Vehicle emissions and PM2.5 mass concentrations in six Brazilian cities

In Brazil, the principal source of air pollution is the combustion of fuels (ethanol, gasohol, and diesel). In this study, we quantify the contributions that vehicle emissions make to the urban fine particulate matter (PM2.5) mass in six state capitals in Brazil, collecting data for use in a larger project evaluating the impact of air pollution on human health. From winter 2007 to winter 2008, we collected 24-h PM2.5 samples, employing gravimetry to determine PM2.5 mass concentrations; reflectance to quantify black carbon concentrations; X-ray fluorescence to characterize elemental composition; and ion chromatography to determine the composition and concentrations of anions and cations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations in the cities of Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, and Recife were 28, 17.2, 14.7, 14.4, 13.4, and 7.3 mu g/m(3), respectively. In Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, black carbon explained approximately 30% of the PM2.5 mass. We used receptor models to identify distinct source-related PM2.5 fractions and correlate those fractions with daily mortality rates. Using specific rotation factor analysis, we identified the following principal contributing factors: soil and crustal material; vehicle emissions and biomass burning (black carbon factor); and fuel oil combustion in industries (sulfur factor). In all six cities, vehicle emissions explained at least 40% of the PM2.5 mass. Elemental composition determination with receptor modeling proved an adequate strategy to identify air pollution sources and to evaluate their short- and long-term effects on human health. Our data could inform decisions regarding environmental policies vis-a-vis health care costs.

Microstructural characterization of as-cast hf-b alloys

An accurate knowledge of several metal-boron phase diagrams is important to evaluation of higher order systems such as metal-silicon-boron ternaries. The refinement and reassessment of phase diagram data is a continuous work, thus the reevaluation of metal-boron systems provides the possibility to confirm previous data from an investigation using higher purity materials and better analytical techniques. This work presents results of rigorous microstructural characterization of as-cast hafnium-boron alloys which are significant to assess the liquid composition associated to most of the invariant reactions of this system. Alloys were prepared by arc melting high purity hafnium (minimum 99.8%) and boron (minimum 99.5%) slices under argon atmosphere in water-cooled copper crucible with non consumable tungsten electrode and titanium getter. The phases were identified by scanning electron microscopy, using back-scattered electron image mode and X-ray diffraction. In general, a good agreement was found between our data and those from the currently accepted Hafnium-Boron phase diagram. The phases identified are αHfSS and B-RhomSS, the intermediate compounds HfB and HfB2 and the liquide L. The reactions are the eutectic L ⇔ αHfSS + HfB and L ⇔ HfB2 + B-Rhom, the peritectic L + HfB2 ⇔ HfB and the congruent formation of HfB2.

Entwicklung einer online-Chromatographie für Element 106 (Seaborgium)

