Estado nutricional e produtividade de algodoeiro em função de diferentes espaçamentos e aplicação de regulador de crescimento

Strategies of cotton growth as row spacing and use of growth regulator are efficient when the knowledge of crop production potential as well as the amounts of nutrients content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of cotton DeltaOpal cultivar through leaf analysis of macronutrient, chlorophyll index and yield in relation to plant arrangement and managements of the growth regulator. The treatments consisted of plant arrangement: arrangement 1: 88,900 plant ha(-1) and row spacing at 0.9m, arrangement 2: 114,300 plant ha(-1) and row spacing at 0.7m, arrangement 3: 178,000 plant ha(-1) and row spacing at 0.45m; management of growth regulator (mepiquat chloride) at 1.0 L ha(-1) dose, concentration was50g L-1: a-no regulator application; b-single application at 70 days after emergency (d.a.e.); c-split application into four stages (35, 45, 55, and 65 d.a.e.). The reading reviews SPAD chlorophyll, leaf analysis of macronutrients and cotton yield were conducted in three agricultural years 2006/07, 2007/08 and 2008/09, under the experimental design of completely randomized blocks, in a 3x3 factorial scheme totaling up nine treatments with four replications. The reduction of row spacing and increasing plant density gives less absorption of potassium and sulfur by cotton crop. A single application of mepiquat chloride increase calcium leaf content. The split application of mepiquat chloride provides increased SPAD reading index, higher foliar magnesium concentration and highest seed cotton yield.

Aspectos biológicos e tabela de vida de fertilidade de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em cultivares de algodoeiro DeltaOPAL e NuOPAL

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Il genere Rhododendron L.: diversità genetica e fenomeni di ibridazione.

La terra, nel corso della sua storia, ha subito molteplici cambiamenti con la comparsa e scomparsa di numerose specie animali e vegetali. Attualmente, l’estinzioni delle specie, la riduzione degli areali e il depauperamento degli ecosistemi è da ricollegare alle attività dell’uomo. Per tali motivi, in questi ultimi decenni si è iniziato a dare importanza alla conservazione della biodiversità, alla creazione di zone protette e a sviluppare interventi di reintroduzione e rafforzamento di specie rare e a rischio di estinzione. Questo lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare la variabilità genetica delle popolazioni di Rhododendron ferrugineum L. lungo il suo areale, con particolare attenzione alle aree marginali dell’Appennino, dove la specie rappresenta un caso di pseudo rarità, al fine di valutare lo stato di salute della specie al limite del suo areale e valutare appropriati interventi di conservazione o reintroduzione. Per effettuare le analisi sono stati messi a punto dei marcatori molecolari discontinui, i microsatelliti, che, essendo dei marcatori co-dominati, permettono di valutare differenti parametri legati alla diversità genetica delle popolazioni inclusi i livelli di eterozigotà ed il flusso genico tra popolazioni limitrofe. I campionamenti sono stati effettuati nelle uniche 3 stazioni presenti sugli Appennini. Al fine di confrontare la struttura genetica di queste popolazioni sono state considerate anche popolazioni delle Alpi Marittime, delle Alpi centro-orientali e dei Pirenei. L’analisi della diversità genetica effettuata su questo pool di popolazioni analizzate con 7 marcatori microsatelliti, ha messo in evidenza che le popolazioni relitte dell’Appennino Tosco-Emiliano presentano un ridotto livello di eterozigosità che suggerisce quindi un elevato livello di inbreeding. Si ritiene che ciò sia dovuto alla loro dislocazione sul territorio, che le rende isolate sia tra di loro che dalle popolazioni delle vicine Alpi Marittime. La stima delle relazioni genetiche tra le popolazioni appenniniche e le vicine piante alpine evidenzia come non vi sia scambio genetico tra le popolazioni. Le analisi dei cluster suggeriscono che due delle popolazioni Appenniniche siano più simili alle popolazioni della Alpi Marittime, mentre la terza ha più affinità con le popolazioni delle Alpi centro-orientali. Le popolazioni dei Pirenei risultano essere geneticamente più simili alle popolazioni delle Alpi Marittime, in particolare alle tre popolazioni del versante francese. In questo lavoro abbiamo affrontato anche il problema delle specie ibride. Rhododendron x intermedium Tausch è un ibrido frutto dell’incrocio tra Rhododendron ferrugineum L. e Rhododendron hirsutum L., in grado di incrociarsi sia con altri ibridi, sia con i parentali (fenomeno dell’introgressione). L’origine di questo ibrido risiede nella simpatria delle due specie parentali, che tuttavia, presentano esigenze ecologiche differenti. Ad oggi la presenza di Rhododendron x intermedium è stata accertata in almeno tre stazioni sulle Alpi Italiane, ma la letteratura documenta la sua presenza anche in altre zone dell’Arco Alpino. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è stato quello di verificare la reale natura ibrida di Rhododendron x intermedium in queste stazioni utilizzando un approccio integrato ossia sia attraverso un’analisi di tipo morfologico sia attraverso un analisi di tipo molecolare. In particolare l’approccio molecolare ha previsto prima un’analisi filogenetica attraverso l’utilizzo di marcatori molecolari filogenetici nucleari e plastidiali (ITS, At103, psbA-trnH e matK) e quindi un’analisi della struttura delle popolazioni della specie ibrida attraverso l’utilizzo di marcatori molecolari microsatelliti. Da un’analisi morfologica, risulta che gli esemplari ibridi possono essere molto differenti tra loro e ciò supporta la formazione di sciami ibridi. Al fine di verificare la natura di questa specie e la struttura delle popolazioni ibride e dei rispettivi parentali, sono state campionate differenti popolazioni in tutta l’area di interesse. I campioni ottenuti sono stati quindi analizzati geneticamente mediante marcatori molecolari del DNA. I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso innanzitutto di confermare l’origine ibrida degli individui di prima generazione della specie Rhododendron x intermedium e quindi di distinguere i parentali dagli ibridi ed evidenziare la struttura genetica delle popolazioni ibride.

