La microenseñanza en Europa : Suecia, Alemania, Inglaterra.

Iniciar una tarea informativa reclamada por los representantes de la microenseñanza. Conocer las realizaciones en el campo de la microenseñanza de otros países antes de proceder a la publicación de nuevos documentos sobre temas teóricos. Revisar el uso de la microenseñanza y otras técnicas para la formación de enseñanzas en Suecia, la República Federal de Alemania y el Reino Unido. Se pretende que las realizaciones de otros países en microenseñanza nos sirva para valorar nuestras propias realizaciones y nos ofrezcan posibilidades de renovación. Tres universidades y colegios suecos, dos de Alemania Occidental e instituciones para la formación de profesorado en el Reino Unido. El autor estudia los métodos modernos para la preparación de profesorado, con especial énfasis en la microenseñanza en los países de Suecia, RF de Alemania y el Reino Unido. Pudo adquirir experiencias personales en universidades y colegios de los citados países. En el Reino Unido se complementó la experiencia con una encuesta por correo. Después de pedir información preliminar sobre sus actividades, tomó contacto con casi cincuenta especialistas en microenseñanza. El informe está dividido de acuerdo con los países visitados y dentro de cada uno, de acuerdo con la institución. El orden observado en la descripción del trabajo es: antecedentes-historial; razón-destrezas; recursos; organización; evaluación; investigación y publicaciones. En líneas generales, podemos decir que la microenseñanza europea, como la española, sigue bastante de cerca las directrices iniciales de la americana. Un hecho común que contrasta con nuestra realidad es la atención preferente de la microenseñanza en los demás países al entrenamiento de los futuros profesores, en carreras abocadas a la docencia, frente a nuestra atención exclusiva a los profesores en ejercicio. En los demás aspectos, encontramos más coincidencias que divergencias. La microenseñanza constituye uno de los métodos más útiles en la preparación efectiva de profesorado. Hay algunas universidades y colegios que no están satisfechos con las tendencias de la microenseñanza americana, intentando desarrollar métodos que sean más adecuados para las condiciones europeas y con una orientación menos behaviorista. Necesitamos arbitrar una política de selección y permanencia de quienes se dediquen a la microenseñanza, única posibilidad de especialización y progreso. Urge resolver la integración de todos los esfuerzos en la línea de las exigencias de la renovación pedagógica, partiendo de las necesidades concretas de nuestro profesorado, teniendo por base la investigación y la experimentación.

Europa y el futuro de la política internacional sobre los refugiados

Hay una nueva forma de pensar – que los nuevos líderes europeos deberían adoptar– sobre cómo promover unas respuestas a largo plazo para la crisis de los refugiados sirios que protejan y defiendan la dignidad humana, y que supongan soluciones más sostenibles y beneficiosas en los Estados receptores en la región de Asia Occidental y del norte de África.

La peste porcina africana en el este de Europa: evolución de los aislados circulantes y evaluación de las herramientas diagnósticas para su control

La Peste Porcina Africana (PPA) es una enfermedad porcina de etiología vírica muy compleja, de carácter infecto-contagioso, para la que actualmente no existe vacuna. Por su gran importancia económica y sanitaria aparece incluida dentro del grupo de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria de la lista de la OIE y de la Unión Europea y su presencia conduce a restricciones inmediatas sobre el comercio de cerdo y productos derivados. Está causada por el virus de la Peste porcina africana (vPPA), un virus ADN de gran tamaño y estructura compleja, que presenta una envuelta lipoprotéica y una elevada variabilidad genética y antigénica, con 22 genotipos diferentes descritos hasta la fecha. Pertenece a la familia Asfarviridae, genero Asfivirus, de la que es el único integrante. Actualmente está presente en 22 países del África subsahariana, en la isla de Cerdeña, Italia, y desde su introducción en Georgia en 2007, tanto en la región transcaucásica como en el centro y sur de la zona occidental de la Federación Rusa (FR). La compleja situación epidemiológica de la PPA en el este de Europa, con focos continuados en la FR y afectando también a otros países vecinos de la UE como Bielorrusia y Ucrania, originó finalmente la entrada de la enfermedad en varios países de la UE en 2014, Lituania, Polonia, Letonia y Estonia en los que, hasta agosto de 2015, se realizaron más de 1000 notificaciones principalmente en jabalí, y en mucha menor medida en cerdo doméstico. Únicamente las especies de la familia Suidae y a las garrapatas blandas del género Ornithodoros son infectadas de forma natural por el vPPA. En cerdos domésticos y jabalíes europeos las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad son variables. Por el contrario, los suidos silvestres africanos son resistentes a la infección, habitualmente con cursos clínicos de tipo inaparente...

