p16INK4A immunohistochemical overexpression in premalignant and malignant oral lesions infected with human papillomavirus

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is believed to promote the oncogenic process, and the correlation between viral oncoproteins and dysfunction of p16 INK4A tumor suppressor protein in oral lesions is controversial. To test the hypothesis that anogenital HPV types participate in disruption of the regulation of p16INK4A suppressor protein in oral lesions, we analyzed 46 oral biopsy specimens for the presence of HPV 6/11 and 16/18 by in situ hybridization (ISH) and for p16INK4A expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Eighteen (39%) of the 46 oral lesions were HPV-positive and 28 (61%) were HPV-negative. HPV 6/11 DNA was found in 5 (11%) and HPV 16/18 in 13 (28%) of 46 biopsies. Nine of the 18 HPV-positive oral lesions (50%), assessed by catalyzed signal amplification coupled to ISH (CSA-ISH), gave high-intensity p16INK4A immunostaining. Focal and diffuse patterns were observed in 11/13 (77%) lesions with HPV 16/18, focal immunopositivity in 3/5 (80%) with HPV 6/11, and negative or sporadic p16-labeling in 18/28 (64%) without the presence of HPV DNA. These results showed a strong association between overexpression of p16 protein and malignant oral lesions, mainly those infected by HPV 16/18. We can conclude that high-risk HPV types are associated with p16 overexpression, and p16 may serve as a biomarker in oral cancer related to high-risk HPV infection.

Atividade citotóxica, pró-apoptótica, genotóxica e mutagênica de nitensidina B em células tumorais cervicais humanas

Pós-graduação em Biociências e Biotecnologia Aplicadas à Farmácia - FCFAR

Papilomavírus humano e a carcinogênse de mucosa oral: avaliação imunohistoquímica das protínas p27, mdm2 E catepsina B

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Papilomavírus humano associado a lesões de cérvix uterina

Com a finalidade de contribuir para um melhor conhecimento do eventual papel do Papilomavirus humano (HPV) na etiopatogênese do câncer cervical na região norte do Brasil, estudou-se a prevalência do vírus em 228 mulheres portadoras de lesões de cérvix uterina, atendidas no Instituto Ofir Loiola (IOL), em Belém, Pará, no período de março de 1992 a maio de 1996. As pacientes foram submetidas à biópsia de colo uterino, sendo o material coletado encaminhado para histopatologia e pesquisa de HPV por diferentes técnicas laboratoriais. Para fins de análise, as participantes foram distribuídas em 3 grupos, de acordo com o diagnóstico histopatológico. O grupo A foi constituído de 155 mulheres com carcinoma epidermóide invasor ou adenocarcinoma, o grupo B de 54 portadoras de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical grau II ou III (NIC II e NIC 111) e o C, de 19 pacientes com cervicite crônica. Pelas técnicas de PCR e hibridização por dot-blot, registraram-se prevalência de HPV em 70,3%, 63,0% e 36,8% das mulheres reunidas nos grupamentos A, B e C, respectivamente. O tipo de HPV predominante foi o 16, que representou 60,4% das amostras positivas do grupo A e 54,5% daquelas do grupo B. Os HPV tipo 16, 18 e 33 representaram 71,4% dos detectados no grupo C. Em 155 das 228 amostras testadas por PCR, realizou-se também a técnica de hibridização in situ (HIS) com sondas para detectar HPV 6/11, 16/18 e 31/33/35. A prevalência de HPV registrada por essa técnica foi de 17,4%, enquanto que por PCR observou-se, nas mesmas amostras, percentual Positivo de 65,2%. No que diz respeito a outros fatores, também tidos como implicados no desenvolvimento de carcinomas e lesões precursoras em cérvix uterina, verificou-se que cerca de 40% das mulheres dos grupos A e B admitiram iniciação sexual precoce (com 15 anos ou menos). Entretanto, a grande maioria referiu de 1 a 3 parceiros, não caracterizando comportamento sexual promíscuo. Os dados aqui apresentados, a exemplo do que se registrou em outros estudos conduzidos em diversas áreas geográficas, sustentam a hipótese de que o HPV desempenha um importante papel na etiologia dos carcinomas de colo uterino e neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais. Contudo, investigações adicionais e mais amplas devem ser realizadas, com vistas a uma melhor compreensão das características epidemiológicas da infecção por HPV na Região Amazônica.