Das Studium chemischer Eigenschaften der schwersten Elemente, der Transactiniden, erfordert immer leistungsfähigere Apparaturen. Wegen ihrer kurzen Halbwertszeiten müssen diese Elemente schnell von der Targetkammer mittels Gasjet zur Apparatur transportiert und dort in die wässrige Phase überführt werden. Das sollte zur Vermeidung von Verlusten durch vorzeitigen Zerfall möglichst online betrieben werden, d.h. die in der Kernreaktion gebildeten Atome werden kontinuierlich aus der Targetkammer ausgespült und in der Apparatur in die wässrige Phase überführt. Dabei stellt sich das Problem, die kleinen Aerosol-Partikel (100-200 nm und etwa 1010 Teilchen pro Liter) bei einem Gasfluss von 2 bis 3 Liter Jet-Gas pro min in eine mit 1 bis 2 mL/min fließende wässrige Lösung zu überführen. Hierzu wurden zwei verschiedene Systeme am TRIGA-Reaktor Mainz entwickelt und in Experimenten an den Schwerionenbeschleunigern am PSI und der GSI erfolgreich eingesetzt. Da die diskontinuierlich arbeitende Chemieapparatur ARCA, mit der bisher chemische Eigenschaften der Elemente 101, 103, 104, 105 und 106 bestimmt wurden, wegen niedriger Produktionsraten bei Element 106 an ihre technologischen Grenzen stößt, bestand eine weitere Aufgabe der vorliegenden Arbeit darin, ein kontinuierlich arbeitendes Chromatographiesystem aufzubauen, mit dem Verteilungskoeffizienten des Elements 106 gemessen werden können. Bei der in dieser Arbeit entwickelten und in Versuchen mit kurzlebigen Hafnium-, Wolfram- und Rutherfordium-Isotopen getesten, kontinuierlich arbeitenden Mehrsäulentechnik wird der direkte Nachweis des Transactinids aufgegeben, und die Retentionszeit in dem chromatographischen System über die Menge der während der Retention zerfallenen Atome bestimmt. Neben der apparativen Entwicklung dieser Technik, die geringste Totvolumina im System erfordert, mussten bei der Auswahl des geeigneten chemischen Systems die engen Grenzen dieser Methode beachtet werden, was umfangreiche Kenntnisse zur trägerfreien Chemie der homologen Elemente erfordert. Neben Batchexperimenten mit trägerfrei produzierten Nukliden wurde für offline-Experimente auch ARCA erfolgreich eingesetzt. Der Vergleich von Kd-Werten, die in Batchexperimenten, mit ARCA und mit der prinzipiell neuen Methode der Mehrsäulentechnik bestimmt wurden, zeigten dabei gute Übereinstimmungen. Für die Anwendbarkeit der Mehrsäulentechnik sind aber auch geeignete radioaktive Zerfallsketten notwendig, die in einem langlebigen Isotop enden sollten, welches über lange Experimentierzeiten akkumuliert werden kann. Dabei ist die Diskriminierung von einzelnen Atomen langlebiger Actiniden als Endglieder der Zerfallskette der Transactiniden gegen den natürlichen und elektronischen Untergrund sehr anspruchsvoll und möglicherweise der limitierende Faktor dieser Technik. Neben Beiträgen zur Fluoridkomplexierung von Elementen der 4. Nebengruppe (inklusive Rutherfordium) und der 6. Nebengruppe, wurde die Hydrolyse von Elementen der 6. Nebengruppe untersucht. Hier zeigen sich bei Verwendung von trägerfreien Aktivitäten abweichende Resultate gegenüber der Literatur.Auf der Grundlage dieser Daten wurde ein Mehrsäulenexperiment für 7,4-s 265Sg (Element 106) vorbereitet, für dessen Einsatz sowohl ein drehendes Targetradsystem für eine erhöhte Produktionsrate getestet wurde, als auch der Einsatz von speziell funktionalisierten Ionenaustauscherharzen.

