6 leaves and Cenchrus echinatus, 1 to 5 tillers. AL Guarany 2002 cultivar presented high selectivity to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides, without visible symptoms of phytotoxicity in 14 DAA days after application), except for tepraloxydim, whose symptoms persisted until 21 DAA, and isoxaflutole HPPD inhibiting), which showed injuries in older leaves and significant yield reduction. C. echinatus infestation was efficiently controlled by ACCase-inhibiting herbicides between 14 and 21 DAA (>= 95.0%).

Tolerância de diferentes cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) a herbicidas

This work aimed to evaluate the tolerance of sugarcane cultivars to sulfentrazone, imazapic, isoxaflutole, clomazone and ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme. The cultivars were allocated to the plots and the herbicides to the sub-plots (five 8.0 m long rows and 1.5 m spacing, with 4 repetitions. The herbicides sulfentrazone (0.8 kg ha(-1)), imazapic (0.147 kg ha(-1)), isoxaflutole (0.1125 kg ha(-1)), clomazone (1.1 kg ha(-1)), ametryn (1.463 kg ha(-1)) + trifloxysulfuron sodium (0.037 kg ha-1) and control were evaluated on 3-yr-old ratoons of the cultivars IACSP94-2094, IACSP94-2101, IACSP93-3046, IACSP94-4004, IAC86-2480 and RB72454 in post emergence. The traits evaluated were: plant toxicity symptoms in the plant leaves; total chlorophyll content and photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) at 15, 30 and 60 days after application (DAA); height (cm) at 30 and 270 DAA, and plant stand (stalk m(-1)) at 30 and 180 DAA. Diameter (cm), estimated productivity (t ha(-1)) and quality analysis were evaluated at 270 DAA. The sugarcane cultivars IACSP94-2094, IACSP93-3046, IACSP94-4004, IAC86-2480, RB72454, and IACSP94-2101 especially, were susceptible to clomazone up to 30 DAA, due to leaf chlorosis and lower chlorophyll content, but had no effect on quality characteristics and productivity. The cultivars were also tolerant to other herbicides.

Influência de herbicidas em macrófitas aquáticas

The effects of the herbicides atrazine, 2,4-D, glyphosate (direct and rodeo) and trifluralin were determined on the growth and death of fronds of the aquatic macrophytes Spirodela punctata (G.F.W. Meyer) Thompson and Salvinia minima Baker, through three series of concentrations of each herbicide in climatic chamber (3000 lux, 12/12 hours photoperiod, temperature 23 ± 1°C). After seven days, the concentrations of series 1 (0.025, 0.125, 0.625 and 3.125 mg.L -1) inhibited the growth of Salvinia minima. In Spirodela punctata, only the herbicides rodeo and trifluralin caused growth inhibition. These concentrations did not caused death of fronds in the species. The concentrations of series 2 (40, 60, 80 and 100 mg.L -1) of the herbicides 2,4-D, direct e trifluralin decreased growth of Salvinia minima; death of fronds was caused by 2,4-D and trifluralin to Salvinia minima, and by direct and trifluralin to Spirodela punctata. For the series 3 (200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 mg.L -1), the herbicide 2,4-D caused growth decrease of both species. The herbicides rodeo and trifluralin showed to be the most lethal for both species. The herbicide atrazine caused death of fronds in Spirodela punctata.

Toxicologia dos cosméticos

Although not desirable, cosmetic products can cause some adverse effects in me user. Such effects can be due bom to individual factors and by inadequate use. So, the safety evaluation must precede the placement of the cosmetic product in the market. Once the consumer has free access to cosmetic product, it must be safe in normal conditions or reasonably previsible of use. Historically the evaluation tests were accomplished with animals (in vivo) but, at the moment, some research centers have been adopting new alternatives (in vitro) in order to replace me tests with animals. This article emphasizes me necessity of accomplishing toxicity assays for personal hygiene products, cosmetics and perfumes, an also presents the tests in vivo and in vitro used, approaching the necessity of alternative methods to the assays in vitro in the evaluation of security of them.

Pré-oxidação e adsorção em carvão ativado granular para remoção dos herbicidas Diuron e Hexazinona de água subterrânea

The cultivation of sugarcane demands the use of herbicides such as Diuron and Hexazinone. Some supply wells from Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil, built in the Guarani Aquifer are located in recharge points, and the presence of sandy Quartzarenic Neosol in these areas increases the vulnerability of the groundwater to contamination from herbicides This paper reports the water quality monitored in some wells located in the recharge area and the removal of Diuron and Hexazinone by means of adsorption in granular activated carbon (GAC), preceded or not by preoxidation with chlorine and chlorine dioxide in a pilot plant. The results indicated that Diuron was more strongly adsorbed than Hexazinone and that the saturation time of the GAC in the test with preoxidation was shorter than in the test without preoxidation, which may have occurred mainly due to the formation of by-products that competed with the adsorption of the herbicides.