Papilomavírus humano associado a lesões de cérvice uterina

Estudou-se a prevalência do papilomavírus humano (HPV) em 228 mulheres portadoras de lesões em cérvice uterina, atendidas no Instituto Ofir Loiola, em Belém, Pará, no período de março de 1992 a maio de 1996. As pacientes foram submetidas à biópsia de colo uterino, sendo o material encaminhado para histopatologia e pesquisa de HPV por PCR e hibridização por dot-blot. Distribuíram-se as participantes em três grupos, conforme diagnóstico histopatológico. O grupo A constituiu-se de 155 mulheres com carcinoma epidermóide invasor ou com adenocarcinoma, o grupo B de 54 portadoras de neoplasia intra-epitelial cervical grau II ou III, e o grupo C de 19 pacientes com cervicite crônica. Observaram-se prevalências de HPV em 70,3%, 63,0% e 36,8% das mulheres dos grupamentos A, B e C, respectivamente, sendo o HPV 16 registrado em 60,4% das amostras positivas do grupo A e 54,5% daquelas do grupo B. Os tipos 16, 18 e 33 representaram 71,4% dos detectados no grupo C.

A implicação do papillomavírus humano no câncer de laringe: revisão sistemática

Contexto: O câncer de laringe é um dos mais comuns em homens após os 50 anos, atinge mais a região da cabeça e pescoço, representando 25% dos tumores malignos que acometem esta área e 2% de todas as doenças malignas. Aproximadamente 2/3 desses tumores surgem na corda vocal verdadeira e 1/3 localiza-se acima das cordas vocais. A relação entre o HPV e as doenças das vias aéreas superiores tem sido conhecida por quase um século, mas apenas nas últimas três décadas têm a sua atividade como potencial oncogénico reconhecido na literatura. Tipos de HPV similares aos encontrados no colo uterino foram também observados no câncer de laringe, língua e orofaringe. Objetivos: Avaliar a frequência de HPV em amostras de câncer de laringe; identificar os genótipos de HPV presentes em amostra de câncer de laringe; estabelecer a relação entre o câncer de laringe e o HPV, como fator de risco. Métodos: Revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos na qual descritores e sinônimos para Neoplasias Laríngeas e Infecções por Papillomavirus foram usados nas seguintes bases de dados eletrônicas, até Março de 2012: CENTRAL; MEDLINE (PUBMED); LILACS e SciELO. Três revisores selecionaram, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica e extraíram os dados de estudos considerados relevantes. Resultados: Estimativas individuais combinadas em uma metanálise, resultaram em diferença estatisticamente significativa de HPV entre casos, quando comparados aos controles, com maior probabilidade entre os casos (OR 4.26, IC a 95% de 2.05 a 8.87, P=0.004). A análise estatística sugere substancial heterogeneidade (I2) entre os estudos (I2>50%, P<0,1), que pode ser explicada pelo tipo de controle utilizado. O tipo viral mais frequente entre os casos foi o HPV 16 e entre os controles foram os tipos virais HPV-6 e o HPV-16 e -18. Conclusões: Os resultados desta meta-análise apoiam a hipótese do envolvimento do HPV no cancer de laringe, o que sugere que o HPV como fator de risco depende da diferenciação com os demais fatores e o método de identificação do DNA viral.

Avaliação da atividade citotóxica de espécies vegetais em linhagens celulares humanas

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da ação de derivados semi-sintéticos de curcumina em linhagens celulares de câncer humano

