Lower Permian stems as fluvial paleocurrent indicators of the Parnaíba Basin, northern Brazil

A comprehensive biostratinomic study was carried out with abundant stems from the Lower Permian Motuca Formation of the intracratonic Parnaíba Basin, central-north Brazil. The fossils represent a rare tropical to subtropical paleofloristic record in north Gondwana. Tree ferns dominate the assemblages (mainly Tietea, secondarily Psaronius), followed by gymnosperms, sphenophytes, other ferns and rare lycophytes. They are silica-permineralized, commonly reach 4 m length (exceptionally more than 10 m), lie loosely on the ground or are embedded in the original sandstone or siltstone matrix, and attract particular attention because of their frequent parallel attitudes. Many tree fern stems present the original straight cylindrical to slightly conical forms, other are somewhat flattened, and the gymnosperm stems are usually more irregular. Measurements of stem orientations and dimensions were made in three sites approximately aligned in a W-E direction in a distance of 27.3 km at the conservation unit Tocantins Fossil Trees Natural Monument In the eastern site, rose diagrams for 54 stems indicate a relatively narrow azimuthal range to SE. These stems commonly present attached basal bulbous root mantles and thin cylindrical sandstone envelopes, which sometimes hold, almost adjacent to the lateral stem surface, permineralized fern pinnae and other small plant fragments. In the more central site, 82 measured stems are preferentially oriented in the SW-NE direction, the proportion of gymnosperms is higher and cross-stratification sets of sandstones indicate paleocurrents mainly to NE and secondarily to SE. In the western site, most of the 42 measured stems lie in E-W positions. The predominantly sandy succession, where the fossil stems are best represented, evidences a braided fluvial system under semiarid conditions. The low plant diversity, some xeromorphic features and the supposedly almost syndepositional silica impregnation of the plants are coherent with marked dry seasons. Thick mudstones and some coquinites below and above the sandy interval may represent lacustrine facies formed in probably more humid conditions. The taphonomic history of the preserved plants began with exceptional storms that caused fast-flowing high water in channels and far into the floodplains. In the eastern site region, many tree ferns only fell, thus sometimes covering and protecting plant litter and leaves from further fragmentation. Assemblages of the central and western sites suggest that the trees were uprooted and transported in suspension (floating) parallel to the flow. Heavier ends of stems (according to their form or because of attached basal bulbous root mantle or large apical fronds) were oriented to upstream because of inertial forces. During falling water stage, the stems were stranded on riverbanks, usually maintaining the previous transport orientation, and were slightly buried. The perpendicular or oblique positions of some stems may have been caused by interference with other stems or shallow bars. Rare observed stems were apparently waterlogged before the final depositional process and transported as bedload. The differences of interpreted channel orientations between the three sites are expected in a braided fluvial system, considering the very low gradients of the basin and the work scale in the order of tens of kilometers. The mean direction of the drainage probably was to east and the flows apparently became weaker downstream. This study seems to provide reliable data for paleocurrent interpretations, especially considering areas with scarce preserved sedimentary structures. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Terapia ocupacional modulando a dor em pacientes oncológicos sob cuidados paliativos

Pós-graduação em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (Biotecnologia Médica) - FMB

Formação de compostos de alumínio por associação radioativa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise de variáveis dinâmicas na fundição centrifugada de cilindros de laminação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Esterilização de pontas diamantadas através da energia por microondas

Pós-graduação em Reabilitação Oral - FOAR

Efeitos do ácido zoledrônico sobre o processo de remodelação óssea em ratas ooforectomizadas: estudo clínico, densitométrico, biomecânico e microtomográfico

Pós-graduação em Bases Gerais da Cirurgia - FMB

Entropia conjunta de espaço e reqüência espacial estimada através da discriminação de estímulos espaciais com luminância e cromaticidade moduladas por funções de Gábor: implicações para o processamento paralelo de informação no sistema visual humano

