Extended ageing time and temperature effects on quality of sub-primal cuts of boxed beef

[EN]Most of the information indicating ageing improves tenderness has been collected on the loin and rib-eye muscles over relatively short ageing times, assuming that all muscles will react similarly. In the present study, the effect of extended ageing times on instrumental texture (56 d) and sensory characteristics (42 d) of six different beef sub-primals [striploin (SL), inside round (IR), outside round (OR), eye of round (ER), blade eye (BE) and chuck tender (CT)] was studied. The effects of two ageing temperatures (1and 58C) were also compared. In general, ageing increased tenderness (P<0.05) of SL, BE, ER and CT sub-primals, although BE shear force increased after 42 d of ageing. On the other hand, ageing had no effect on IR tenderness (P<0.05) and resulted in a decrease in tenderness of OR (P<0.05) until day 35, with a later increase after 42 d of ageing. Increasing ageing temperature (58C) had limited effect on tenderness, but ageing time and temperature increases led to lower flavour and higher off-flavour intensity (P<0.05) of the studied sub-primals. These results suggest that cutspecific maximum ageing times and rigid adherence to temperature maximums would be of benefit to optimize postslaughter processes and meat quality

Investigation of Vaporized Kerosene Injection in a Supersonic Model Combustor

Characteristics of vaporized aviation kerosene injection in a supersonic model combustor were preliminarily investigated. The electrically storage type heater has a volume capacity of heating kerosene of 0.8 kg up to 670 K at a pressure of 5.5 Mpa. The temperature to cause pressurized kerosene jet being fully vaporized in Quiescent atmosphere was found to be 550 K at 4 Mpa however the pressurized hot kerosene remains in liquid state within the tube. The correspondent jet spray in Mach 2.5 vitiated air cross-flow were visualized by using stop schlieren photograph.It was found the penetration depth of the hot pressurized kerosene jet is approximately same with the temperature varied from 290 K to 550 k. at pressure of 4 Mpa. This results showed that the atomization process of hot kerosene jet spray in supersonic combustor could be bypassed and directly transferred to be gas state at temperature 550 K and pressure of 4 Mpa.

Subcooled Pool Boiling at Microgravity: Preliminary Ground-Based Experimental Results

A temperature-controlled pool boiling (TCPB) device was developed to perform pool boiling heat transfer studies at both normal gravity on Earth and microgravity in the drop tower Beijing and aboard a Chinese recovery satellite. Two platinum wires of 60 ?m in diameter were simultaneously used as heaters and thermometers. The lengths were 30 mm and 40 mm, respectively. The ends of wires were soldered with copper poles to provide low resistance paths for the electric current. The heater resistance, and thus the heater temperature, was kept constant by a feedback circuit similar to that used in constant-temperature hot-wire anemometry. The fluid was R113 at 0.1 Mpa and subcooled by 30 ?C nominally for all cases. The results of the experiments at normal gravity were presented. Four modes, namely single-phase convection, nucleate boiling, transition two-mode boiling, and film boiling were observed. A few data obtained from several preliminary experiments at microgravity in the drop tower Beijing were also presented. A slight increase of the heat flux was obtained.

Experimental Study on Subcooled Pool Boiling in Microgravity Utilizing

Lateral motion and departure of vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling on thin wires in microgravity

A space experiment on bubble behavior and heat transfer in subcooled pool boiling phenomenon has been performed utilizing the temperature-controlled pool boiling (TCPB) device both in normal gravity in the laboratory and in microgravity aboard the 22(nd) Chinese recoverable satellite. The fluid is R113 at 0.1 MPa and subcooled by 26 degrees C nominally. A thin platinum wire of 60 mu m in diameter and 30mm in length is simultaneously used as heater and thermometer. Only the lateral motion and the departure of discrete vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling are reported and analyzed in the present paper. A scale analysis on the Marangoni convection surrounding a bubble in the process of subcooled nucleate pool boiling leads to formulas of the characteristic velocity of the lateral motion and its observability. The predictions consist with the experimental observations. Considering the Marangoni effect, a new qualitative model is proposed to reveal the mechanism underlying the bubble departure processes and a quantitative agreement can also be acquired.

