Analysis of Ultrasonic Techniques for the Characterization of Microfiltration Polymeric Membranes

The use of polymeric membranes is extremely important in several industries such as nuclear, biotechnology, chemical and pharmaceutical. In the nuclear area, for instance, systems based on membrane separation technologies are currently being used in the treatment of radioactive liquid effluent, and new technologies using membranes are being developed at a great rate. The knowledge of the physical characteristics of these membranes, such as, pore size and the pore size distribution, is very important to the membranes separation processes. Only after these characteristics are known is it possible to determine the type and to choose a particular membrane for a specific application. In this work, two ultrasonic non destructive techniques were used to determine the porosity of membranes: pulse echo and transmission. A 25 MHz immersion transducer was used. Ultrasonic signals were acquired, for both techniques, after the ultrasonic waves passed through a microfiltration polymeric membrane of pore size of 0.45 μm and thickness of 180 μm. After the emitted ultrasonic signal crossed the membrane, the received signal brought several information on the influence of the membrane porosity in the standard signal of the ultrasonic wave. The ultrasonic signals were acquired in the time domain and changed to the frequency domain by application of the Fourier Fast Transform (FFT), thus generating the material frequency spectrum. For the pulse echo technique, the ultrasonic spectrum frequency changed after the ultrasonic wave crossed the membrane. With the transmission technique there was only a displacement of the ultrasonic signal at the time domain.

Age estimation in common sole Solea solea larvae: validation of daily increments and evaluation of a pattern recognition technique

Close similarities have been found between the otoliths of sea-caught and laboratory-reared larvae of the common sole Solea solea (L.), given appropriate temperatures and nourishment of the latter. But from hatching to mouth formation. and during metamorphosis, sole otoliths have proven difficult to read because the increments may be less regular and low contrast. In this study, the growth increments in otoliths of larvae reared at 12 degrees C were counted by light microscopy to test the hypothesis of daily deposition, with some results verified using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and by image analysis in order to compare the reliability of the 2 methods in age estimation. Age was first estimated (in days posthatch) from light micrographs of whole mounted otoliths. Counts were initiated from the increment formed at the time of month opening (Day 4). The average incremental deposition rate was consistent with the daily hypothesis. However, the light-micrograph readings tended to underestimate the mean ages of the larvae. Errors were probably associated with the low-contrast increments: those deposited after the mouth formation during the transition to first feeding, and those deposited from the onset of eye migration (about 20 d posthatch) during metamorphosis. SEM failed to resolve these low-contrast areas accurately because of poor etching. A method using image analysis was applied to a subsample of micrograph-counted otoliths. The image analysis was supported by an algorithm of pattern recognition (Growth Demodulation Algorithm, GDA). On each otolith, the GDA method integrated the growth pattern of these larval otoliths to averaged data from different radial profiles, in order to demodulate the exponential trend of the signal before spectral analysis (Fast Fourier Transformation, FFT). This second method both allowed more precise designation of increments, particularly for low-contrast areas, and more accurate readings but increased error in mean age estimation. The variability is probably due to a still rough perception of otolith increments by the GDA method, counting being achieved through a theoretical exponential pattern and mean estimates being given by FFT. Although this error variability was greater than expected, the method provides for improvement in both speed and accuracy in otolith readings.

Efeitos de um programa de enfermagem de reabilitação na aptidão funcional de idosos institucionalizados

A aptidão funcional é essencial à execução autónoma das atividades de vida diária. A aptidão funcional em idosos inclui vários componentes: força; treino aeróbico; flexibilidade; equilíbrio e composição corporal. Objetivos: Avaliar mudanças na aptidão funcional de idosos institucionalizados através de um programa de enfermagem de reabilitação baseado em exercício físico de moderada intensidade. Metodologia: Desenho pré-teste/pós-teste com grupo de controlo. O programa de intervenção incluiu 3 sessões semanais de 30 minutos cada, durante 6 meses. A aptidão funcional foi avaliada pela bateria de testes Functional Fitness Test (FFT) para idosos. O grupo de intervenção (GI) tinha 15 participantes e o grupo de controlo (GC) 10. Resultados: No GI (85,9 ± 6,1 anos) observámos um aumento significativo (p<0,05) da força de preensão manual; força de flexão do braço; mobilidade, agilidade/equilíbrio dinâmico e do equilíbrio unipodal. No GC (85,8 ± 4,6 anos) não se registaram alterações significativas em qualquer das componentes da aptidão funcional. Conclusão: Os resultados sugerem que os idosos do GI melhoraram a sua aptidão funcional.