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a entropia conjunta do sistema visual humano no domínio do espaço e no domínio das freqüências espaciais através de funções psicométricas. Estas foram obtidas com testes de discriminação de estímulos com luminância ou cromaticidade moduladas por funções de Gábor. A essência do método consistiu em avaliar a entropia no domínio do espaço, testando-se a capacidade do sujeito em discriminar estímulos que diferiam apenas em extensão espacial, e avaliar a entropia no domínio das freqüências espaciais, testando-se a capacidade do sujeito em discriminar estímulos que diferiam apenas em freqüência espacial. A entropia conjunta foi calculada, então, a partir desses dois valores individuais de entropia. Três condições visuais foram estudadas: acromática, cromática sem correção fina para eqüiluminância e cromática com correção para eqüiluminância através de fotometria com flicker heterocromático. Quatro sujeitos foram testados nas três condições, dois sujeitos adicionais foram testados na condição cromática sem eqüiluminância fina e um sétimo sujeito também fez o teste acromático. Todos os sujeitos foram examinados por oftalmologista e considerados normais do ponto de vista oftálmico, não apresentando relato, sintomas ou sinais de disfunções visuais ou de moléstias potencialmente capazes de afetar o sistema visual. Eles tinham acuidade visual normal ou corrigida de no mínimo 20/30. O trabalho foi aprovado pela Comissão de Ética em Pesquisa do Núcleo de Medicina Tropical da UFPA e obedeceu às recomendações da Declaração de Helsinki. As funções de Gábor usadas para modulação de luminância ou cromaticidade compreenderam redes senoidais unidimensionais horizontais, moduladas na direção vertical, dentro de envelopes gaussianos bidimensionais cuja extensão espacial era medida pelo desvio padrão da gaussiana. Os estímulos foram gerados usando-se uma rotina escrita em Pascal num ambiente Delphi 7 Enterprise. Foi utilizado um microcomputador Dell Precision 390 Workstation e um gerador de estímulos CRS VSG ViSaGe para exibir os estímulos num CRT de 20”, 800 x 600 pixels, 120 Hz, padrão RGB, Mitsubishi Diamond Pro 2070SB. Nos experimentos acromáticos, os estímulos foram gerados pela modulação de luminância de uma cor branca correspondente à cromaticidade CIE1931 (x = 0,270; y = 0,280) ou CIE1976 (u’ = 0,186; v’= 0,433) e tinha luminância média de 44,5 cd/m2. Nos experimentos cromáticos, a luminância média foi mantida em 15 cd/m2 e foram usadas duas series de estímulos verde-vermelhos. Os estímulos de uma série foram formados por duas cromaticidades definidas no eixo M-L do Espaço de Cores DKL (CIE1976: verde, u’=0,131, v’=0,380; vermelho, u’=0,216, v’=0,371). Os estímulos da outra série foram formados por duas cromaticidades definidas ao longo de um eixo horizontal verde-vermelho definido no Espaço de Cores CIE1976 (verde, u’=0,150, v’=0,480; vermelho, u’=0,255, v’=0,480). Os estímulos de referência eram compostos por redes de três freqüências espaciais diferentes (0,4, 2 e 10 ciclos por grau) e envelope gaussiano com desvio padrão de 1 grau. Os estímulos de testes eram compostos por uma entre 19 freqüências espaciais diferentes em torno da freqüência espacial de referência e um entre 21 envelopes gaussianos diferentes com desvio padrão em torno de 1 grau. Na condição acromática, foram estudados quatro níveis de contraste de Michelson: 2%, 5%, 10% e 100%. Nas duas condições cromáticas foi usado o nível mais alto de contraste agregado de cones permitidos pelo gamut do monitor, 17%. O experimento consistiu numa escolha forçada de dois intervalos, cujo procedimento de testagem compreendeu a seguinte seqüência: i) apresentação de um estímulo de referência por 1 s; ii) substituição do estímulo de referência por um fundo eqüiluminante de mesma cromaticidade por 1 s; iii) apresentação do estímulo de teste também por 1 s, diferindo em relação ao estímulo de referência seja em freqüência espacial, seja em extensão espacial, com um estímulo sonoro sinalizando ao sujeito que era necessário responder se o estímulo de teste era igual ou diferente do estímulo de referência; iv) substituição do estímulo de teste pelo fundo. A extensão espacial ou a freqüência espacial do estímulo de teste foi mudada aleatoriamente de tentativa para tentativa usando o método dos estímulos constantes. Numa série de 300 tentativas, a freqüencia espacial foi variada, noutra série também de 300 tentativas, a extensão espacial foi variada, sendo que cada estímulo de teste em cada série foi apresentado pelo menos 10 vezes. A resposta do indivíduo em cada tentativa era guardada como correta ou errada para posterior construção das curvas psicométricas. Os pontos experimentais das funções psicométricas para espaço e freqüência espacial em cada nível de contraste, correspondentes aos percentuais de acertos, foram ajustados com funções gaussianas usando-se o método dos mínimos quadrados. Para cada nível de contraste, as entropias para espaço e freqüência espacial foram estimadas pelos desvios padrões dessas funções gaussianas e a entropia conjunta foi obtida multiplicando-se a raiz quadrada da entropia para espaço pela entropia para freqüência espacial. Os valores de entropia conjunta foram comparados com o mínimo teórico para sistemas lineares, 1/4π ou 0,0796. Para freqüências espaciais baixas e intermediárias, a entropia conjunta atingiu níveis abaixo do mínimo teórico em contrastes altos, sugerindo interações não lineares entre dois ou mais mecanismos visuais. Este fenômeno occorreu em todas as condições (acromática, cromática e cromática eqüiluminante) e foi mais acentuado para a frequência espacial de 0,4 ciclos / grau. Uma possível explicação para este fenômeno é a interação não linear entre as vias visuais retino-genículo-estriadas, tais como as vias K, M e P, na área visual primária ou em níveis mais altos de processamento neural.

