Gender Equality in the Case Law of the European Court of Justice. IES WORKING PAPER 2/2009

The principle of gender equality forms a part of the EU’s social policy and serves equally men and women. So far, fourteen directives concerning gender equality have been adopted in the EU, with the New Equal Treatment Directive as the latest one. The EU has developed different models to promote gender equality: equal treatment, positive action and most recently gender mainstreaming. The equal treatment model is primarily concerned with formal equality and it unfortunately prevails in the ECJ’s rulings. Indeed, this paper argues that so far, the ECJ has not managed to develop a firm and consistent case law on gender equality, nor to stretch it coherently to positive action and gender mainstreaming. It seems that in spite of some progress in promoting the position of women, the ECJ’s case law has recently taken a step backwards with its conservative judgments in e.g. the Cadman case. Overall, this paper aims at summing up and evaluating the most important cases of the ECJ on gender equality.

A compilation of the laws of Illinois, relating to township organization and management of county affairs : with numerous forms and notes of instruction, supported by adjudicated cases, opinions of the attorney general and rulings of the auditor of public accounts, with an appendix /

Includes index.

Reporting under the Welfare and Pension Plans Disclosure Act, Public Law 85-836 : effective Jan. 1, 1959, 72 Stat. 997.

"Guide in using plan description and annual report forms prepared by the Secretary of Labor."

The practice in proceedings in the probate courts : including the probate of wills; appointment of administrators, guardians, and trustees ... : with an appendix of practical forms, designed for the use of executors and others having business in the probate courts /

Includes bibliographical references and index.

Consular requirements for exporters and shippers to all parts of the world : including exact copies of all forms of consular invoices, with some hints as to drawing out of bills of lading, etc. /

Mode of access: Internet.

The laws of the commonwealth of Massachusetts relating to marriage and divorce, embraced in the Public statutes, (enacted Nov. 19, 1881; to take effect Feb. 1, 1882;) : with a full digest of the decisions of the Supreme judicial court in divorce causes under laws heretofore in force and codified in these statutes, supplemented by copious extracts from the opinions of the court in important cases, together with notes, comments, and forms of pleading.

Includes index.

A digest of laws and decisions : ecclesiastical and civil relating to the constitution, practice, and affairs of the church of Scotland, with explanatory notes and forms of procedure /

Includes index.

Company forms in Scotland : memorandum of association, articles of association, formation agreements /

Includes index.

The comparative law of marriage and divorce.

"Table of authorities": p. [xi]-xix.

Story case-business law ...

Previously pub. under title: Business law--case method.

Ohio school laws in force April 16, 1900. Blank forms and directions to serve as a guide for school officers.

Published by L. D. Bonebrake, state commissioner of common schools.

Ohio school laws in force May 15, 1912, based on the general code of Ohio as amended to date. Blank forms and directions to serve as a guide for school officers and teachers.

Mode of access: Internet.

Public school laws of the state of Alabama : together with forms for teachers, officers and the Constitution of Alabama, and a revised list of county and city superintendents /

Includes index.

The amended school laws of Oregon, including amendments made by the seventeenth Legislative Assembly, together with the rules and regulations of the State Board of Education, blank forms for the use of school officers, the constitution of the state of Oregon, etc.

At head of title: Published by authority.

Ohio school laws, from revised statutes passed June 20th, 1879, to take effect January 1st, 1880, as amended up to April 19th, 1883, accompanied by general statues, Supreme court decisions, and explanatory notes, bearing on the management of schools and school property: to which are added parliamentary rules of order and a complete set of blank forms.

D. F. De Wolf, State Commissioner of Common Schools.