Respiratory effects of an exposure to grain dust among grain workers in the Vaud region (Switzerland)

Introduction: Bioaerosols such as grain dust (GD) elicit direct immunological reactions within the human respiratory system. Workplace-dependent exposure to GD may induce asthma, chronic bronchitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Aims: To assess the clinical impact of occupational exposure to GD and to determine quantitative biological markers of bioaerosol exposure in grain workers. Methods: This longitudinal study has been conducted from summer 2012 to summer 2013, comprising 6 groups of 30 active workers with different GD exposure patterns (4 groups of grain workers, 2 control groups). Two evaluations at high- and low-exposing seasons take place, during which an occupational and a medical history are questionnaire-assessed, lung function is evaluated by spirometry, airway inflammation is measured by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and specific blood IgG and IgE are titrated. Results: The preliminary results are those of 2 of the 4 exposed groups, (harvesters and mill workers), compared to the control groups, at first assessment (n=100). Mean age is 38.4 [years]; 98% are male. Exposed groups differ from controls (p<0.05) in daily contact with animals (57% vs. 40%) and active smoking (39% vs. 11%). Grain workers have more respiratory (50%), nasal (57%), ocular (45%) and dermatologic (36%) occupational symptoms than controls (6.4%, 19%, 16%, 6.4% respectively, p<0.05). Lower mean peak-expiratory-flow (PEF) values (96.1 ± 18.9 vs. 108.2 ± 17.4 [% of predicted], p<0.05) and eNO values (13.9 ± 9.6 vs. 20.5 ± 14.7 [ppm], p<0.05) are observed in the exposed groups. Conclusion: Preliminary results show a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms and a lower mean PEF value in the groups exposed to GD.

Tasso di omocisteina e diminuzione del rischio cardiovascolare: nessun effetto delle vitamine B: revisione Cochrane per il medico di famiglia.

Questo articolo presenta i risultati della rivista sistematica: Martí-Carvajal AJ, Solà I, Lathyris D, Salanti G. Homocysteine lowering interventions for preventing cardiovascular events. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7;(4):CD006612. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006612.pub2. PMID: 19821378.

Treating high blood pressure: is reaching the target more important than the means? No, the means are important.

All major antihypertensive drug classes i.e. diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium antagonists and blockers of the renin-angiotensin system have been shown to effectively lower blood pressure and hence to reduce cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients. These drugs decrease cardiovascular complications in hypertension essentially because they reduce systemic blood pressure. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence that the extent of the benefits differed between drug classes suggesting that the various classes of antihypertensive agents are not equivalent in their ability to protect against target organ damages and cardiovascular and renal endpoints. More recently, evidence has also accumulated to demonstrate that even combination therapies are not equally effective in reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular complications in hypertension. These recent observations suggest that the means to lower blood pressure are as important as the achieved target blood pressure in the management of hypertensive patients.

Data-based approach for developing a physical activity frequency questionnaire.

Measurement of total energy expenditure may be crucial to an understanding of the relation between physical activity and disease and in order to frame public health intervention. To devise a self-administered physical activity frequency questionnaire (PAFQ), the following data-based approach was used. A 24-hour recall was administered to a random sample of 919 adult residents of Geneva, Switzerland. The data obtained were used to establish the list of activities (and their median duration) that contributed to 95% of the energy expended, separately for men and women. Activities that were trivial for the whole sample but that contributed to > or = 10% of an individual's energy expenditure were also selected. The final PAFQ lists 70 activities or group of activities with their typical duration. About 20 minutes are required for respondents to indicate the number of days and the number of hours per day that they performed each activity. The PAFQ method was validated against a heart rate monitor, a more objective method. The total energy estimated by the PAFQ in 41 volunteers correlated well (r = 0.76) with estimates using a heart rate monitor. The authors conclude that the design of their self-administered physical activity frequency questionnaire based on data from 24-hour recall appeared to accurately estimate energy expenditure.