Análise experimental da conexão entre blocos segmentais e geogrelha de PVA

The test system connection segmental blocks and geogrids at the Department of Civil Engineering, UNESP - Guaratinguetá order to verify the strength of the connection system when subjected to different confining stresses. The present work aims to demonstrate the procedures for carrying out the test as well as the placement of concrete blocks. Were analyzed two ways of placing the blocks in the press. An entire block and two halves in the first layer, named position 12, compared to a different format, two entire blocks in the first layer, named position 21; also geogrids: single and double layer. From the data obtained for the peak strength of 20 tests it was possible to obtain the envelopes break in the connection for single and double layer. In 2011, the size of the concrete block used in the test was lower when compared with previous years. What resulted in significant decreases in the loss of connection in single layer and it was noted that there was no decrease in the strength of connection in the double-layer tests, despite the smaller area of contact between the block and geogrid. It is concluded that, through the analysis of geogrids after running the test, the concrete block is responsible for theforce that allows the movement of the geogrid due to the force from the ground

Avaliação dos mecanismos de endurecimentoda liga AISI 300M submetida a diferentes ciclos de transformações martensíticas

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Caracterização de juntas soldadas em PAW e GTAW de chapas finas em aço maraging 300 submetidas a vários reparos

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Produção do monóxido de titânio em estrelas variáveis

Mira are pulsating variable stars in advanced stages of evolution. Their atmospheres are sources of intense absorption bands attributed to molecular titanium monoxide (TiO). It has been suggested that the abundance of TiO reaches its maximum value near the minimum light. In this sense, the study of the processes of formation and destruction of TiO in circumstellar envelopes of Mira stars, not only allows us to understand the physical and chemical processes that occur in these environments, as it allows to verify the correlation between the abundance of TiO and its light curve. However, the main mechanisms of formation and destruction of TiO are poorly known and, consequently, the possible correlation between the abundance of this species and the light curve. In these sense, we studied the main processes of formation and destruction of titanium monoxide in molecular layers of Mira atmospheres and determined its temporal variation as function of the stellar radius. The TiO profile along the radius was expected for the different stellar phase, however its abundance is not enough to explain the light curve. The reasons behind it are discussed in details

Dinâmica de grafoelementos do sono e seus impactos na neurofisiologia de pacientes com apneia obstrutiva através de sinais de eletroencefalografia

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Molecular chemistry and the missing mass problem in planetary nebulae

Context. Detections of molecular lines, mainly from H-2 and CO, reveal molecular material in planetary nebulae. Observations of a variety of molecules suggest that the molecular composition in these objects differs from that found in interstellar clouds or in circumstellar envelopes. The success of the models, which are mostly devoted to explain molecular densities in specific planetary nebulae, is still partial however. Aims. The present study aims at identifying the influence of stellar and nebular properties on the molecular composition of planetary nebulae by means of chemical models. A comparison of theoretical results with those derived from the observations may provide clues to the conditions that favor the presence of a particular molecule. Methods. A self-consistent photoionization numerical code was adapted to simulate cold molecular regions beyond the ionized zone. The code was used to obtain a grid of models and the resulting column densities are compared with those inferred from observations. Results. Our models show that the inclusion of an incident flux of X-rays is required to explain the molecular composition derived for planetary nebulae. We also obtain a more accurate relation for the N(CO)/N(H-2) ratio in these objects. Molecular masses obtained by previous works in the literature were then recalculated, showing that these masses can be underestimated by up to three orders of magnitude. We conclude that the problem of the missing mass in planetary nebulae can be solved by a more accurate calculation of the molecular mass.