Effetto di un packaging innovativo sulla qualità di nettarine

L’imballaggio alimentare si può definire come un sistema coordinato per disporre i beni per il trasporto, la distribuzione, la conservazione, la vendita e l’utilizzo. Uno dei materiali maggiormente impiegati, nell’industria alimentare, per la produzione di imballaggi sono le materie plastiche. Esse sono sostanze organiche derivanti da petrolio greggio, sono composti solidi allo stato finito, ma possono essere modellate allo stato fluido. Un imballaggio alimentare deve svolgere determinate funzioni tra cui: - contenimento del prodotto - protezione del prodotto da agenti esterni - logistica - comunicativa - funzionale - ecologica L'ultimo punto sopracitato è il principale problema delle materie plastiche derivanti dal petrolio greggio. Questi materiali sono difficilmente riciclabili perché spesso un imballaggio è composto da più materiali stratificati o perché si trova a diretto contatto con gli alimenti. Inoltre questi materiali hanno un lungo tempo di degradazione (da 100 a 1000 anni) che ne rendono difficile e costoso lo smaltimento. Per questo nell’ultimo decennio è cominciata la ricerca di un materiale plastico, flessibile alle esigenze industriali e nel contempo biodegradabile. Una prima idea è stata quella di “imitare la natura” cercando di replicare macromolecole già esistenti (derivate da amido e zuccheri) per ottenere una sostanza plastico-simile utilizzabile per gli stessi scopi, ma biodegradabile in circa sei mesi. Queste bioplastiche non hanno preso piede per l’alto costo di produzione e perché risulta impossibile riconvertire impianti di produzione in tutto il mondo in tempi brevi. Una seconda corrente di pensiero ha indirizzato i propri sforzi verso l’utilizzo di speciali additivi aggiunti in minima misura (1%) ai classici materiali plastici e che ne permettono la biodegradazione in un tempo inferiore ai tre anni. Un esempio di questo tipo di additivi è l’ECM Masterbatch Pellets che è un copolimero di EVA (etilene vinil acetato) che aggiunto alle plastiche tradizionali rende il prodotto finale completamente biodegradabile pur mantenendo le proprie caratteristiche. Scopo di questo lavoro di tesi è stato determinare le modificazioni di alcuni parametri qualitativi di nettarine di Romagna(cv.-Alexa®) confezionate-con-film-plastici-tradizionali-e-innovativi. I campioni di nettarine sono stati confezionati in cestini in plastica da 1 kg (sigillati con un film flow-pack macroforato) di tipo tradizionale in polipropilene (campione denominato TRA) o vaschette in polipropilene additivato (campione denominato BIO) e conservati a 4°C e UR 90-95% per 7 giorni per simulare un trasporto refrigerato successivamente i campioni sono stati posti in una camera a 20°C e U.R. 50% per 4 giorni al fine di simulare una conservazione al punto vendita. Al tempo 0 e dopo 4, 7, 9 e 11 giorni sono state effettuate le seguenti analisi: - coefficiente di respirazione è stato misurata la quantità di CO2 prodotta - indice di maturazione espresso come rapporto tra contenuto in solidi solubili e l’acidità titolabile - analisi di immagine computerizzata - consistenza della polpa del frutto è stata misurata attraverso un dinamometro Texture Analyser - contenuto in solidi totali ottenuto mediante gravimetria essiccando i campioni in stufa sottovuoto - caratteristiche sensoriali (Test Accettabilità) Conclusioni In base ai risultati ottenuti i due campioni non hanno fatto registrare dei punteggi significativamente differenti durante tutta la conservazione, specialmente per quanto riguarda i punteggi sensoriali, quindi si conclude che le vaschette biodegradabili additivate non influenzano la conservazione delle nettarine durante la commercializzazione del prodotto limitatamente ai parametri analizzati. Si ritiene opportuno verificare se il processo di degradazione del polimero additivato si inneschi già durante la commercializzazione della frutta e soprattutto verificare se durante tale processo vengano rilasciati dei gas che possono accelerare la maturazione dei frutti (p.e. etilene), in quanto questo spiegherebbe il maggiore tasso di respirazione e la più elevata velocità di maturazione dei frutti conservati in tali vaschette. Alimentary packaging may be defined as a coordinate system to dispose goods for transport, distribution, storage, sale and use. Among materials most used in the alimentary industry, for the production of packaging there are plastics materials. They are organic substances deriving from crude oil, solid compounds in the ended state, but can be moulded in the fluid state. Alimentary packaging has to develop determinated functions such as: - Product conteniment - Product protection from fieleders agents - logistic - communicative - functional - ecologic This last term is the main problem of plastic materials deriving from crude oil. These materials are hardly recyclable because a packaging is often composed by more stratified materials or because it is in direct contact with aliments. Beside these materials have a long degradation time(from 100 to 1000 years) that make disposal difficult and expensive. For this reason in the last decade the research for a new plastic material is begin, to make industrial demands more flexible and, at the same time, to make this material biodegradable: At first, the idea to “imitate the nature” has been thought, trying to reply macromolecules already existents (derived from amid and sugars) to obtain a similar-plastic substance that can be used for the same purposes, but it has to be biodegradable in about six months. These bioplastics haven’t more success bacause of the high production cost and because reconvert production facilities of all over the wolrd results impossible in short times. At second, the idea to use specials addictives has been thought. These addictives has been added in minim measure (1%) to classics plastics materials and that allow the biodegradation in a period of time under three years. An example of this kind of addictives is ECM Masterbatch Pellets which is a coplymer of EVA (Ethylene vinyl acetate) that, once it is added to tradizional plastics, make final product completely biodegradable however maintaining their own attributes. The objective of this thesis work has been to determinate modifications of some Romagna’s Nectarines’ (cv. Alexa®) qualitatives parameters which have been packaged-with traditional and innovative-plastic film. Nectarines’ samples have been packaged in plastic cages of 1 kg (sealed with a macro-drilled flow-pack film) of traditional type in polypropylene (sample named TRA) or trays in polypropylene with addictives (sample named BIO) and conservated at 4°C and UR 90-95% for 7 days to simulate a refrigerated transport. After that, samples have been put in a camera at 20°C and U.R. 50% for 4 days to simulate the conservation in the market point. At the time 0 and after 4, 7, 9 and 11 days have been done the following analaysis: - Respiration coefficient wherewith the amount CO2 producted has been misurated - Maturation index which is expressed as the ratio between solid soluble content and the titratable acidity - Analysis of computing images - Consistence of pulp of the fruit that has been measured through Texture Analyser Dynanometer - Content in total solids gotten throught gravimetry by the drying of samples in vacuum incubator - Sensorial characteristic (Panel Test) Consequences From the gotten results, the two samples have registrated no significative different scores during all the conservation, expecially about the sensorial scores, so it’s possible to conclude that addictived biodegradable trays don’t influence the Nectarines’ conservation during the commercialization of the product qualifiedly to analized parameters. It’s advised to verify if the degradation process of the addicted polymer may begin already during the commercialization of the fruit and in particular to verify if during this process some gases could be released which can accelerate the maturation of fruits (p.e. etylene), because all this will explain the great respiration rate and the high speed of the maturation of fruits conservated in these trays.

