Energy-momentum tensor in thermal strong-field QED with unstable vacuum

Themean value of the one-loop energy-momentum tensor in thermal QED with an electric-like background that creates particles from vacuum is calculated. The problem is essentially different from calculations of effective actions ( similar to the action of Heisenberg-Euler) in backgrounds that respect the stability of vacuum. The role of a constant electric background in the violation of both the stability of vacuum and the thermal character of particle distribution is investigated. Restrictions on the electric field and the duration over which one can neglect the back-reaction of created particles are established.

Large Changes of Static Electric Properties Induced by Hydrogen Bonding: An ab Initio Study of Linear HCN Oligomers

We report the partitioning of the interaction-induced static electronic dipole (hyper)polarizabilities for linear hydrogen cyanide complexes into contributions arising from various interaction energy terms. We analyzed the nonadditivities of the studied properties and used these data to predict the electric properties of an infinite chain. The interaction-induced static electric dipole properties and their nonadditivities were analyzed using an approach based on numerical differentiation of the interaction energy components estimated in an external electric field. These were obtained using the hybrid variational-perturbational interaction energy decomposition scheme, augmented with coupled-cluster calculations, with singles, doubles, and noniterative triples. Our results indicate that the interaction-induced dipole moments and polarizabilities are primarily electrostatic in nature; however, the composition of the interaction hyperpolarizabilities is much more complex. The overlap effects substantially quench the contributions due to electrostatic interactions, and therefore, the major components are due to the induction and exchange induction terms, as well as the intramolecular electron-correlation corrections. A particularly intriguing observation is that the interaction first hyperpolarizability in the studied systems not only is much larger than the corresponding sum of monomer properties, but also has the opposite sign. We show that this effect can be viewed as a direct consequence of hydrogen-bonding interactions that lead to a decrease of the hyperpolarizability of the proton acceptor and an increase of the hyperpolarizability of the proton donor. In the case of the first hyperpolarizability, we also observed the largest nonadditivity of interaction properties (nearly 17%) which further enhances the effects of pairwise interactions.

Um modelo matemático baseado em wavelets para análise do método térmico de recuperação de óleo pesado aplicando irradiação eletromagnética

This work proposes a model to investigate the use of a cylindrical antenna used in the thermal method of recovering through electromagnetic radiation of high-viscosity oil. The antenna has a simple geometry, adapted dipole type, and it can be modelled by using Maxwell s equation. The wavelet transforms are used as basis functions and applied in conjunction with the method of moments to obtain the current distribution in the antenna. The electric field, power and temperature distribution are carefully calculated for the analysis of the antenna as electromagnetic heating. The energy performance is analyzed based on thermo-fluid dynamic simulations at field scale, and through the adaptation in the Steam Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) by Computer Modelling Group (CMG). The model proposed and the numerical results obtained are stable and presented good agreement with the results reported in the specialized literature

Resistivity in the dynamic current sheath of a field reversed configuration

The resistivity of a field reversed configuration in a theta-pinch with slow rising current was investigated during the turbulent phase from the moment of field reversal until end of plasma radial implosion. This transport coefficient was obtained in a hydrogen plasma by local measurements with magnetic probe and compared to numerical calculations with Chodura resistivity and evolution of lower hybrid drift instability. The values of resistivity are higher than those predicted by classical binary collision. During early phase of confinement, the doubly layer structure of current sheath in the low electric field machine was theoretically well reproduced with anomalous collision frequency calculated with Chodura resistivity that provides appropriate conditions for onset of lower hybrid drift instability and the regular evolution of pinch. The plasma dynamic, radial profiles of magnetic field during the radial compression and resistivity values were equally close to those observed by the measurements. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3698405]

Electric measurements with constant current: A practical method for characterizing dielectric films

This article assesses the use of the constant current (CC) method for characterizing dielectric films. The method is based on charging the sample with a constant current (current stress) and measuring the corresponding voltage rise under the closed circuit condition. Our article shows that the CC method is an alternative to the constant voltage stressing method to study the electric properties of nonpolar, ferroelectric, and polar polymers. The method was tested by determining the dielectric constant of polytetrafluoroethylene, and investigating the electric conduction in poly(ethylene terephthalate). For the ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride), it is shown that hysteresis loops and the dependence of the ferroelectric polarization on the electric field can be obtained. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics.