Cambios en las percepciones de riesgo frente al SIDA de los estudiantes universitarios durante la última década

Se revisan diversos trabajos realizados por las autoras desde 1993 sobre la percepción deriesgo frente al sida y su capacidad predictiva respecto a las conductas sexuales preventivas.Los resultados obtenidos muestran que: (1) la percepción de riesgo personal está sesgada deforma optimista y no predice ni la preocupación ni el interés por la prevención, y (2) los jóvenesuniversitarios no suelen detectar el elevado riesgo que supone la llamada monogamia serial(monogamia con parejas afectivas sucesivas), y se muestran favorables a mantener relacionessexuales sin preservativo en esas circunstancias en mayor medida que con una pareja ocasional.Asimismo, estudios más recientes de las autoras ponen de manifiesto un incremento en elnúmero de jóvenes que estarían dispuestos a mantener relaciones sexuales sin preservativo conuna pareja a la que se acaba de conocer, y una disminución en los porcentajes de los que piensanen el sida al informar sobre su intención de conducta en dicha situación

Electrically assisted ocular gene therapy.

Electrotransfer and iontophoresis are being developed as innovative non-viral gene delivery systems for the treatment of eye diseases. These two techniques rely on the use of electric current to allow for higher transfection yield of various ocular cell types in vivo. Short pulses of relatively high-intensity electric fields are used for electrotransfer delivery, whereas the iontophoresis technique is based on the application of low voltage electric current. The basic principles of these techniques and their potential therapeutic application for diseases of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye are reviewed. Iontophoresis has been found most efficient for the delivery of small nucleic acid fragments such as antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, or ribozymes. Electrotransfer, on the other hand, is being developed for the delivery of oligonucleotides or custom designed plasmids. The wide range of strategies already validated and the potential for targeting specific types of cells confirm the promising early observations made using electrotransfer and iontophoresis. These two nonviral delivery systems are safe and can be used efficiently for targeted gene delivery to ocular tissues in vivo. At the present, their application for the treatment of ocular human diseases is nearing its final stages of adaptation and practical implementation at the bedside.

Strategies de traitement dans l'hypertension arterielle essentielle. [Treatment strategies in essential arterial hypertension]

Essential hypertension is a very heterogeneous disease. The availability of antihypertensive drugs lowering blood pressure by various mechanisms allows most often to tailor the treatment, i.e. to find for each patient a drug regimen that is both efficient and well tolerated. Frequently medications given as monotherapy are not effective enough so that the use of drug combinations is required. When combined, low doses of antihypertensive agents are generally sufficient, so that tolerability is optimally preserved. Unfortunately many patients do not have their blood pressure controlled during antihypertensive therapy. These patients therefore do not benefit maximally from the cardiovascular protection afforded by blood pressure lowering. It is also imperative to correct all cardiovascular risk factors in each hypertensive patient. Such a multifactorial approach is known to improve effectively the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Adolescent(e)s migrant(e)s et sexualité [Migrant adolescents and sexuality].

Besides its emotional, hormonal and physical components, sexuality has also an important social function. Analyzing these interactions in immigrant adolescents who are challenged at the same time by developmental changes and modified cultural and social rules--especially if they differ from the rules assimilated during childhood--might help professionals to access better comprehension. Personal experience, individual and external resources, whether they are family oriented or professional, are prone to influence on behavior, perception and outcome related to sexual health. The subject is discussed on the base of scientific literature and medical practice.

Campagne cardiovasculaire 2013-2016 du CIPRET Valais : évaluation de la campagne 2013-2014

Le Cipret-Valais, la Société Médicale du Valais (SMV), Pharmavalais et Promotion Santé Valais, ont lancé en 2013 une campagne de sensibilisation sur l'impact du tabac sur les maladies cardiovasculaires (MCV). Cette campagne, qui sera déclinée sur trois ans (2013-2016), informe et sensibilise la population sur les liens existant entre le tabagisme et les MCV. La campagne suit différents axes : sensibiliser les fumeurs de plus de 40 ans aux conséquences du tabagisme sur leur risque de MCV, les encourager à contrôler leur pression artérielle (en pharmacie) et les inciter à prendre les mesures nécessaires à la réduction de leur risque de MCV. Dans une seconde phase, les fumeurs seront guidés dans leur démarche d'arrêt, avec des offres de désaccoutumance. Cette évaluation, qui concerne la première partie de la campagne (novembre 2013 et mars 2014), a pour but d'apporter un complément qualitatif aux données quantitatives récoltées au cours de la campagne (valeurs de tension artérielle (TA)). Des entretiens ont ainsi été menés avec le responsable du Cipret-Valais (A. Dubuis) et le président du Cipret-Valais, également responsable de la SMV pour cette campagne (Dr. D. Evéquoz). Un focus-group avec un échantillon de pharmacien était également prévu. N'ayant pu avoir lieu du fait d'une participation trop faible, il a été remplacé par des entretiens téléphoniques. Pour la partie quantitative de l'évaluation, les données sur les prises de TA en pharmacie ont été fournies par le Cipret-Valais et Pharmavalais, et celles sur la fréquentation du site internet par Cipret-Valais.