Design and optimization of components and processes for plasma sources in advanced material treatments

The research activities described in the present thesis have been oriented to the design and development of components and technological processes aimed at optimizing the performance of plasma sources in advanced in material treatments. Consumables components for high definition plasma arc cutting (PAC) torches were studied and developed. Experimental activities have in particular focussed on the modifications of the emissive insert with respect to the standard electrode configuration, which comprises a press fit hafnium insert in a copper body holder, to improve its durability. Based on a deep analysis of both the scientific and patent literature, different solutions were proposed and tested. First, the behaviour of Hf cathodes when operating at high current levels (250A) in oxidizing atmosphere has been experimentally investigated optimizing, with respect to expected service life, the initial shape of the electrode emissive surface. Moreover, the microstructural modifications of the Hf insert in PAC electrodes were experimentally investigated during first cycles, in order to understand those phenomena occurring on and under the Hf emissive surface and involved in the electrode erosion process. Thereafter, the research activity focussed on producing, characterizing and testing prototypes of composite inserts, combining powders of a high thermal conductibility (Cu, Ag) and high thermionic emissivity (Hf, Zr) materials The complexity of the thermal plasma torch environment required and integrated approach also involving physical modelling. Accordingly, a detailed line-by-line method was developed to compute the net emission coefficient of Ar plasmas at temperatures ranging from 3000 K to 25000 K and pressure ranging from 50 kPa to 200 kPa, for optically thin and partially autoabsorbed plasmas. Finally, prototypal electrodes were studied and realized for a newly developed plasma source, based on the plasma needle concept and devoted to the generation of atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasmas for biomedical applications.

Thermoelectric properties of TiNiSn and Zr 0.5 Hf 0.5 NiSn thin films and superlattices with reduced thermal conductivities