Influência de laminas de chuva no controle de plantas daninhas, semeadas em diferentes profundidades no solo, com aplicação de herbicidas pré-emergentes

The aim of this work was to evaluate the control in pre-emergence of the weeds brachiaria grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) in different depths in the ground, for the oxyfluorfen and isoxaflutole herbicides, applied in pre-emergence condition and submitted of different rain blades. The experimental design was entirely at random, with four repetitions. Each set was consisted of plastic vases with substratum capacity of 4L, filled with arenaceous ground, increased of brachiaria grass and goosegrass seeds in the depths: 0,5; 1,0; 3,0; 6,0 and 9,0 cm. Doses of 37,5 g a.i. ha -1 of isoxaflutole and 720 g a.i. ha -1 of oxyfluorfen were used. The rain blades was 5, 10 and 20 mm applied with a stationary rain simulator, beyond a treatment without rain. Visual evaluations of control at 7 and 14 days had been carried through after application of the herbicides, counting of germinated plants and dry biomass of plants without application. The development of both weeds was inhibited by herbicides, reaching 100% of control, in all depth levels. The different rain blades had not influenced the control of the weeds. In the biggest depth of sowing (9,0 cm), the emergence was above 45% to B. decumbens and 36% to E. indica in treatments without herbicides application.

Tolerância de Espécies de Mucuna a Herbicidas Utilizados na Cultura da Cana-de-Açúcar

The emergence of Mucuna species in sugarcane plantations, even after herbicide spraying for weed management, allowed us to elaborate the hypothesis that these plants are tolerant to the herbicides commonly used in the culture. Thus, to prove this hypothesis, this work was carried out to study the tolerance of Mucuna aterrima, Mucuna cinerea and Mucuna deeringiana to application of herbicides with different mechanisms of action in pre- and postemergence. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with 9 treatments and five replications in a factorial 3 × 3, plus controls. At pre-emergence, the first factor was constituted by the herbicides sulfentrazone (800 g ha-1), imazapic (245 g ha-1), and amicarbazone (1,400 g ha-1), and the second factor by the Mucuna species, besides the additional control for each species studied. At post- emergence, the herbicides tested were clomazone (1,100 g ha-1), ametryn+trifloxysulfuronsodium (1,463 + 37 g ha-1), and 2,4-D (1,209 g ha-1). In the chemical management at pre-emergence, the species were sensitive to amicarbazone, followed by sulfentrazone, and tolerant to imazapic. At post-emergence, all species were sensitive to ametryn + trifloxysulfuron-sodium and 2,4-D, but tolerant to clomazone.

Déficit hídrico na eficiência de herbicidas e nas características bioquímicas de Euphorbia heterophylla

The objective of this work was to evaluate conditions the effectiveness of acetolactate synthase (ALS) and protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PROTOX) inhibitors in the Bidens pilosa control under two water deficit conditions, as well as to determine the action under the content of soluble carbohydrates and protein and free amino acids of weed. The experimental design was randomized completely design, with four replications, with the treatments setup in a factorial scheme 4x2, with four herbicides (fomesafen lactofen, chlorimuron-ethyl and imazethapyr), and two soil water conditions (-0.5 MPa and -0.01MPa). At 7, 14, 21 and 28 days after application (DAA), was assessed visually control efficiency of herbicides. For the determination of organic solutes plants were collected at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after application (HAA), except for the amino acids were analyzed 48, 72 e 96 HAA. Herbicides fomesafen and lactofen were efficient to control E. heterophylla, while the ALS inhibitors (chlorimuron-ethyl e imazethapyr) provided an unsatisfactory control. Water deficit altered the efficiency of herbicides, mainly chlorimuronethyl. Lactofen provided a smaller content of soluble carbohydrates, in the same way, the protein ranged in the 72 HAA, the lower value observed for imazethapyr e lactofen respectively. Herbicide lactofen increased the concentration of free amino acids, while the imposition of water deficit caused an increase in soluble carbohydrate content.

Emergência de Rottboellia exaltata influenciada pela profundidade de semeadura, quantidade de palha de cana sobre o solo e aplicação de herbicidas residuais

Mechanical sugarcane harvest without burning and continuous straw on the soil surface may affect the Rottboellia exaltata infestation dynamics in sugarcane fields. Three greenhouse experiments were conducted with the aim of studying the effects of sowing depth (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 cm), amount of sugarcane straw on the soil surface (0, 5, 10, and 15 ton ha-1), and residual herbicide (clomazone, flumioxazin, imazapyr, isoxaflutole, and s-metolachlor) on the emergence of Rottboellia exaltata. For each experiment, a completely randomized design with four replicates was applied. The combination of mulch on soil surface (especially with larger amounts of straw) with deeper sowing depths provides less emergence and mass accumulation of R. exaltata. In bare soil, the sowing depth did not affect the weed dynamics. Clomazone and imazapyr were effective herbicides controlling R. exaltata regardless of the amount of straw on the soil surface. Flumioxazin was also effective in controlling R. exaltata but only under bare soil conditions. Even with 60 mm of accumulated rainfall over the 4 day period after application, the amount of flumioxazin leached to the soil was not enough to ensure the same control observed when applying the herbicide on bare soil.