Exploring the politics of intergroup accommodation in Kenya’s vernacular radios during the 2007/08 conflicts

Depuis des années, le Kenya avait donné l’impression d’être un pays relativement stable dans la région d’Afrique sub-saharienne, régulièrement secouée par les conflits, et un « centre » autour duquel la communauté internationale coordonne ses missions vers certains pays d’Afrique comme ceux faisant partie de la Région des Grandes Lacs (Burundi, Rwanda, Ouganda, République démocratique du Congo, Kenya et Tanzanie) et ceux de la Corne de l’Afrique (Kenya, Somalie, Éthiopie, Djibouti et Ouganda). Toutefois, les élections présidentielles très contestées en 2007 et les conflits qui se sont enchaînés ont entrainé de nombreuses préoccupations en ce qui concerne la stabilité du Kenya à l’ère de l’insécurité globale. Alors que le rétablissement de la paix continue, la coexistence entre groupes est toujours délicate car le Kenya compte au moins quarante-deux ethnies qui sont toutes distinctes les unes par rapport aux autres. Par ailleurs, l’ouverture d’une enquête judiciaire, par la Cour Pénale Internationale (CPI), contre quatre des six personnes présumées être les principaux auteurs des violences postélectorales de 2007/08, s’ajoute aux problèmes liés à la coexistence pacifique entre les différents groupes avant les prochaines élections. Cette thèse examine les politiques relatives à l’accommodation des différents groupes à travers les radios vernaculaires et comment ces politiques ont influencé les relations entre les groupes lors des conflits de 2007/08 au Kenya. Partant du constat qu’un conflit est un processus communicatif, elle intègre le concept d’encadrement médiatique à la théorie de Protracted Social Conflict (PSC) définie par Azar (1990) pour tracer non seulement les changements dans les discours d’encadrement de ces conflits, mais aussi pour illustrer les mutations des attitudes à l’égard des relations entre groupes survenues avant, durant et après ces conflits. Cette étude emploie principalement les méthodes qualitatives pour rassembler les données issues des trois régions au Kenya qui sont ethniquement et linguistiquement divergentes: Nyeri (la majorité Kikuyu), Kisumu (la majorité Luo) et Eldoret (la majorité Kalenjin). L’argument central de cette thèse est que l’encadrement des relations entre groupes, notamment lors des conflits, est soit différencié soit concerté dépendamment du stade auquel le conflit se manifeste. Alors que dans l’encadrement différencié, les discours médiatiques sont articulés de façon à ce que ceux-ci soient susceptibles d’entrainer une polarisation entre groupes, l’encadrement concerté décrit les discours médiatiques négociés de manière à ce que ceux-ci reflètent les valeurs partagées au travers des différents groupes, et donc sont susceptibles d’engendrer une coopération entre groupes. J’argumente que les changements dans le discours des radios vernaculaires prennent effet lorsque de nouveaux éléments sont ajoutés aux discours caractérisant un conflit déjà existant, et les « nouveaux significations » que ces éléments apportent à la compréhension du conflit en question. J’argumente également que le changement du l’encadrement différentiée à l’encadrement concerté (et vice-versa) dépende du degré de résonance de ces discours avec la population cible. De façon générale, cette étude suggère que le langage de diffusion et la proximité culturelle induisent l’encadrement entre groupes à travers les radios vernaculaires au Kenya. La force de cette thèse se trouve donc dans les perspectives analytiques qu’elle propose pour localiser les discours changeants lors des conflits, plus particulièrement dans les états multiethniques où les politiques d’accommodation entre les différents groupes demeurent toujours fragiles et conditionnelles.

Aproximación al manejo de la seguridad ambiental canadiense y estadounidense frente a la degradación del sistema de la los Grandes Lagos. Periodo 1995-2000

El propósito de la presente monografía es determinar la relación entre la degradación y navegación en los Grandes Lagos en la noción de seguridad ambiental de Estados Unidos y Canadá en un entorno de interdependencia entre 1995 - 2000. En ese sentido, se busca determinar como los recursos de poder de Canadá y Estados Unidos en la relación degradación-navegación transforma la noción de seguridad ambiental. De este modo, se analiza el concepto de seguridad ambiental desde la navegación, elemento esencial para entender la relación bilateral dentro del sistema de los Grandes Lagos. Esta investigación de tipo cualitativo que responde a las variables de la seguridad ambiental planteadas por Barry Buzan, Thomas Homer-Nixon, y Stephan Libiszewski, y a la teoría de la Interdependencia Compleja por Robert Keohane y Joseph Nye, pretende avanzar hacia la complejización de la dimensión ambiental lejos de la tradicional definición antropocéntrica.

Teofilo Petriella : Marxist Revolutionary

The paper will examine the role Teofilo Petriella played in splitting Italian communities through Marxist agitation. As a strike leader on Mesabi Iron Range and in Copper Country, Petriella traveled throughout the Great Lakes region. In each community he found supporters among the discontented miners, while also facing strong opposition from Catholic priests and middle class community leaders. By examining his activities in both regions, I will illustrate the connectivity of Italian communities around Lake Superior, while also addressing religious and class conflict amongst the populations.