Durch steigende Energiekosten und erhöhte CO2 Emission ist die Forschung an thermoelektrischen (TE) Materialien in den Fokus gerückt. Die Eignung eines Materials für die Verwendung in einem TE Modul ist verknüpft mit der Gütezahl ZT und entspricht α2σTκ-1 (Seebeck Koeffizient α, Leitfähigkeit σ, Temperatur T und thermische Leitfähigkeit κ). Ohne den Leistungsfaktor α2σ zu verändern, soll ZT durch Senkung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit mittels Nanostrukturierung angehoben werden.rnBis heute sind die TE Eigenschaften von den makroskopischen halb-Heusler Materialen TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn ausgiebig erforscht worden. Mit Hilfe von dc Magnetron-Sputterdeposition wurden nun erstmals halbleitende TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn Schichten hergestellt. Auf MgO (100) Substraten sind stark texturierte polykristalline Schichten bei Substrattemperaturen von 450°C abgeschieden worden. Senkrecht zur Oberfläche haben sich Korngrößen von 55 nm feststellen lassen. Diese haben Halbwertsbreiten bei Rockingkurven von unter 1° aufgewiesen. Strukturanalysen sind mit Hilfe von Röntgenbeugungsexperimenten (XRD) durchgeführt worden. Durch Wachstumsraten von 1 nms 1 konnten in kürzester Zeit Filmdicken von mehr als einem µm hergestellt werden. TiNiSn zeigte den höchsten Leistungsfaktor von 0.4 mWK 2m 1 (550 K). Zusätzlich wurde bei Raumtemperatur mit Hilfe der differentiellen 3ω Methode eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von 2.8 Wm 1K 1 bestimmt. Es ist bekannt, dass die thermische Leitfähigkeit mit der Variation von Massen abnimmt. Weil zudem angenommen wird, dass sie durch Grenzflächenstreuung von Phononen ebenfalls reduziert wird, wurden Übergitter hergestellt. Dabei wurden TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn nacheinander abgeschieden. Die sehr hohe Kristallqualität der Übergitter mit ihren scharfen Grenzflächen konnte durch Satellitenpeaks und Transmissionsmikroskopie (STEM) nachgewiesen werden. Für ein Übergitter mit einer Periodizität von 21 nm (TiNiSn und Zr0.5Hf0.5NiSn jeweils 10.5 nm) ist bei einer Temperatur von 550 K ein Leistungsfaktor von 0.77 mWK 2m 1 nachgewiesen worden (α = 80 µVK 1; σ = 8.2 µΩm). Ein Übergitter mit der Periodizität von 8 nm hat senkrecht zu den Grenzflächen eine thermische Leitfähigkeit von 1 Wm 1K 1 aufgewiesen. Damit hat sich die Reduzierung der thermischen Leitfähigkeit durch die halb-Heusler Übergitter bestätigt. Durch die isoelektronischen Eigenschaften von Titan, Zirkonium und Hafnium wird angenommen, dass die elektrische Bandstruktur und damit der Leistungsfaktor senkrecht zu den Grenzflächen nur schwach beeinflusst wird.rn

In situ dehydration behavior of zeolite-like cavansite: A single-crystal X-ray study

To track dehydration behavior of cavansite, Ca(VO)(Si4O10)·4H2O space group Pnma, a = 9.6329(2), b = 13.6606(2), c = 9.7949(2) Å, V = 1288.92(4) Å3 single-crystal X-ray diffraction data on a crystal from Wagholi quarry, Poona district (India) were collected up to 400 °C in steps of 25 °C up to 250 °C and in steps of 50 °C between 250 and 400 °C. The structure of cavansite is characterized by layers of silicate tetrahedra connected by V4+O5 square pyramids. This way a porous framework structure is formed with Ca and H2O as extraframework occupants. At room temperature, the hydrogen bond system was analyzed. Ca is eightfold coordinated by four bonds to O of the framework structure and four bonds to H2O molecules. H2O linked to Ca is hydrogen bonded to the framework and also to adjacent H2O molecules. The dehydration in cavansite proceeds in four steps.At 75 °C, H2O at O9 was completely expelled leading to 3 H2O pfu with only minor impact on framework distortion and contraction V = 1282.73(3) Å3. The Ca coordination declined from originally eightfold to sevenfold and H2O at O7 displayed positional disorder.At 175 °C, the split O7 sites approached the former O9 position. In addition, the sum of the three split positions O7, O7a, and O7b decreased to 50% occupancy yielding 2 H2O pfu accompanied by a strong decrease in volume V = 1206.89(8) Å3. The Ca coordination was further reduced from sevenfold to sixfold.At 350 °C, H2O at O8 was released leading to a formula with 1 H2O pfu causing additional structural contraction (V = 1156(11) Å3). At this temperature, Ca adopted fivefold coordination and O7 rearranged to disordered positions closer to the original O9 H2O site.At 400 °C, cavansite lost crystallinity but the VO2+ characteristic blue color was preserved. Stepwise removal of water is discussed on the basis of literature data reporting differential thermal analyses, differential thermo-gravimetry experiments and temperature dependent IR spectra in the range of OH stretching vibrations.