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Expression and regulation of interleukins in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) demonstrate abnormal cell-mediated immunity which is most pronounced at the primary tumor site. Therefore, we tested whether this aberrant immunity could be due to tumor-derived cytokines. We investigated the presence of cytokine mRNA and protein in 8 HNSCC-derived cell lines; RT-PCR results indicated mRNA's for IL-1$\alpha$ and TGF-$\alpha$ (8/8), TGF-$\beta$ (7/8), IL-1$\beta$ (7/8), IL-4 and IL-6 (4/8). IL-2, IFN-$\gamma,$ and TNF-$\alpha$ mRNA was not detected. Supernatants from 6 of these cell lines were analyzed by ELISA and IL-1$\alpha,$ IL-1$\beta,$ and IL-6 were markedly increased compared to HPV-16 immortalized human oral keratinocytes. IL-1$\alpha$ was found in the highest concentration $>$IL-6 $>$ IL-1$\beta.$^ To approach the mechanisms of cytokine regulation, 4 cell lines were compared for HPV DNA presence, p53 status, and cytokine expression. An association between HPV DNA and cytokine expression was not found. However, cell lines secreting the most IL-6 had mutant p53 and/or HPV 16 E6/E7 expression. Further regulatory investigations revealed that exogenous IL-1$\alpha$ and/or IL-1$\beta$ minimally stimulated the proliferation of 2/3 cell lines, as well as strongly induced IL-6 production in 3/3; this effect was completely abrogated by IL-1Ra. IL-1Ra also inhibited the secretion of IL-1$\alpha$ and IL-1$\beta$ in 2/3 cell lines. These data suggest an IL-1 autocrine loop in certain HNSCC cell lines. Because IL-2 induces IL-1 and is used in therapy of HNSCC, the expression of IL-2 receptor was also investigated; IL-2 $\alpha$ and $\beta$ subunits were detected in 3/3 cell lines and $\gamma$ subunits was detected in one. Exogenous IL-2 inhibited the proliferation, but stimulated the secretion of IL-1$\alpha$ in 2/3, and IL-1$\beta$ and IL-6 in 1/3 cell lines.^ To determine if our cell line findings were applicable to patients, immunohistochemistry was performed on biopsies from 12 invasive tumors. Unexpectedly, universal intracellular production of IL-1$\alpha,$ IL-1$\beta,$ and IL-6 protein was detected. Therefore, the aberrant elaboration of biologically active IL-1 and IL-6 may contribute to altered immune status in HNSCC patients. ^

Engineering an intracellular pathway for major histocompatibility complex class II presentation of antigens.

The presentation of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to CD4+ T cells is critical to the function of the immune system. In this study, we have utilized the sorting signal of the lysosomal-associated membrane protein LAMP-1 to target a model antigen, human papillomavirus 16 E7 (HPV-16 E7), into the endosomal and lysosomal compartments. The LAMP-1 sorting signal reroutes the antigen into the MHC class II processing pathway, resulting in enhanced presentation to CD4+ cells in vitro. In vivo immunization experiments in mice demonstrated that vaccinia containing the chimeric E7/LAMP-1 gene generated greater E7-specific lymphoproliferative activity, antibody titers, and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activities than vaccinia containing the wild-type HPV-16 E7 gene. These results suggest that specific targeting of an antigen to the endosomal and lysosomal compartments enhances MHC class II presentation and vaccine potency.

Phase 1 study of HPV16-specific immunotherapy with E6E7 fusion protein and ISCOMATRIX (TM) adjuvant in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Purpose: Persistent infection of cervical epithelium with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) results in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) from which squamous cancer of the cervix can arise. A study was undertaken to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an HPV 16 immunotherapeutic consisting of a mixture of HPV16 E6E7 fusion protein and ISCOMATRIX(TM) adjuvant (HPV16 Immunotherapeutic) for patients with CIN. Experimental design: Patients with CIN (n = 3 1) were recruited to a randomised blinded placebo controlled dose ranging study of immunotherapy. Results: Immunotherapy was well tolerated. Immunised subjects developed HPV16 E6E7 specific immunity. Antibody, delayed type hypersensitivity, in vitro cytokine release, and CD8 T cell responses to E6 and E7 proteins were each significantly greater in the immunised subjects than in placebo recipients. Loss of HPV16 DNA from the cervix was observed in some vaccine and placebo recipients. Conclusions : The HPV16 Immunotherapeutic comprising HPV16E6E7 fusion protein and ISCOMATRIX(TM) adjuvant is safe and induces vaccine antigen specific cell mediated immunity. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reformulation of a thermostable broadly protective recombinant vaccine against human papilloma virus

