Descrição de imagens: um estudo discursivo de provas de vestibular adaptadas para deficientes visuais

A Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos, assinada em 1948, declara que toda pessoa tem direito à educação. Alicerçada nessa premissa, a Constituição Brasileira, de 1988, afirma que a educação é direito de todos e dever do Estado e da família. Sob esse lema da educação para todos, nosso país tem baseado suas orientações educacionais, criando e aprimorando leis que amparem e garantam aos deficientes o acesso a todas as esferas sociais, inclusive o acesso e manutenção ao ensino superior. A Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ) fornece, como recurso de adaptação de seu exame de seleção para os candidatos deficientes visuais, a ampliação das provas para os candidatos com baixa visão, ou um ledor, juntamente com a descrição das imagens presentes nas questões de prova, para os que tenham visão comprometida. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa aborda o exame vestibular como instrumento de avaliação e seleção consagrado em nosso país e, seguidamente, a inclusão do deficiente visual no vestibular estadual. Além de verificar, a partir do aporte dos estudos da linguagem em perspectiva dos estudos do discurso, o processo de transposição dos elementos visuais as imagens presentes nas questões de prova para o código linguístico a descrição dessas imagens , observando que características da imagem sua descrição contempla. A perspectiva teórica seguida é a análise do discurso (MAINGUENEAU, 1997; 2004; 2008), com olhar para o exame vestibular como um gênero do discurso (BAKHTIN, 1997). Também trouxemos à discussão a noção de imagem (JOLY, 2007; NOVAES, 2005), ademais de introduzir o conceito de reformulação (SERRANI, 1993) e transcodificação (PEYTARD; MOIRAND 1992). Discutimos a noção de descrição (CHARAUDEAU, 2012) e os conceitos de resumo (MACHADO, 2004) e relato (MAINGUENEAU, 2004). As análises foram realizadas a partir do corpus selecionado as provas dos Exames de Qualificação 2011 e 2012 da UERJ, contemplando questões com imagens das três áreas do conhecimento em que a prova se organiza. Primeiro, verificou-se o caráter de cada descrição e sua(s) respectiva(s) questão(ões) de prova; segundo, refletiu-se sobre a nomenclatura descrição, dada a esse recurso de adaptação e como o interlocutor candidato DV - é idealizado por cada área do conhecimento. Em síntese, as análises mostram que oresultado encontrado nas descrições das imagens apresentava, em variadosmomentos, caráter do gênero relato ou resumo e não apresentava características exclusivamente descritivas, mas usava a descrição a seu serviço, como seu componente e idealizavam seu interlocutor candidato DV, de modo diferenciado, em cada área do conhecimento

Rhythm generation in monkey motor cortex explored using pyramidal tract stimulation.

We investigated whether stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) could reset the phase of 15-30 Hz beta oscillations observed in the macaque motor cortex. We recorded local field potentials (LFPs) and multiple single-unit activity from two conscious macaque monkeys performing a precision grip task. EMG activity was also recorded from the second animal. Single PT stimuli were delivered during the hold period of the task, when oscillations in the LFP were most prominent. Stimulus-triggered averaging of the LFP showed a phase-locked oscillatory response to PT stimulation. Frequency domain analysis revealed two components within the response: a 15-30 Hz component, which represented resetting of on-going beta rhythms, and a lower frequency 10 Hz response. Only the higher frequency could be observed in the EMG activity, at stronger stimulus intensities than were required for resetting the cortical rhythm. Stimulation of the PT during movement elicited a greatly reduced oscillatory response. Analysis of single-unit discharge confirmed that PT stimulation was capable of resetting periodic activity in motor cortex. The firing patterns of pyramidal tract neurones (PTNs) and unidentified neurones exhibited successive cycles of suppression and facilitation, time locked to the stimulus. We conclude that PTN activity directly influences the generation of the 15-30 Hz rhythm. These PTNs facilitate EMG activity in upper limb muscles, contributing to corticomuscular coherence at this same frequency. Since the earliest oscillatory effect observed following stimulation was a suppression of firing, we speculate that inhibitory feedback may be the key mechanism generating such oscillations in the motor cortex.

Effect of electric stimulation on heart beat and body muscle in fish

The effect of AC and DC electric stimulations on the heart-rate and the entire body of Heteropneustis fossillis, Tilapia mossambica and Macrobrachium rosenbergii were studied and presented in kymograph tracings. The reaction of spinal cord in Puntius ticto, Heteropneustis fossilis and Tilapia mossambica to D. C. field was observed to find out its role in electric shocks. A test-check of the electrical resistance of a few species was also conducted. The effect of D. C. and A.C. on the body muscle was found to be the same as that in the case of frog. Different degrees of cardiac slowing were observed in AC and DC. Unbalanced galvanotropic movements were also noticed in spinal fishes.