Water–montmorillonite systems: Neutron scattering and tracer throughdiffusion studies

Designs for deep geological respositories of nuclear waste include bentonite as a hydraulic and chemisorption buffer material to protect the biosphere from leakage of radionuclides. Bentonite is chosen because it is a cheap, naturally occurring material with the required properties. It consists essentially of montmorillonite, a swelling clay mineral. Upon contact with groundwater such clays can seal the repository by incorporating water in the interlayers of their crystalline structure. The intercalated water exhibits significantly different properties to bulk water in the surrounding interparticle pores, such as lower diffusion coefficients (González Sánchez et. al. 2008). This doctoral thesis presents water distribution and diffusion behavior on various time and space scales in montmorillonite. Experimental results are presented for Na- and Cs-montmorillonite samples with a range of bulk dry densities (0.8 to 1.7 g/cm3). The experimental methods employed were neutron scattering (backscattering, diffraction, time-of-flight), adsorption measurements (water, nitrogen) and tracer-through diffusion. For the tracer experiments the samples were fully saturated via the liquid phase under volume-constrained conditions. In contrast, for the neutron scattering experiments, the samples were hydrated via the vapor phase and subsequently compacted, leaving a significant fraction of interparticle pores unfilled with water. Owing to these differences in saturation, the water contents of the samples for neutron scattering were characterized by gravimetry whereas those for the tracer experiments were obtained from the bulk dry density. The amount of surface water in interlayer pores could be successfully discriminated from the amount of bulk-like water in interparticle pores in Na- and Csmontmorillonite using neutron spectroscopy. For the first time in the literature, the distribution of water between these two pore environments was deciphered as a function of gravimetric water content. The amount was compared to a geometrical estimation of the amount of interlayer and interparticle water determined by neutron diffraction and adsorption measurements. The relative abundances of the 1 to 4 molecular water layers in the interlayer were determined from the area ratios of the (001)-diffraction peaks. Depending on the characterization method, different fractions of surface water and interlayer water were obtained. Only surface and interlayer water exists in amontmorillonite with water contents up to 0.18 g/g according to spectroscopic measurements and up to 0.32 g/g according to geometrical estimations, respectively. At higher water contents, bulk-like and interparticle water also exists. The amounts increase monotonically, but not linearly, from zero to 0.33 g/g for bulk-like water and to 0.43 g/g for interparticle water. It was found that water most likely redistributes between the surface and interlayer sites during the spectroscopic measurements and therefore the reported fraction is relevant only below about -10 ºC (Anderson, 1967). The redistribution effect can explain the discrepancy in fractions between the methods. In a novel approach the fractions of water in different pore environments were treated as a fixed parameter to derive local diffusion coefficients for water from quasielastic neutron scattering data, in particular for samples with high water contents. Local diffusion coefficients were obtained for the 1 to 4 molecular water layers in the interlayer of 0.5·10–9, 0.9·10–9, 1.5·10–9 and 1.4·10–9 m²/s, respectively, taking account of the different water fractions (molecular water layer, bulk-like water). The diffusive transport of 22Na and HTO through Na-montmorillonite was measured on the laboratory experimental scale (i.e. cm, days) by tracer through-diffusion experiments. We confirmed that diffusion of HTO is independent of the ionic strength of the external solution in contact with the clay sample but dependent on the bulk dry density. In contrast, the diffusion of 22Na was found to depend on both the ionic strength of the pore solution and on the bulk dry density. The ratio of the pore and surface diffusion could be experimentally determined for 22Na from the dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the ionic strength. Activation energies were derived from the temperaturedependent diffusion coefficients via the Arrhenius relation. In samples with high bulk dry density the activation energies are slightly higher than those of bulk water whereas in low density samples they are lower. The activation energies as a function of ionic strengths of the pore solutions are similar for 22Na and HTO. The facts that (i) the slope of the logarithmic effective diffusion coefficients as a function of the logarithmic ionic strength is less than unity for low bulk dry densities and (ii) two water populations can be observed for high gravimetric water contents (low bulk dry densities) support the interlayer and interparticle porosity model proposed by Glaus et al. (2007), Bourg et al. (2006, 2007) and Gimmi and Kosakowski (2011).