Bubble Behavior and Heat Transfer in Quasi-Steady Pool Boiling in Microgravity

Pool boiling of degassed FC-72 on a plane plate heater has been studied experimentally in microgravity. A quasi-steady heating method is adopted, in which the heating voltage is controlled to increase exponentially with time. Compared with terrestrial experiments, bubble behaviors are very different, and have direct effect on heat transfer. Small, primary bubbles attached on the surface seem to be able to suppress the activation of the cavities in the neighborhoods, resulting in a slow increase of the wall temperature with the heat flux. For the high subcooling, the coalesced bubble has a smooth surface and a small size. It is difficult to cover the whole heater surface, resulting in a special region of gradual transitional boiling in which nucleate boiling and local dry area can co-exist. No turning point corresponding to the transition from nucleate boiling to film boiling can be observed. On the contrary, the surface oscillation of the coalesced bubble at low subcooling may cause more activated nucleate sites, and then the surface temperature may keep constant or even fall down with the increasing heat flux. Furthermore, an abrupt transition to film boiling can also be observed. It is shown that heat transfer coefficient and CHF increase with the subcooling or pressure in microgravity, as observed in normal gravity.

Subcooled pool boiling on thin wire in microgravity

A new set of experimental data of subcooled pool boiling on a thin wire in rnicrogravity aboard the 22nd Chinese recoverable satellite is reported in the present paper. The temperature-control led heating method is used. The results of the experiments in normal gravity before and after the flight experiment are also presented, and compared with those in microgravity. The working fluid is degassed R113 at 0.1 MPa and subcooled by 26 degrees C nominally. A thin platinum wire of 60 mu m in diameter and 30 mm in length is simultaneously used as heater and thermometer. It is found that the heat transfer of nucleate pool boiling is slightly enhanced in microgravity comparing with those in normal gravity. It is also found that the correlation of Lienhard and Dhir can predict the CHF with good agreement, although the range of the dimensionless radius is extended by three or more decades above the originally set limit. Three critical bubble diameters are observed in microgravity, which divide the observed vapor bubbles into four regimes with different sizes. Considering the Marangoni effect, a qualitative model is proposed to reveal the mechanism underlying the bubble departure processes, and a quantitative agreement can also be acquired.

Dynamics of discrete bubble in nucleate pool boiling on thin wires in microgravity

A space experiment on bubble behavior and heat transfer in subcooled pool boiling phenomenon has been performed utilizing the temperature-controlled pool boiling (TCPB) device both in normal gravity in the laboratory and in microgravity aboard the 22(nd) Chinese recoverable satellite. The fluid is degassed R113 at 0.1 MPa and subcooled by 26 degrees C nominally. A thin platinum wire of 60 mu m in diameter and 30 mm in length is simultaneously used as heater and thermometer. Only the dynamics of the vapor bubbles, particularly the lateral motion and the departure of discrete vapor bubbles in nucleate pool boiling are reported and analyzed in the present paper. It's found that these distinct behaviors can be explained by the Marangoni convection in the liquid surrounding vapor bubbles. The origin of the Marangoni effect is also discussed.

Fabrication of an integrated Raman sensor by selective surface metallization using a femtosecond laser oscillator

We demonstrate that a Raman sensor integrated with a micro-heater, a microfluidic chamber, and a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate can be fabricated in a glass chip by femtosecond laser micromachining. The micro-heater and the SERS substrate are fabricated by selective metallization on the glass surface using a femtosecond laser oscillator, whereas the microfluidic chamber embedded in the glass sample is fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation using a femtosecond laser amplifier. We believed that this new strategy for fabricating multifunctional integrated microchips has great potential application for lab-on-a-chips. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

一种步进扫描投影光刻机承片台不平度检测新技术

提出一种步进扫描投影光刻机承片台不平度检测新技术。在晶圆与承片台存在不同偏移量时,利用线性差分传感器在线测量晶圆上不同点的局部高度;通过建立临时边界条件,以递推法消除晶圆面形影响,并逐行计算出承片台的相对不平度;通过逐行计算的结果递推相邻行之间的高度差,并将该高度差叠加到每一行,以消除临时边界条件的限制,得到处于同一高度上的承片台不平度;将计算的结果作为初始值,根据最小二乘原理,以邻近的四个测量点作为参考,逐步逼近得到承片台的真实不平度。计算机仿真结果验证了该检测方法的正确性,计算结果逐步收敛并逼近真实值