New insights into Crustal Contributions to Large-volume Rhyolite Generation in the Mid-Tertiary Sierra Madre Occidental Province, Mexico, revealed by U Pb Geochronology

Voluminous (≥3·9 × 105 km3), prolonged (∼18 Myr) explosive silicic volcanism makes the mid-Tertiary Sierra Madre Occidental province of Mexico one of the largest intact silicic volcanic provinces known. Previous models have proposed an assimilation–fractional crystallization origin for the rhyolites involving closed-system fractional crystallization from crustally contaminated andesitic parental magmas, with <20% crustal contributions. The lack of isotopic variation among the lower crustal xenoliths inferred to represent the crustal contaminants and coeval Sierra Madre Occidental rhyolite and basaltic andesite to andesite volcanic rocks has constrained interpretations for larger crustal contributions. Here, we use zircon age populations as probes to assess crustal involvement in Sierra Madre Occidental silicic magmatism. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses of zircons from rhyolitic ignimbrites from the northeastern and southwestern sectors of the province yield U–Pb ages that show significant age discrepancies of 1–4 Myr compared with previously determined K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages from the same ignimbrites; the age differences are greater than the errors attributable to analytical uncertainty. Zircon xenocrysts with new overgrowths in the Late Eocene to earliest Oligocene rhyolite ignimbrites from the northeastern sector provide direct evidence for some involvement of Proterozoic crustal materials, and, potentially more importantly, the derivation of zircon from Mesozoic and Eocene age, isotopically primitive, subduction-related igneous basement. The youngest rhyolitic ignimbrites from the southwestern sector show even stronger evidence for inheritance in the age spectra, but lack old inherited zircon (i.e. Eocene or older). Instead, these Early Miocene ignimbrites are dominated by antecrystic zircons, representing >33 to ∼100% of the dated population; most antecrysts range in age between ∼20 and 32 Ma. A sub-population of the antecrystic zircons is chemically distinct in terms of their high U (>1000 ppm to 1·3 wt %) and heavy REE contents; these are not present in the Oligocene ignimbrites in the northeastern sector of the Sierra Madre Occidental. The combination of antecryst zircon U–Pb ages and chemistry suggests that much of the zircon in the youngest rhyolites was derived by remelting of partially molten to solidified igneous rocks formed during preceding phases of Sierra Madre Occidental volcanism. Strong Zr undersaturation, and estimations for very rapid dissolution rates of entrained zircons, preclude coeval mafic magmas being parental to the rhyolite magmas by a process of lower crustal assimilation followed by closed-system crystal fractionation as interpreted in previous studies of the Sierra Madre Occidental rhyolites. Mafic magmas were more probably important in providing a long-lived heat and material flux into the crust, resulting in the remelting and recycling of older crust and newly formed igneous materials related to Sierra Madre Occidental magmatism.

Late Oligocene to middle Miocene rifting and syn-extensional magmatism in the southwestern Sierra Madre occidental, Mexico: the beginning of the Gulf of California rift