Effects of rhFSH regimen and time interval on ovarian responses to repeated stimulation cycles in rhesus monkeys during a physiologic breeding season

We studied the effects of repeated stimulation by recombinant human FSH (rhFSH) at various time intervals during a physiologic breeding season in rhesus monkeys. Ovarian recovery and responses were assessed by ultrasonography, serum steroid concentrations

Dynamic changes in ovarian follicles measured by ultrasonography during gonadotropin stimulation in rhesus monkeys

The objective was to study dynamic changes of ovaries in rhesus macaques stimulated by gonadotropins to identify an indicator for predicting ovarian response to stimulation. Twenty-one cycling monkeys were given 36 IU/d recombinant human follicle-stimulat

Ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in juvenile rhesus monkeys

The objective of this study was to investigate juvenile rhesus monkeys responding to various gonadotropin regimen Stimulations. Thirty-two prepubertal rhesus monkeys were randomly allocated into five groups for ovarian stimulation as follows: Groups I, II

GABA Transporter-1 Activity Modulates Hippocampal Theta Oscillation and Theta Burst Stimulation-Induced Long-Term Potentiation

The network oscillation and synaptic plasticity are known to be regulated by GABAergic inhibition, but how they are affected by changes in the GABA transporter activity remains unclear. Here we show that in the CA1 region of mouse hippocampus, pharmacolog

POSTSYNAPTIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTOR STIMULATION IMPROVES MEMORY IN AGED MONKEYS - INDIRECT EFFECTS OF YOHIMBINE VERSUS DIRECT EFFECTS OF CLONIDINE

Very low doses (0.00001 mg/kg) of the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, improved working memory performance in a subset of aged monkeys. Improvement appeared to result from increased norepinephrine (NE) release onto postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors, as the response was blocked by the ''postsynaptic'' alpha-2 antagonist, SKF104078. Cognitive-enhancing effects of low dose yohimbine treatment may depend on aged animals retaining an intact, endogenous NE system. In contrast to yohimbine, the alpha-2 agonist, clonidine, has improved working memory in air aged animals examined. In the present study, clonidine's beneficial effects were also blocked by the postsynaptic antagonists SKF104078 and SKF104856, suggesting that clonidine acts by directly stimulating postsynaptic alpha-2 adrenoceptors. Beneficial doses of clonidine (0.01 mg/kg) and yohimbine (0.00001 mg/kg) were combined to see if they would produce additive effects on memory enhancement. This strategy was successful in young monkeys with intact NE systems but was not effective in the aged monkeys. These findings demonstrate that drugs that indirectly stimulate postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors by increasing NE release are not as reliable in aged monkeys as directly acting agonists that can replace NE at postsynaptic alpha-2 receptors.

Distribution of IgM, IgD and IgZ in mandarin fish, Siniperca chuatsi lymphoid tissues and their transcriptional changes after Flavobacterium columnare stimulation

The gene sequences of three different immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chains, namely IgM, IgD and IgZ, were cloned from mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) recently. In this study the distribution of these three kinds of Ig-producing cells in lymphoid-related tissues as head kidney, spleen, gill and intestine were investigated by using in situ hybridization, and their transcriptional changes were also analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR during 8 weeks after immunization. IgM-producing cells could be detected obviously and abundantly in all the tissues examined. A few numbers of IgD and IgZ positive cells were both detected in head kidney and spleen. IgZ positive cells could be detected in gill moderately while IgD showed negative results, otherwise no IgD or IgZ positive cells could be detected in intestine. After stimulated with bacterial pathogen Flavobacterium columnare G(4), the transcripts of these three Ig genes exhibited quite different kinetics. Significantly increased transcription of IgM gene was observed in almost all the tissues examined especially in boosted group. In contrast with IgM, seldom strong increase was examined for IgD and IgZ genes. For IgD, it seemed that the first injection could stimulate the immune response easier, since in almost all the tissues significant increase was detected at 1 or 2 weeks after injection. For IgZ, boosted injection could not enlarge the up-regulation of gene expression of first injection. This is the first case to report the transcriptional kinetics of three Ig genes in teleost after bacterin immunization. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Cell responses of Dunaliella salina FACHB 435 (green alga) to microgravitational stimulation by clinorotation

Clinorotation experiments were established to simulate microgravity on ground. It was found that there were obvious changes of Dunaliella salina FACHB435 cells and their metabolic characteristics during clinorotation. The changes included the increases of glycerol content, the rate of H+ secretion and PM H+-ATPase activity, and the decrease of ratio of the plasma membrane (PM) phospholipid to PM protein. These results indicated that microgravity was a stress environment to Dunaliella salina. It is deduced that it would be possible to attribute the effect of microgravity on algal cells to the secondary activation of water stress.