温梯法生长大尺寸蓝宝石晶体的脱碳去色退火研究

温度梯度法（temperature gradient technique，TGT）生长的Al2O3晶体因石墨发热体在高温时的挥发和原料中过渡性金属离子的存在，在不同部位呈现不同颜色，一般上部为浅红色，尾部为浅黄绿色．将TGT法生长的Al2O3晶体（Ф110×80mm^3）依次经过高温氧化气氛、高温还原气氛脱碳、去色退火实验，即“两步法”退火实验，晶体变成无色、透明．经测试，Al2O3晶体的完整性、光学透过率和光学均匀性均有显著提高.

温梯法蓝宝石（Al2O3）晶体的脱碳去色退火研究

温度梯度法（TGT）生长的Al2O3晶体因石墨发热体在高温时的挥发和原料中过渡性金属离子的存在，晶体在不同部位呈现不同颜色，一般上部为浅红色，尾部为浅黄绿色，将TGT法生长的Al2O3晶体（Ф110×80mm^3）依次经过高温氧化气氛、高温还原气氛脱碳、去色退火实验，即“两步法”退火实验，晶体变成无色、透明，经测试，Al2O3晶体的完整性、光学透过率和光学均匀性均有显著提高。

Optimization of thermal environment during crystal growth of large-sized Nd : YAG by Temperature Gradient Technique

A finite-element model is employed to analysis the thermal environments in Temperature Gradient Technique (TGT) furnace during the growth of large-sized Nd:YAG crystal. The obtained results show that when the crucible is located at the lower position inside of the heater, a flatter solid-liquid interface is established, which makes it easier to obtain the core-free Nd:YAG crystal. Meanwhile, the lower crucible position can induce higher axial temperature gradient, which is beneficial to the release of latent heat. (c) 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Utilização de coletor de composto parabólico de concentração solar na indústria de asfalto.

Esta dissertação apresenta a avaliação térmica, econômica e ambiental de um sistema de aquecimento solar (SHS) que é usado em uma usina de asfalto, através de simulação computacional com TRNSYS. O processo escolhido é o aquecimento do betume a partir da temperatura de armazenamento até a temperatura de mistura, usando óleo mineral como fluido de transferência de calor (HTF). Os componentes do sistema são o trocador de calor HTF-betume, o coletor concentrador solar parabólico composto (CPC), o aquecedor auxiliar e a bomba de circulação. A simulação no TRNSYS calcula os balanços de massa e energia no circuito fechado do HTF a cada hora. Dados horários do Ano Meteorológico Típico (TMY) do Rio de Janeiro foram utilizados para executar este trabalho. Em muitos casos, a temperatura do HTF ultrapassou 238C, mostrando que o CPC é apropriado para esta aplicação. Economia de combustível e emissões evitadas foram consideradas para as análises economica e ambiental. Este trabalho descreve as fontes renováveis de energia, os tipos de usinas de asfalto e de aquecedores de betume. Ele também mostra a fração brasileira de algumas destas fontes. Os resultados, portanto, mostram ser possível encorajar políticas públicas ambientalmente corretas para incentivar o uso de energia solar na indústria de asfalto. Além disso, este trabalho pode ajudar na redução da elevada emissão dos gases de efeito estufa a partir da utilização dos combustíveis fósseis nesta indústria.

SOI diode temperature sensor operated at ultra high temperatures-a critical analysis

This paper investigates the performance of diode temperature sensors when operated at ultra high temperatures (above 250°C). A low leakage Silicon On Insulator (SOI) diode was designed and fabricated in a 1 μm CMOS process and suspended within a dielectric membrane for efficient thermal insulation. The diode can be used for accurate temperature monitoring in a variety of sensors such as microcalorimeters, IR detectors, or thermal flow sensors. A CMOS compatible micro-heater was integrated with the diode for local heating. It was found that the diode forward voltage exhibited a linear dependence on temperature as long as the reverse saturation current remained below the forward driving current. We have proven experimentally that the maximum temperature can be as high as 550°C. Long term continuous operation at high temperatures (400°C) showed good stability of the voltage drop. Furthermore, we carried out a detailed theoretical analysis to determine the maximum operating temperature and exlain the presence of nonlinearity factors at ultra high temperatures. © 2008 IEEE.