Respiratory effects of an exposure to grain dust among grain workers in the Vaud region (Switzerland)

Introduction: Bioaerosols such as grain dust, via biologically active agents, elicit local inflammation and direct immunological reactions within the human respiratory system. Workplace-dependent exposure to grain dust (GD) may thus induce asthma, chronic bronchitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical impact of occupational exposure to GD and to determine quantitative biological markers of bioaerosol exposure in grain workers. Methods: This longitudinal study has been conducted from summer 2012, to summer 2013, comprising 6 groups of 30 active workers with different GD exposure patterns (4 groups of grain workers, 2 control groups). After obtaining informed consent, two evaluations at high- and low-exposing seasons take place, during which an occupational history and a detailed medical history are questionnaire-assessed, lung function is evaluated by spirometry, airway inflammation is measured by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and specific blood IgG and IgE are titrated. The preliminary results presented hereafter are those of two of the four exposed groups, namely harvesters and mill workers, compared to the control groups, at first assessment (n=100). Results: Mean age is 38.4 [years]; 98% are male. Exposed groups differ from controls (p<0.05) in daily contact with animals (57% vs. 40%) and active smoking (39% vs. 11%). Grain workers have more respiratory (50%), nasal (57%), ocular (45%), dermatologic (36%) and systemic (20%) occupational symptoms than controls (6.4%, 19%, 16%, 6.4%, 1.6% respectively, p<0.05). Lower mean peak-expiratory-flow (PEF) values (96.1 ± 18.9 vs. 108.2 ± 17.4 [% of predicted], p<0.05) and eNO values (13.9 ± 9.6 vs. 20.5 ± 14.7 [ppm], p<0.05) are observed in the exposed groups. Conclusion: Preliminary results show a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms and a lower mean PEF value in the exposed groups. Detailed supplementary analyses are pending.

Dank der Apotheker verbesserte Kontrolle der Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten.

Der Apotheker kann - allein oder in Zusammenarbeit mit weiteren Gesundheitsfachpersonen - zur besseren Kontrolle der Risikofaktoren für kardiovaskuläre Krankheiten beitragen. Dies ist das Fazit eines kürzlich in "Archives of Internal Medicine" erschienenen systematischen Reviews [1], durchgeführt von der Apothekerin Dr. Valérie Santschi, PhD, Mitarbeitern der McGill-Universität Montréal und des "Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive " (IUMSP) des "Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois" (CHUV) Lausanne. Das Review kommt zum Schluss, dass es relevant ist, den Apotheker systematischer in die Prävention und Behandlung von KVK zu integrieren. [Ed.]

Ocular gene therapy: a review of nonviral strategies.

Along with viral vectors, non-viral strategies have been developed in order to efficiently deliver nucleic acids to ocular cells. During the last decade, we have observed that the outcome of these non-viral delivery systems depends on the genetic material used, the targeted tissue or cells, the expected effect duration, and the routes of administration. Assessment of efficiency has been evaluated in normal eyes or in animal models of ocular diseases. The chemical and physical methods that have been adapted for the delivery of nucleic acids to ocular tissues are highlighted and discussed in this review. Also, the results obtained with different non-viral strategies from their initial conception to their present development are summarized. At the present, selective targeting of ocular tissues and cells can be achieved using the most yielding route of administration to the eye in combination with an appropriate drug delivery technique.