Mechanical and electrical driving field induced high-frequency dielectric anomalies in ferroelectric systems

Polycrystalline or single-crystal ferroelectric materials present dielectric dispersion in the frequency range 100 MHz-1 GHz that has been attributed to a dispersive ( relaxation-like) mechanism as well as a resonant mechanism. Particularly in 'normal' ferroelectric materials, a dielectric response that is indistinguishable from dispersion or a resonance has been reported. Nevertheless, the reported results are not conclusive enough to distinguish each mechanism clearly. A detailed study of the dielectric dispersion phenomenon has been carried out in PbTiO3-based ferroelectric ceramics, with the composition Pb1-xLaxTiO3 (x = 0.15), over a wide range of temperatures and frequencies, including microwave frequencies. The dielectric response of La-modified lead titanate ferroelectric ceramics, in 'virgin' and poled states, has been investigated in the temperature and frequency ranges 300-450 K and 1 kHz-2 GHz, respectively. The results revealed that the frequency dependence of the dielectric anomalies, depending on the measuring direction with respect to the orientation of the macroscopic polarization, may be described as a general mechanism related to an 'over-damped' resonant process. Applying either a uniaxial stress along the measurement field direction or a poling electric field parallel and/or perpendicular to the measuring direction, a resonant response of the real and imaginary components of the dielectric constant is observed, in contrast to the dispersion behavior obtained in the absence of the stress, for the 'virgin' samples. Both results, resonance and/or dispersion, can be explained by considering a common mechanism involving a resonant response (damped and/or over-damped) which is strongly affected by a ferroelastic-ferroelectric coupling, contributing to the low-field dielectric constant.

Static electric fields interfere in the viability of cells exposed to ionising radiation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Field-free and field-stimulated electron emission from solids

Electron irradiation of solids produces a backemission of secondary electrons (energies between 0 and 50 eV) and reflected primaries (energies between 50 eV and that of the incident beam). For insulators, it is shown that an externally applied positive electric field penetrating into the solid material, energizes electrons generated by the primary irradiation and enables them to travel back to the surface of incidence and be emitted (stimulated secondary emission).

The use of pulsed electric acoustic technique for measuring the polarization reversal in ferroelectric ceramic samples

The pulsed electric acoustic technique, PEA, has been usually applied to probe space charge profiles in polymers. Preliminary PEA results using a ferroelectric ceramic are presented. If the reverse applied electric field i of the order of the coercive field the switching polarization process occurs in a period larger than hundreds of seconds. Such a slow process allows one to use the PEA setup to follow the polarization switching dynamics and determine the electric field profile. The PEA signal obtained in the lead zirconate-titanate doped with niobium ceramic, PZTN, indicates that the polarization distribution and field are not uniform during the switching period. We were also able to observe that the acoustic wave velocity and attenuation depends on the stage of the polarization switching, which agrees with results obtained using the ultrasonic method.

Light-induced electric dipole relaxation in synthetic and natural alexandrite

We present results of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) measurements in synthetic and natural alexandrite, which show TSDC bands related to the presence of electric dipoles in both types of samples. Synthetic material shows a wide TSDC band with a peak at 179 K, which can be fitted by two distinct relaxing dipole distributions. For natural alexandrite the TSDC band has a maximum around 195 K and can be fitted by three different distributions. Both samples present one of the calculated curves with a peak about 179 K, with activation energy of 0.57 eV and constant relaxation time of 1 × 10-14 sec. Photo-induced TSDC shows that TSDC bands can also be generated by simultaneous application of light and an electric field at 77 K.