A Model for Continuous Measurement of Drilled Shaft Diameter During Construction

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) of deep foundations has become an integral part of the industry’s standard manufacturing processes. It is not unusual for the evaluation of the integrity of the concrete to include the measurement of ultrasonic wave speeds. Numerous methods have been proposed that use the propagation speed of ultrasonic waves to check the integrity of concrete for drilled shaft foundations. All such methods evaluate the integrity of the concrete inside the cage and between the access tubes. The integrity of the concrete outside the cage remains to be considered to determine the location of the border between the concrete and the soil in order to obtain the diameter of the drilled shaft. It is also economic to devise a methodology to obtain the diameter of the drilled shaft using the Cross-Hole Sonic Logging system (CSL). Performing such a methodology using the CSL and following the CSL tests is performed and used to check the integrity of the inside concrete, thus allowing the determination of the drilled shaft diameter without having to set up another NDT device. This proposed new method is based on the installation of galvanized tubes outside the shaft across from each inside tube, and performing the CSL test between the inside and outside tubes. From the performed experimental work a model is developed to evaluate the relationship between the thickness of concrete and the ultrasonic wave properties using signal processing. The experimental results show that there is a direct correlation between concrete thicknesses outside the cage and maximum amplitude of the received signal obtained from frequency domain data. This study demonstrates how this new method to measuring the diameter of drilled shafts during construction using a NDT method overcomes the limitations of currently-used methods. In the other part of study, a new method is proposed to visualize and quantify the extent and location of the defects. It is based on a color change in the frequency amplitude of the signal recorded by the receiver probe in the location of defects and it is called Frequency Tomography Analysis (FTA). Time-domain data is transferred to frequency-domain data of the signals propagated between tubes using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). Then, distribution of the FTA will be evaluated. This method is employed after CSL has determined the high probability of an anomaly in a given area and is applied to improve location accuracy and to further characterize the feature. The technique has a very good resolution and clarifies the exact depth location of any void or defect through the length of the drilled shaft for the voids inside the cage. The last part of study also evaluates the effect of voids inside and outside the reinforcement cage and corrosion in the longitudinal bars on the strength and axial load capacity of drilled shafts. The objective is to quantify the extent of loss in axial strength and stiffness of drilled shafts due to presence of different types of symmetric voids and corrosion throughout their lengths.

Les Rendez-Vous de Chantal

Lo scopo di questa tesi vuole essere di dimostrare come Chantal Akerman abbia risposto concretamente all’appello di Laura Mulvey e delle altre teoriche della FFT per un contro-cinema femminile e lo abbia fatto principalmente attraverso tre strategie: la pratica di un cinema sperimentale e in particolare strutturale/minimalista di stampo newyorkese; la riscrittura di codici narrativi della Nouvelle Vague francese; l’espressione dei contenuti della teoria femminista e soprattutto di pensatrici come Hélène Cixous e Luce Irigaray.

Radar FMCW per la rilevazione di ostacoli in movimento

Lo scopo di questa attività di tesi è quello di rilevare dinamicamente la posizione di ostacoli mediante radar FMCW. I radar a onda continua modulati in frequenza sono alla base dei moderni sensori in ambito automotive, in quanto consentono allo stesso tempo di rilevare la distanza, l’angolazione e la velocità di un corpo detto target analizzando gli scostamenti temporali e in frequenza tra i segnali (detti chirp) trasmessi e quelli riflessi dai corpi. Nel lavoro di tesi si analizza sperimentalmente come il radar a onda continua MIMO (multiple input multiple output) RBK2, presente presso il laboratorio TLC del Campus di Cesena, può essere utilizzato per ricavare la velocità relativa di un target, che si avvicina o si allontana dal radar. Innanzitutto, vengono settati i parametri per l’acquisizione e per il processing necessario per ottenere una matrice Angolo-Range che caratterizza staticamente il target. Il mixer interno al radar, a seguito della ricezione di un segnale di eco, produce un segnale a frequenza intermedia il cui spettro presenta un picco in corrispondenza della distanza del target che lo ha riflesso. A questo punto si conosce la posizione del corpo e si procede con la stima della velocità sfruttando l’effetto Doppler: analizzando i chirp riflessi dallo stesso target in istanti successivi si ottengono una serie di picchi nella stessa posizione ma con fasi differenti, e da tale sfasamento si ricava la componente radiale della velocità del target. Sono stati studiati sia il caso di misure outdoor che quello di misure indoor, infine è stato elaborato un codice Matlab in grado di fornire un feedback riguardante una possibile collisione in seguito alla stima della velocità del corpo. Tale tecnologia gioca quindi un ruolo fondamentale nell’ambito della sicurezza stradale potendo prevenire incidenti.