Although Basin and Range style extension affected several areas of western Mexico since the Late Eocene, extension in the Gulf of California region (the Gulf Extensional Province GEP) is thought to have started as subduction waned and ended at ~14 12.5 Ma. A general consensus also exists in considering the mid Miocene Comondú group as a suprasubduction volcanic arc. Our new integration of the geology of the south east Gulf region, backed by 43 new Ar Ar and U Pb mineral ages and geochemical studies, document a widespread phase of extension in the southern GEP between latest Oligocene and Early Miocene that subsequently focused in the region of the future Gulf in the Middle Miocene. Upper Oligocene to Lower Miocene rocks across the southern Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO)(northern Nayarit and southern Sinaloa) were affected by major ~N S to NNW striking normal faults prior to ~21 Ma. Then, between ~21 and 11 Ma, a system of NNW-SSE high angle extensional faults continued extending the southwestern side of the SMO. Rhyolitic domes, shallow intrusive bodies, and lesser basalts were emplaced along this extensional belt at 20-17 Ma. In northern Sinaloa, large grabens were floored by huge dome complexes at ~21-17 Ma and filled by continental sediments with interlayered basalts dated at 15-14 Ma, a setting and timing very similar to Sonora. Early to Middle Miocene volcanism, including the largely volcaniclastic Comondú strata in Baja California Sur, was thus emplaced in rift basins and was likely associated to decompression melting of upper mantle (inducing crustal partial melting) rather than to fluxing by fluids from the young subducting plate. Along the Nayarit and Sinaloa coast, flatlying basaltic lava flows dated at 11-10 Ma are exposed just above the present sea level. Here, crustal thickness is almost half that in the unextended core of the SMO, implying significant lithosphere stretching before ~11 Ma. Our study shows that rifting began much earlier than Late Miocene and provided a fundamental control on the style and composition of volcanism from at least 30 Ma. We envision a sustained period of lithospheric stretching and magmatism during which the pace and breadth of extension changed at ~20-18 Ma to be narrower and likely more rapid, and again at ~12.5 Ma, when the kinematics of rifting became more oblique.

Consequences of extensional tectonics on volcanic eruption style, compositions and source regions : new insights from the southern Sierra Madre Occidental and Gulf of California regions, western Mexico

Understanding the link between tectonic-driven extensional faulting and volcanism is crucial from a hazard perspective in active volcanic environments, while ancient volcanic successions provide records on how volcanic eruption styles, compositions, magnitudes and frequencies can change in response to extension timing, distribution and intensity. This study draws on intimate relationships of volcanism and extension preserved in the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) and Gulf of California (GoC) regions of western Mexico. Here, a major Oligocene rhyolitic ignimbrite “flare-up” (>300,000 km3) switched to a dominantly bimodal and mixed effusive-explosive volcanic phase in the Early Miocene (~100,000 km3), associated with distributed extension and opening of numerous grabens. Rhyolitic dome fields were emplaced along graben edges and at intersections of cross-graben and graben-parallel structures during early stages of graben development. Concomitant with this change in rhyolite eruption style was a change in crustal source as revealed by zircon chronochemistry with rapid rates of rhyolite magma generation due to remelting of mid- to upper crustal, highly differentiated igneous rocks emplaced during earlier SMO magmatism. Extension became more focused ~18 Ma resulting in volcanic activity being localised along the site of GoC opening. This localised volcanism (known as the Comondú “arc”) was dominantly effusive and andesite-dacite in composition. This compositional change resulted from increased mixing of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas rather than fluid flux melting of the mantle wedge above the subducting Guadalupe Plate. A poor understanding of space-time relationships of volcanism and extension has thus led to incorrect past tectonic interpretations of Comondú-age volcanism.

Late Oligocene to Middle Miocene rifting and synextensional magmatism in the southwestern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico : the beginning of the Gulf of California rift