Polyploid formation created unique avenues for response to selection in Gossypium (cotton)

A detailed restriction fragment length polymorphism map was used to determine the chromosomal locations and subgenomic distributions of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) segregating in a cross between cultivars of allotetraploid (AADD) Gossypium hirsutum (“Upland” cotton) and Gossypium barbadense (“Sea Island,” “Pima,” or “Egyptian” cotton) that differ markedly in the quality and quantity of seed epidermal fibers. Most QTLs influencing fiber quality and yield are located on the “D” subgenome, derived from an ancestor that does not produce spinnable fibers. D subgenome QTLs may partly account for the fact that domestication and breeding of tetraploid cottons has resulted in fiber yield and quality levels superior to those achieved by parallel improvement of “A” genome diploid cottons. The merger of two genomes with different evolutionary histories in a common nucleus appears to offer unique avenues for phenotypic response to selection. This may partly compensate for reduction in quantitative variation associated with polyploid formation and be one basis for the prominence of polyploids among extant angiosperms. These findings impel molecular dissection of the roles of divergent subgenomes in quantitative inheritance in many other polyploids and further exploration of both “synthetic” polyploids and exotic diploid genotypes for agriculturally useful variation.

Duplicated genes evolve independently after polyploid formation in cotton

Of the many processes that generate gene duplications, polyploidy is unique in that entire genomes are duplicated. This process has been important in the evolution of many eukaryotic groups, and it occurs with high frequency in plants. Recent evidence suggests that polyploidization may be accompanied by rapid genomic changes, but the evolutionary fate of discrete loci recently doubled by polyploidy (homoeologues) has not been studied. Here we use locus-specific isolation techniques with comparative mapping to characterize the evolution of homoeologous loci in allopolyploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and in species representing its diploid progenitors. We isolated and sequenced 16 loci from both genomes of the allopolyploid, from both progenitor diploid genomes and appropriate outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis of the resulting 73.5 kb of sequence data demonstrated that for all 16 loci (14.7 kb/genome), the topology expected from organismal history was recovered. In contrast to observations involving repetitive DNAs in cotton, there was no evidence of interaction among duplicated genes in the allopolyploid. Polyploidy was not accompanied by an obvious increase in mutations indicative of pseudogene formation. Additionally, differences in rates of divergence among homoeologues in polyploids and orthologues in diploids were indistinguishable across loci, with significant rate deviation restricted to two putative pseudogenes. Our results indicate that most duplicated genes in allopolyploid cotton evolve independently of each other and at the same rate as those of their diploid progenitors. These indications of genic stasis accompanying polyploidization provide a sharp contrast to recent examples of rapid genomic evolution in allopolyploids.

Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner): can wheat stubble protect cotton plants against attack?