Peak Last Glacial weathering intensity on the North American continent recorded by the authigenic Hf isotope composition of North Atlantic deep-sea sediments

We have retrieved radiogenic hafnium (Hf) isotope compositions (ɛHf) from authigenic Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides of deep northwest Atlantic sediments deposited over the past 26 ka to investigate the oceanic evidence of changes in dissolved weathering inputs from NE America during the last deglaciation. The extraction of seawater-derived Hf isotopic compositions from Fe–Mn oxyhydroxides is not a standard procedure. Comparisons between the Al/Hf ratios and Hf isotopic compositions of the chemically extracted authigenic phase on the one hand, and those of the corresponding detrital fractions on the other, provide evidence that the composition of past seawater has been reliably obtained for most sampled depths with our leaching procedures. This is endorsed most strongly by data for a sediment core from 4250 m water depth at the deeper Blake Ridge, for which consistent replicates were produced throughout. The Hf isotopic composition of the most recent sample in this core also closely matches that of nearby present day central North Atlantic seawater. Comparison with previously published seawater Nd and Pb isotope compositions obtained on the same cores shows that both Hf and Pb were released incongruently during incipient chemical weathering, but responded differently to the deglacial retreat of the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Hafnium was released more congruently during peak glacial conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and changed to typical incongruent interglacial ɛHf signatures either during or shortly after the LGM. This indicates that some zircon-derived Hf was released to seawater during the LGM. Conversely, there is no clear evidence for an increase in the influence of weathering of Lu-rich mineral phases during deglaciation, possibly since relatively unradiogenic Hf contributions from feldspar weathering were superimposed. While the authigenic Pb isotope signal in the same marine sediment samples traced peak chemical weathering rates on continental North America during the transition to the Holocene a similar incongruent excursion is notably absent in the Hf isotope record. The early change towards more radiogenic ɛHf in relation to the LGM may provide direct evidence for the transition from a cold-based to a warm-based Laurentide Ice Sheet on the Atlantic sector of North America.

Reconstruction of in-situ porosity and porewater compositions of low-permeability crystalline rocks: Magnitude of artefacts induced by drilling and sample recovery

Geological site characterisation programmes typically rely on drill cores for direct information on subsurface rocks. However, porosity, transport properties and porewater composition measured on drill cores can deviate from in-situ values due to two main artefacts caused by drilling and sample recovery: (1) mechanical disruption that increases porosity and (2) contamination of the porewater by drilling fluid. We investigated the effect and magnitude of these perturbations on large drill core samples (12–20 cm long, 5 cmdiameter) of high-grade, granitic gneisses obtained from 350 to 600 m depth in a borehole on Olkiluoto Island (SW Finland). The drilling fluid was traced with sodium–iodide. By combining out-diffusion experiments, gravimetry, UV-microscopy and iodide mass balance calculations, we successfully quantified the magnitudes of the artefacts: 2–6% increase in porosity relative to the bulk connected porosity and 0.9 to 8.9 vol.% contamination by drilling fluid. The spatial distribution of the drilling-induced perturbations was revealed by numerical simulations of 2D diffusion matched to the experimental data. This showed that the rims of the samples have a mechanically disrupted zone 0.04 to 0.22 cm wide, characterised by faster transport properties compared to the undisturbed centre (1.8 to 7.7 times higher pore diffusion coefficient). Chemical contamination was shown to affect an even wider zone in all samples, ranging from 0.15 to 0.60 cm, inwhich iodide enrichmentwas up to 180 mg/kgwater, compared to 0.5 mg/kgwater in the uncontaminated centre. For all samples in the present case study, it turned out that the magnitude of the artefacts caused by drilling and sample recovery is so small that no correction is required for their effects. Therefore, the standard laboratory measurements of porosity, transport properties and porewater composition can be taken as valid in-situ estimates. However, it is clear that the magnitudes strongly depend on site- and drilling-specific factors and therefore our results cannot be transferred simply to other locations. We recommend the approach presented in this study as a route to obtain reliable values in future drilling campaigns aimed at characterising in-situ bedrock properties.