Although Basin and Range–style extension affected large areas of western Mexico after the Late Eocene, most consider that extension in the Gulf of California region began as subduction waned and ended ca. 14–12.5 Ma. A general consensus also exists in considering Early and Middle Miocene volcanism of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Comondú Group as subduction related, whereas volcanism after ca. 12.5 Ma is extension related. Here we present a new regional geologic study of the eastern Gulf of California margin in the states of Nayarit and Sinaloa, Mexico, backed by 43 new Ar-Ar and U-Pb mineral ages, and geochemical data that document an earlier widespread phase of extension. This extension across the southern and central Gulf Extensional Province began between Late Oligocene and Early Miocene time, but was focused in the region of the future Gulf of California in the Middle Miocene. Late Oligocene to Early Miocene rocks across northern Nayarit and southern Sinaloa were affected by major approximately north-south– to north-northwest– striking normal faults prior to ca. 21 Ma. Between ca. 21 and 11 Ma, a system of north-northwest–south-southeast high angle extensional faults continued extending the southwestern side of the Sierra Madre Occidental. Rhyolitic domes, shallow intrusive bodies, and lesser basalts were emplaced along this extensional belt at 20–17 Ma. Rhyolitic rocks, in particular the domes and lavas, often show strong antecrystic inheritance but only a few Mesozoic or older xenocrysts, suggesting silicic magma generation in the mid-upper crust triggered by an extension induced basaltic infl ux. In northern Sinaloa, large grabens were occupied by huge volcanic dome complexes ca. 21–17 Ma and filled by continental sediments with interlayered basalts dated as 15–14 Ma, a stratigraphy and timing very similar to those found in central Sonora (northeastern Gulf of California margin). Early to Middle Miocene volcanism occurred thus in rift basins, and was likely associated with decompression melting of upper mantle (inducing crustal partial melting) rather than with fluxing by fluids from the young and slow subducting microplates. Along the eastern side of the Gulf of California coast, from Farallón de San Ignacio island offshore Los Mochis, Sinaloa, to San Blas, Nayarit, a strike distance of >700 km, flat lying basaltic lavas dated as ca. 11.5–10 Ma are exposed just above the present sea level. Here crustal thickness is almost half that in the unextended core of the adjacent Sierra Madre Occidental, implying signifi cant lithosphere stretching before ca. 11 Ma. This mafic pulse, with subdued Nb-Ta negative spikes, may be related to the detachment of the lower part of the subducted slab, allowing an upward asthenospheric flow into an upper mantle previously modified by fluid fluxes related to past subduction. Widespread eruption of very uniform oceanic island basalt–like lavas occurred by the late Pliocene and Pleistocene, only 20 m.y. after the onset of rifting and ~9 m.y. after the end of subduction, implying that preexisting subduction-modified mantle had now become isolated from melt source regions. Our study shows that rifting across the southern-central Gulf Extensional Province began much earlier than the Late Miocene and provided a fundamental control on the style and composition of volcanism from at least 30 Ma. We envision a sustained period of lithospheric stretching and magmatism during which the pace and breadth of extension changed ca. 20–18 Ma to be narrower, and again after ca. 12.5 Ma, when the kinematics of rifting became more oblique.

Algunas consideraciones sobre el pasado, presente y futuro de Europa

Resumen: El objetivo del presente trabajo es hacer un recorrido sobre los diversos lugares desde donde el pensamiento antiguo clásico ha abordado a “Europa” como concepto y como realidad. En primer lugar, indagando en sus testimonios se analizará cómo éstos fueron construyendo y transformando una conciencia geográfica del espacio territorial europeo. En segundo lugar, se esbozará la forma en que fue estructurándose, en principio, el “mito” de Europa como diosa, para luego ver cómo se estructuró la “idea” de Europa, afirmándose fundamentalmente en oposición al Asia y consolidándose en la asociación de continente y Cristiandad en tiempos medievales. Por último, se analizará el concepto como realidad histórica, para finalmente reflexionar brevemente sobre la situación de la cultura y cosmovisión europea en el siglo XX hasta hoy.

Deseo y satisfacción, el camino orteguiano hacia los Estados Unidos de Europa, 1910-1949

Resumen: Se presentan en este artículo de modo sintético las tres etapas principales en el pensamiento del fi lósofo español José Ortega y Gasset sobre su idea de Europa como regeneración de España a través de la europeización de la patria.

Legislação sobre resíduos sólidos : exemplos da Europa, Estados Unidos e Canadá

Consultoria Legislativa - Área XI - Meio Ambiente e Direito Ambiental, Organização Territorial e Desenvolvimento Urbano e Regional.

Estudo comparativo sobre produção legislativa e remuneração parlamentar em países selecionados da Europa, América do Norte e América Latina

Realiza estudo sobre a produção legislativa em países da Europa, América do Norte e América Latina. Apresenta análise comparativa sobre a transformação de projetos de lei em normas jurídicas, entre o Brasil, Estados Unidos e países de sistema parlamentarista.

A regulamentação do lobby em países selecionados da Europa

Levantamentos do estado da arte europeia com relação à regulamentação do lobby, apontando quais países optaram por algum tipo de regulamentação e quais optaram por não regulamentar as atividades de lobistas. A amostra empregada na pesquisa é constituída por 14 países da Europa ocidental, a saber: Alemanha, Áustria Bélgica, Dinamarca, Espanha, Finlândia, França, Holanda, Irlanda, Itália, Luxemburgo, Portugal, Reino Unido e Suécia.