When investigating strategies for Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) control, it is important to understand oviposition behaviour. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was sown into standing wheat (Triticum astivum L.) stubble in a closed arena to investigate the effect of stubble on H. armigera moth behaviour and oviposition. Infrared cameras were used to track moths and determine whether stubble acted as a physical barrier or provided camouflage to cotton plants, thereby reducing oviposition. Searching activity was observed to peak shortly before dawn (03:00 and 04:00 h) and remained high until just after dawn (4 h window). Moths spent more time resting on cotton plants than spiralling above them, and the least time flying across the arena. While female moths spent more time searching for cotton plants growing in wheat stubble, the difference in oviposition was not significant. As similar numbers of eggs were laid on cotton plants with stubble (3.5/plant SE +/- 0.87) and without stubble (2.5/plant SE +/- 0.91), wheat stubble does not appear to provide camouflage to cotton plants. There was no significant difference in the location of eggs deposited on cotton plants with and without stubble, although more eggs were laid on the tops of cotton leaves in wheat stubble. As the spatial and temporal distribution of eggs laid on the cotton plant is a crucial component of population stability, eggs laid on the upper side of leaves on cotton plants may be more prone to fatalities caused by environmental factors such as wind and rain. Therefore, although stubble did not influence the number of eggs laid, it did affect their distribution on the plant, which may result in increased mortality of eggs on cotton plants sown into standing wheat stubble.

Novas linhagens de algodoeiro herbáceo com coloração na fibra.

No Brasil, o programa de melhoramento visando obtenção de cultivares com fibras coloridas foi iniciado pela Embrapa Algodão em meados da década de 1990 e até o presente momento já foram lançadas seis cultivares. Excetuando-se a BR 200, a primeira a ser desenvolvida e descendente de uma espécie de algodoeiro arbóreo (G. hirsutum L. r. marie galante Hutch.) as demais são de espécies de algodoeiro herbáceo (G. hirsutum L. r. latifolium Hutch.) e descendem do cruzamento de germoplasma de fibra colorida introduzido com germoplasma de fibra branca e adaptado ao cultivo na região Nordeste. Entre as cultivares desenvolvidas, há uma com fibra na cor verde e as demais possuem fibra marrom em diferentes tonalidades. Por outro lado, a espécie G. barbadense L. possui acessos silvestres com cores diferentes daquelas de G. hirsutum L., tais como lilás e marrom púrpura, além de outras. Há alguns anos a Embrapa Algodão vem trabalhando com estes materiais. Assim, o objetivo deste ?documento? é apresentar os resultados obtidos utilizando esta espécie com doadora de cores na fibra. O programa de melhoramento do algodão de fibra colorida da Embrapa objetiva a obtenção de cultivares com novas tonalidades de cores utilizando métodos convencionais de melhoramento.

Mycosphaerella areola - the Teleomorph of Ramularia areola of cotton in Brazil, and its epidemiological significance.