A rapid and efficient ion-exchange chromatography for Lu–Hf, Sm–Nd, and Rb–Sr geochronology and the routine isotope analysis of sub-ng amounts of Hf by MC-ICP-MS

The development and improvement of MC-ICP-MS instruments have fueled the growth of Lu–Hf geochronology over the last two decades, but some limitations remain. Here, we present improvements in chemical separation and mass spectrometry that allow accurate and precise measurements of 176Hf/177Hf and 176Lu/177Hf in high-Lu/Hf samples (e.g., garnet and apatite), as well as for samples containing sub-nanogram quantities of Hf. When such samples are spiked, correcting for the isobaric interference of 176Lu on 176Hf is not always possible if the separation of Lu and Hf is insufficient. To improve the purification of Hf, the high field strength elements (HFSE, including Hf) are first separated from the rare earth elements (REE, including Lu) on a first-stage cation column modified after Patchett and Tatsumoto (Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 1980, 75, 263–267). Hafnium is further purified on an Ln-Spec column adapted from the procedures of Münker et al. (Geochem., Geophys., Geosyst., 2001, DOI: 10.1029/2001gc000183) and Wimpenny et al. (Anal. Chem., 2013, 85, 11258–11264) typically resulting in Lu/Hf < 0.0001, Zr/Hf < 1, and Ti/Hf < 0.1. In addition, Sm–Nd and Rb–Sr separations can easily be added to the described two-stage ion-exchange procedure for Lu–Hf. The isotopic compositions are measured on a Thermo Scientific Neptune Plus MC-ICP-MS equipped with three 1012 Ω resistors. Multiple 176Hf/177Hf measurements of international reference rocks yield a precision of 5–20 ppm for solutions containing 40 ppb of Hf, and 50–180 ppm for 1 ppb solutions (=0.5 ng sample Hf 0.5 in ml). The routine analysis of sub-ng amounts of Hf will facilitate Lu–Hf dating of low-concentration samples.

Characterization of HFO2 Capacitors

Hafnium oxide (HfOn) is a promising dielectric for future microelectronic applications. Hf02 thin films (10-75nm) were deposited on Pt/Si02/Si substrates by pulsed DC magnetron reactive sputtering. Top electrodes of Pt were formed by e-beam evapo- ration through an aperture mask on the samples to create MIM (Metal-Insulator-Metal) capacitors. Various processing conditions (Arloz ratio, DC power and deposition rate) and post-deposition annealing conditions (time and temperature) were investigated. The structure of the Hf02 films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the roughness was measured by a profilometer. The electrical properties were characterized in terms of their relative permittivity (E,(T) and ~,.(f)) and leakage behavior (I-V, I-T and I- time). The electrical measurements were performed over a temperature range from -5 to 200°C. For the samples with best experimental results, the relative permittivity of HfOa was found to be -- 27 after anneal and increased by 0.027%/"C with increasing temperature over the measured temperature range. At 25"C, leakage current density was below lop8 ~ l c m ' at 1 volt. The leakage current increased with temperature above a specific threshold temperature below which the leakage current didn't change much. The leakage current increased with voltage. At voltages below lvolt, it's ohmic; at higher voltages, it follows Schottky model. The breakdown field is - 1 . 8 2 ~ lo6 Vlcm. The optical bandgap was measured with samples deposited on quartz substrates to be 5.4eV after anneal.

Geochemistry of bulk samples and various minerals of sediment core CRP-1 from the Ross Sea, Antarctica

Thirty-nine medium and fine grained sandstones from between 19,26 and 147,23 mbsf in the Cape Roberts-l core (CRP-1) were analysed for 10 major and 16 trace elements. Using whole-lock compositions, 9 samples were selected for analyses of mineral and glass grains by energy dispersive electron microscope. Laser-Ablation Mass-Spectrometry was used to determine rare earth elements and 14 additional trace elements in glass shards, pyroxenes and feldspars in order to examine their contribution to the bulk rock chemistry. Geochemical data reveal the major contribution played by the Granite Harbour Intrusives to the whole rock composition, even if a significant input is supplied by McMurdo volcanics and Ferrar dolerite pyroxenes McMurdo volcanics were studied in detail; they appeal to derive from a variety of litologies, and a dominant role of wind transpoitation from exposures of volcanic rocks may be inferred from the contemporary occurrence of different compositions at all depths. Only at 116.55 mbsf was a thin layer of tephra found, linked to an explosive eruption McMurdo volcanic rocks exhibit larger abundances at depths above 62 mbsf, in correspondence with the onset of volcanic activity in the McMurdo Sound area. From 62 mbsf to the bottom of the core, McMurdo volcanics are less abundant and probably issued from some centres in the McMurdo Sound region. However, available data do not allow the exclusion of wind transport from some eruptive centres active in north Victoria Land at the beginning of the Miocene Epoch.