The causal relationship between Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer has motivated the development, and further improvement, of prophylactic vaccines against this virus. 70% of cervical cancers, 80% of which in low-resources countries, are associated to HPV16 and HPV18 infection, with 13 additional HPV types, classified as high-risk, responsible for the remaining 30% of tumors. Current vaccines, Cervarix® (GlaxoSmithKline) and Gardasil®(Merk), are based on virus-like particles (VLP) obtained by self-assembly of the major capsid protein L1. Despite their undisputable immunogenicity and safety, the fact that protection afforded by these vaccines is largely limited to the cognate serotypes included in the vaccine (HPV 16 and 18, plus five additional viral types incorporated into a newly licensed nonavalent vaccine) along with high production costs and reduced thermal stability, are pushing the development of 2nd generation HPV vaccines based on minor capsid protein L2. The increase in protection broadness afforded by the use of L2 cross-neutralizing epitopes, plus a marked reduction of production costs due to bacterial expression of the antigens and a considerable increase in thermal stability could strongly enhance vaccine distribution and usage in low-resource countries. Previous studies from our group identified three tandem repeats of the L2 aa. 20-38 peptide as a strongly immunogenic epitope if exposed on the scaffold protein thioredoxin (Trx). The aim of this thesis work is the improvement of the Trx-L2 vaccine formulation with regard to cross-protection and thermostability, in order to identify an antigen suitable for a phase I clinical trial. By testing Trx from different microorganisms, we selected P. furiosus thioredoxin (PfTrx) as the optimal scaffold because of its sustained peptide epitope constraining capacity and striking thermal stability (24 hours at 100°C). Alternative production systems, such as secretory Trx-L2 expression in the yeast P. pastoris, have also been set-up and evaluated as possible means to further increase production yields, with a concomitant reduction of production costs. Limitations in immune-responsiveness caused by MHC class II polymorphisms –as observed, for example, in different mouse strains- have been overcome by introducing promiscuous T-helper (Th) epitopes, e.g., PADRE (Pan DR Epitope), at both ends of PfTrx. This allowed us to obtain fairly strong immune responses even in mice (C57BL/6) normally unresponsive to the basic Trx-L2 vaccine. Cross-protection was not increased, however. I thus designed, produced and tested a novel multi-epitope formulation consisting of 8 and 11 L2(20-38) epitopes derived from different HPV types, tandemly joined into a single thioredoxin molecule (“concatemers”). To try to further increase immunogenicity, I also fused our 8X and 11X PfTrx-L2 concatemers to the N-terminus of an engineered complement-binding protein (C4bp), capable to spontaneously assemble into ordered hepatmeric structures, previously validated as a molecular adjuvant. Fusion to C4bp indeed improved antigen presentation, with a fairly significant increase in both immunogenicity and cross-protection. Another important issue I addressed, is the reduction of vaccine doses/treatment, which can be achieved by increasing immunogenicity, while also allowing for a delayed release of the antigen. I obtained preliminary, yet quite encouraging results in this direction with the use of a novel, solid-phase vaccine formulation, consisting of the basic PfTrx-L2 vaccine and its C4bp fusion derivative adsorbed to mesoporus silica-rods (MSR).

Élaboration d'un vaccin contre HPV16 (cancer du col de l'utérus)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Molecular epidemiology of sexually transmitted human papillomavirus in a self referred group of women in Ireland

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer and external genital warts. The purpose of this study is to document the genotype distribution of HPV in females aged between 18 and 34 who self-referred to an STI clinic with visible external genital warts (EGW). Scrapings were taken from visible external genital warts (EGW). These scrapings were analysed by PCR for the presence of HPV DNA. Positive samples were then genotyped by means of a commercially available assay (LiPA). A comparison of genotyping results determined by the LiPA assay and direct amplicon DNA sequencing was also performed. Results: Ninety-two patients out of 105 samples (88%) had detectable levels of HPV DNA. The majority of individuals with EGW (66%) showed the presence of two or more genotypes. The most common HPV genotypes present in the study population were HPV-6, HPV-11, HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-33 and HPV-53. Potential effects of vaccination on HPV molecular epidemiology indicate that 40% of the patients could have been protected from the high risk genotypes HPV-16 and HPV-18.Conclusion: This is the first report of the molecular epidemiology of external genital warts in women aged between 18 and 34 from Ireland based on results from a LiPA assay. The study shows that most individuals are infected with multiple genotypes including those with high oncogenic potential and that the newly available HPV vaccines could have a significant impact on prevalence of the most common HPV genotypes in this study population.

Élaboration d'un vaccin contre HPV16 (cancer du col de l'utérus)

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.