2016

Suomenlinnan Kustaanmiekan ketokasvillisuus ja siihen vaikuttavat tekijät

Suomenlinna on yksi Helsingin suosituimmista matkailu- ja kulttuurinähtävyyksistä. Kustaanmiekan, samoin kuin koko Suomenlinnan luonto on muodostunut perinteisestä suomalaisesta saaristoluonnosta ja vuosisatojen saatossa paikalle tulleista linnoituksien kasvistosta. Saaren vaihtelevien elinympäristöjen johdosta alueen kasvillisuus on hyvin rikasta. Linnoituksien monet kasvilajit ovat tulleet tulokaskasveina eri puolilta Eurooppaa sekä Venäjältä. Suurin osa Suomenlinnan alueesta on kallioketoa ja tämän lisäksi myös valliketoa, joista molemmat kuuluvat suojeltaviin alueisiin. Kustaanmiekan niityillä kasvaa keto- ja paahdelajeja, kuten harvinaista ketonoidanlukkoa (Botrychium lunaria L.) sekä ketoneilikkaa (Dianthus deltoides L.). Tämän tutkimuksen ensisijaisena tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa Kustaanmiekan alueen kesäkauden 2009 ketokasvilajisto ja eri putkilokasvilajien runsaus. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin myös maaperätekijöiden ja alueen hoitohistorian mahdollista vaikutusta ketokasvilajistoon. Tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin kymmenen eri kedon kasvillisuus Suomenlinnan Kustaanmiekan linnoitusalueella. Kedot sijaitsivat eri puolilla Kustaanmiekkaa, sellaisilla paikoilla, missä ketokasvillisuus oli runsainta. Maastotyöt suoritettiin kesä- ja heinäkuussa laskemalla jokaisen kedon ruutujen putkilokasvien peittävyydet sekä listaamalla ylös myös ruutujen ulkopuoliset kevät- ja loppukesän kukkijat touko- ja elokuussa. Maaperän ominaisuuksien määrittämiseksi otettiin kultakin kedolta pintamaanäytteet elokuussa. Muita tutkittuja muuttujia olivat maapinnan kaltevuus sekä sammalen, karikkeen, paljaan maan, kenttäkasvillisuuden pohjakerros ja kallion osuus tutkimusruuduilla. Ketojen kasvillisuuden keskimääräinen korkeus mitattiin kesä- ja heinäkuussa. Kasvistossa oli selviä eroavaisuuksia ketojen välillä. Kasvilajien määrä vaihteli ketojen kokonaislajimäärän ollessa 40-60 kasvilajia. Yhteensä kedoilta löytyi 120 eri putkilokasvilajia, joista useimmat kukkivat sekä kesä- että heinäkuussa. Ketojen kasvilajimäärä vaihteli yhdellä neliömetrillä 6,3-13,6 kasvilajiin, minkä lisäksi Shannon-Wienerin diversiteetti-indeksi vaihteli 1,4-2,3 arvon välillä. Yleisimpiä lajeja, joita kedoilla tavattiin, olivat muun muassa siankärsämö (Achillea millefolium L.), koiranheinä (Dactylis glomerata L.), juolavehnä (Elymus repens L.) ja hopeahanhikki (Potentilla argentea L.). Alueella kasvoi myös muutamia sotatulokaslajeja kuten harmiota (Berteroa incana L.), ukonpalkoa (Bunias orientalis L.) ja karvahorsmaa (Epilobium hirsutum L.). Maaperätekijöillä, kuten suurella fosforin pitoisuudella ei ollut vaikutusta kasvilajien määrään kedoilla. Vain maan pH ja johtoluku korreloivat positiivisesti ketojen kasvillisuuden korkeuden kanssa. Vaikka tulosten perusteella ketojen hoidolla ei ollut vaikutusta ketojen kasvillisuuden määrään, voidaan kuitenkin olettaa oikeanlaisen hoidon parantavan tyypillisten ketokasvien kilpailukykyä muita niittykasveja kohtaan.

棉纤维发育相关基因的克隆和鉴定

棉纤维是棉花子房内的胚珠外珠被上的一种单细胞表皮毛.为了解胚珠表皮细胞发育启动为棉纤维的分子控制机制,我们用同源克隆的方法,从棉纤维发育早期的幼嫩子房和胚珠中克隆到了72个棉花MYB基因.序列分析的结果表明它们属于MYB转录因子家族的55个成员,其中有一个MYB蛋白-GhMYB9的氨基酸序列与控制拟南芥单细胞表皮毛的发育启动基因GL1和WER高度同源.它们之间的序列一致性,不仅表现在保守区-DNA结合区,而且也表现在5’和3’的非保守区内.根据序列相似功能相似的原理,我们推测GhMYB9很可能是控制棉纤维发育启动的一个MYB基因.对GhMYB9的Southern杂交结果表明,该基因在棉花基因组中是单拷贝基因;对它的Northern表达分析可知,该基因在花前5天的子房、花前3天的胚珠、花期及花后3天的胚珠中都有表达,但在花前3天的棉纤维发育启动期（我们的扫描电镜结果）高表达.此外,还构建了一个陆地棉可转化人工染色体TAC文库,并通过PCR的方法从中筛选到了含有GhMYB9的TAC克隆.这些结果为进一步对GhMYB9做功能分析、揭示棉纤维发育启动的分子机制奠定了了事实上的基础.

Bt-cotton boosts the gross margin of small-scale cotton producers in South Africa

This paper explores some of the issues involved in the Genetic Modification (GM) debate by focusing on one crop that has been modified for pest resistance, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), and commercially released to small-scale farmers in the Makhathini Flats, KwaZulu Natal, the Republic of South Africa. This was the first commercial release of a GM variety (Bt-cotton) in Sub-Saharan Africa, and thus provides valuable and timely insights into some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of the technology for small-scale farmers in Africa. Even though there are wider concerns regarding the vulnerability of small-scale farmers in the area, the survey results suggest that Bt-cotton generated higher yields and gross margins than non-Bt-cotton. In addition, Bt-cotton significantly reduced the use of pesticide with consequent potential benefits to human health and the environment.