TUNGSTEN ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS IN STARDUST SiC GRAINS FROM THE MURCHISON METEORITE: CONSTRAINTS ON THE s-PROCESS IN THE Hf-Ta-W-Re-Os REGION

We report the first tungsten isotopic measurements in stardust silicon carbide (SiC) grains recovered from the Murchison carbonaceous chondrite. The isotopes (182,183,184,186)Wand (179,180)Hf were measured on both an aggregate (KJB fraction) and single stardust SiC grains (LS+ LU fraction) believed to have condensed in the outflows of low-mass carbon-rich asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars with close-to-solar metallicity. The SiC aggregate shows small deviations from terrestrial (= solar) composition in the (182)W/(184)Wand (183)W/(184)Wratios, with deficits in (182)W and (183)W with respect to (184)W. The (186)W/(184)W ratio, however, shows no apparent deviation from the solar value. Tungsten isotopic measurements in single mainstream stardust SiC grains revealed lower than solar (182)W/(184)W, (183)W/(184)W, and (186)W/(184)W ratios. We have compared the SiC data with theoretical predictions of the evolution of W isotopic ratios in the envelopes of AGB stars. These ratios are affected by the slow neutron-capture process and match the SiC data regarding their (182)W/(184)W, (183)W/(184)W, and (179)Hf/(180)Hf isotopic compositions, although a small adjustment in the s-process production of (183)W is needed in order to have a better agreement between the SiC data and model predictions. The models cannot explain the (186)W/(184)W ratios observed in the SiC grains, even when the current (185)W neutron-capture cross section is increased by a factor of two. Further study is required to better assess how model uncertainties (e. g., the formation of the (13)C neutron source, the mass-loss law, the modeling of the third dredge-up, and the efficiency of the (22)Ne neutron source) may affect current s-process predictions.

New activity in the large circumstellar disk of the Be-shell star 48 Librae

Aims. Spectroscopic, polarimetric, and high spectral resolution interferometric data covering the period 1995-2011 are analyzed to document the transition into a new phase of circumstellar disk activity in the classical Be-shell star 48 Lib. The objective is to use this broad data set to additionally test disk oscillations as the basic underlying dynamical process. Methods. The long-term disk evolution is described using the V/R ratio of the violet and red emission components of H alpha and Br gamma, radial velocities and profiles of He I and optical metal shell lines, as well as multi-band BVRI polarimetry. Single-epoch broad-band and high-resolution interferometric visibilities and phases are discussed with respect to a classical disk model and the given baseline orientations. Results. Spectroscopic signatures of disk asymmetries in 48 Lib vanished in the late nineties but recovered some time between 2004 and 2007, as shown by a new large-amplitude and long-duration V/R cycle. Variations in the radial velocity and line profile of conventional shell lines correlate with the V/R behavior. They are shared by narrow absorption cores superimposed on otherwise seemingly photospheric He I lines, which may form in high-density gas at the inner disk close to the photosphere. Large radial velocity variations continued also during the V/R-quiet years, suggesting that V/R may not always be a good indicator of global density waves in the disk. The comparison of the polarization after the recovery of the V/R activity shows a slight increase, while the polarization angle has been constant for more than 20 years, placing tight limits on any 3-D precession or warping of the disk. The broad H-band interferometry gives a disk diameter of (1.72 +/- 0.2) mas (equivalent to 15 stellar radii), position angle of the disk (50 +/- 9)degrees and a relatively low disk flattening of 1.66 +/- 0.3. Within the errors the same disk position angle is derived from polarimetric observations and from photocenter shifts across Br gamma. The high-resolution interferometric visibility and phase profiles show a double or even multiple-component structure. A preliminary estimate based on the size of the Br gamma emitting region indicates a large diameter for the disk (tens of stellar radii). Overall, no serious contradiction between the observations and the disk-oscillation model could be construed.