Coeficiente de cultura da alface hidropônica baseado no conceito de graus-dia

O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi propor a adoção de um coeficiente de cultura térmico, com a aplicação do conceito de graus-dia acumulados após o transplantio, para estimativa da evapotranspiração diária (ETc) dos cultivares de alface Grand Rapids, Regina e Great Lakes em sistema hidropônico do tipo NFT ("nutrient film technique"), em ambiente protegido. Posteriormente, o modelo matemático ajustado ãos valores observados de Kc (coeficiente de cultura) foi utilizado para a estimativa de ETc no período pós-transplantio por meio dos métodos: Penman-Monteith parametrizado pela FÃO, em 1998 (PMF); Penman-Monteith modificado para condições aerodinâmicas, características de ambientes protegidos (PMAP); Penman-Monteith para ambiente protegido simplificado (PMAPS); Priestley-Taylor (PT); Radiação solar (RS); e Radiação solar simplificado (RSS). Verificou-se que o modelo sigmoidal com quatro parâmetros ajustou-se bem aos valores observados de Kc, proporcionando coeficientes de determinação ajustados de 0,99, 0,98 e 0,98 para os cultivares Grand Rapids, Regina e Great Lakes, respectivamente. No que se refere às estimativas diárias de ETc, os métodos PMF, PMAP e RS apresentaram melhor desempenho estatístico em relagão aos métodos PMAPS, PT e RSS, independentemente do cultivar avaliado. No entanto, o método PMF subestimou sistematicamente a ETc no período inicial de crescimento da alface.

O conflito da região dos Grandes Lagos em África

Este relatório de estágio divide‐se em três partes fundamentais. A primeira consiste numa breve apresentação do Instituto de Estudos Superiores Militares (IESM), e mais concretamente do Centro de Investigação de Segurança e Defesa do IESM (CISDI). A segunda parte baseia-se numa descrição pormenorizada de todo o trabalho realizado no âmbito das atividades do CISDI, salientando o envolvimento enquanto elemento do núcleo editorial. A terceira parte diz respeito ao trabalho de investigação desenvolvido ao longo do estágio, independente das tarefas do IESM, e cujos resultados serão publicados no próximo número da Revista de Ciências Militares, uma das publicações do Instituto. Este trabalho de pesquisa e análise incidiu sobre o caso do conflito dos Grandes Lagos, e nele se pretendeu demonstrar até que ponto o Relatório Brahimi constituiu um ponto de viragem na questão do uso da força para a resolução do conflito.

Merjalaiset - suurten järvien kansaa

Summary: The Merya - the great lakes people

Selenato e selenito na produção, nutrição mineral e biofortificação com selênio em cultivares de alface¹

O selênio (Se) é um importante elemento ligado a processos fisiológicos na planta, microrganismos, animais e seres humanos. No entanto, para as plantas, seu modo de ação e sua essencialidade são ainda motivos de controvérsia. No Brasil, é relevante a falta de informações sobre o Se nas culturas agrícolas, havendo ainda indicativo de baixa ingestão desse elemento pela população. Assim, este estudo objetivou avaliar a influência da aplicação de selenato e selenito na biofortificação com Se e o efeito dessas formas de Se nos teores de macro e micronutrientes em cultivares de alface. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3 x 2, sendo cinco cultivares de alface (Maravilha de Verão, Rafaela, Great Lakes, Veneranda e Vera), três concentrações de Se (0, 10 e 20 μmol L-1) e duas formas de Se (selenato e selenito), com quatro repetições. Os resultados encontrados mostram que, para o cultivo de alface em solução nutritiva, o selenato foi mais indicado para a biofortificação com Se, enquanto o selenito mostrou ser mais tóxico. A aplicação do selenato resultou em aumento no teor de S na parte aérea, enquanto o selenito reduziu o teor de P, e ambas as formas de Se diminuíram os teores de micronutrientes. Entre as cultivares de alface, não se observou variação genotípica para o teor de Se, e pequena variação foi verificada para produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e teores de S, Mg, Mn e Fe.

Lake Restoration 2007 Report and 2008 Plan, December 28, 2007

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2008 Report and 2009 Plan, December 30, 2008

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2009 Report and 2010 Plan, December 30, 2009

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2010 Report and 2011 Plan, December 30, 2010

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2011 Report and 2012 Plan, December 30, 2011

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2012 Report and 2013 Plan, December 31, 2012

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2013 Report and 2014 Plan, December 31, 2013

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.

Lake Restoration 2014 Report and 2015 Plan, December 31, 2014

The Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) Lake Restoration Program focuses on restoring impaired lakes to improve the quality of life for Iowans. Communities are rallying around their water resources as they seek population growth and economic success. Communities of the Iowa Great Lakes Region, Storm Lake, Crystal Lake, Creston and Clear Lake are obvious examples, but other communities including Lake View and Brighton are identifying the importance of lakes for their futures as well. The distribution and nature of Vision Iowa grants, Community Attraction and Tourism grants, and now, Great Places, all further emphasize the importance of water to community, quality of life and economic growth.