Comparative effect of root-knot nematode on severity of Verticillium and Fusarium wilt in cotton

The effect of root-knot nematode (RKN) (Meloidogyne incognita) on Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) was investigated. Two different inoculation methods were used, one in which inoculum was added to the soil, so that nematode and fungal inoculum were in close proximity; the other, inoculation into the stem, whereby the two inocula were spatially separated. Invasion of the roots by RKN enhanced disease severity, as measured by the height of vascular browning in the stem, following inoculation with either wilt pathogen. The effect of RKN on Fusarium wilt was more pronounced than that on Verticillium wilt. Nematode-enhanced infection by F. oxysporum is a well known effect but there are few reports of enhanced infection by Verticillium due to RKN. Relative resistance of a number of cotton cultivars to both wilt diseases, as measured by height of vascular browning, was similar to the known field performance of the cultivars. The use of vascular browning as an estimate of disease severity was therefore validated.

Enhancement of germination of spores of Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum esp vasinfectum in vascular fluid from cotton plants infected with the root-knot nematode

Root-knot nematode [RKN] (Meloidogyne incognita) can increase the severity of Verticillium (V dahliae) and Fusarium (F oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum) wilt diseases in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). This study was conducted to determine some of the physiological responses caused by nematode invasion that might decrease resistance to vascular wilt diseases. The effect of RKN was investigated on spore germination and protein, carbohydrate and peroxidase content in the xylem fluids extracted from nematode-infected plants. Two cotton cultivars were used with different levels of resistance to both of the wilt pathogens. Spore germination was greater in the xylem fluids from nematode-infected plants than from nematode-free plants. The effect on spore germination was greater in the Fusarium-resistant cultivar (51%). Analysis of these fluids showed a decrease in total protein and carbohydrate levels for both wilt-resistant cultivars, and an increase in peroxidase concentration. Fluids from nematode-free plants of the Verticillium-resistant cultivar contained 46% more peroxidase than the Fusarium-resistant cultivar. The results provide further evidence that the effect of RKN on vascular wilt resistance is systemic and not only local. Changes in metabolites in the xylem pass from the root to the stem, accelerating disease development.

Stability of plasmid profile of highly virulent races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum during storage and subculturing

Four races of Xanthomonas campestris pv. mal-vacearum (Xcm) viz. races 23, 27 and 32 (isolated from Gossypium hirsutum) and race 23b (from Gossypium barbadense) were studied. The plasmid profile of the natural isolates showed four plasmids in races 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb). Continuously sub-cultured laboratory isolates of the Xcm races resulted in the loss of all but two plasmids, ca. 60 and 40 kb in size. When the laboratory isolates were passed through cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), they regained certain plasmids so that four plasmids were found in race 23 and 23b (ca. 60, 40, 23 and 8.2 kb), five in race 27 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2 and 3.7 kb) and six in race 32 (ca. 60, 40, 23, 8.2, 3.7 and 1.6 kb), which was more or less similar to the original isolates. The isolates recovered from cotton maintained their plasmid profile (except for minor changes in the miniplasmids) after storage for six months at -70degreesC in 50% glycerol. It is suggested that plasmid profiles among highly virulent races of Xcm are unstable during repeated sub-culturing at room temperature, resulting in rapid loss of some plasmids. However, when the cultures were sub-cultured and stored at -70degreesC the plasmid profile was fairly stable except for the miniplasmids (ca. 3.7 and 1.6 kb).

Resistência de genótipos de tomateiro ao ácaro rajado

Avaliou-se a resistência de genótipos de tomateiro selvagens [Lycopersicon pennellii (LA 716), L. hirsutum var. glabratum (PI 126449, PI 134417), L. hirsutum (PI 127826, PI 127827), L. peruvianum (CGO 6707), L. peruvianum var. dentatum (WYR 2020, LA 111), L. peruvianum var. glandulosum (LA 1113-1, LA 1113-2)] e comerciais [(L. esculentum) Gem Pride, Santa Clara, e híbridos Bruna VFN, Carmem, Fortaleza, Débora Plus VFN] ao ácaro rajado (Tetranychus urticae). O número médio de ovos, fases imaturas (larvas, protoninfas e deutoninfas) e adultos por folíolo foi contado; o índice de preferência para oviposição (IPO) foi calculado. O delineamento experimental foi blocos ao acaso, com 6 repetições. Os genótipos LA 716, PI 126449, PI 134417, PI 127827, PI 127826 e Gem Pride apresentaram não-preferência para oviposição do ácaro rajado, sendo deterrentes quanto à classificação do IPO, enquanto os genótipos LA 111, WYR 2020, LA 1113-2 e LA1113-1 foram os mais preferidos para a oviposição e foram considerados como estimulantes pelo IPO.