Uma metodologia para predição do campo elétrico de radiodifusão sonora em ondas médias utilizando inferências bayesianas

A adoção de sistemas digitais de radiodifusão sonora, que estão em fase de testes no país, permite realizar novos estudos visando um melhor planejamento para a implementação dessas novas emissoras. O que significa reavaliar os principais modelos de radiopropagação existentes ou propor novas alternativas para atender as demandas inerentes dos sistemas digitais. Os modelos atuais, conforme Recomendações ITU-R P. 1546 e ITU-R P. 1812, não condizem fielmente com a realidade de algumas regiões do Brasil, principalmente com as regiões de clima tropical, como a Região Amazônica, seja pelo elevado índice pluviométrico seja pela vasta flora existente. A partir dos modelos adequados ao canal de propagação, torna-se viável desenvolver ferramentas de planejamento de cobertura mais precisas e eficientes. A utilização destas ferramentas é cabível tanto para a ANATEL, para a elaboração dos planos básicos de distribuição de canais quanto para os radiodifusores. No presente trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia utilizando a inteligência computacional, baseada em Inferênciass Baysianas, para predição da intensidade de campo elétrico, a qual pode ser aplicada ao planejamento ou expansão de áreas de cobertura em sistemas de radiodifusão para frequências na faixa de ondas médias (de 300 kHz a 3MHz). Esta metodologia gera valores de campo elétrico estimados a partir dos valores de altitude do terreno (através de análises de tabelas de probabilidade condicional) e estabelece a comparação destes com valores de campo elétrico medidos. Os dados utilizados neste trabalho foram coletados na região central do Brasil, próximo à cidade de Brasília. O sinal transmitido era um sinal de rádio AM transmitido na frequência de 980 kHz. De posse dos dados coletados durante as campanhas de medição, foram realizadas simulações utilizando tabelas de probabilidade condicional geradas por Inferências Bayesianas. Assim, é proposto um método para predizer valores de campo elétrico com base na correlação entre o campo elétrico medido e altitude, através da utilização de inteligência computacional. Se comparados a inúmeros trabalhos existentes na literatura que têm o mesmo objetivo, os resultados encontrados neste trabalho validam o uso da metodologia para determinar o campo elétrico de radiodifusão sonora em ondas médias utilizando Inferências Bayesianas.

Predição de campo elétrico para TV digital usando Funções de Green diádicas

Este trabalho oferece um método para a predição da intensidade de campo elétrico para TV Digital utilizando a Função de Green diádica. A Diádica é uma ferramenta matemática eficiente que tem simplicidade simbólica e robustez permitindo, assim, que algumas características do meio (como permissividade, condutividade e permeabilidade, por exemplo) sejam consideradas na elaboração do modelo de campo elétrico, bem como levar em conta a anisotropia do meio. Na maior parte dos trabalhos correlatos, que utilizam as funções de Green diádicas, estão relacionados na faixa de VHF. Este trabalho irá apresentar desde os conceitos básicos das diádicas, desenvolvendo-a para o cálculo de um modelo que permita predizer o campo elétrico para a faixa de UHF, na qual os sistemas de TV Digital se encontram. Uma explanação teórica e um desenvolvimento matemático serão feitos de forma que um entendimento claro e objetivo sejam alcançados no estudo das funções de Green diádicas, numa parte da teoria do eletromagnetismo. Testes foram realizados para confirmar a aplicabilidade da formulação sugerida, fazendo simulações que realizem uma comparação entre os dados medidos, de duas emissoras de TV situadas na cidade de Belém, e o modelo de Okumura-Hata modificado, mostrando resultados satisfatórios, tanto para frequências na faixa de VHF e UHF.

Inversion method for obtaining electrical parameters for soil in the rural region in Brazil

This paper presents an inversion methodology through weighted least squares to obtain the electrical parameters for the soil of a typical mid-western region in Brazil using the model based in the formalism of the parabolic equations to calculate the electric field intensity received. To validate this methodology, the results of the radio signal measurement campaign conducted in six radial routes leaving the city of Brasilia, Federal District, where the transmitter was located, were used. The measurements were compared to computer simulations and, thus, the optimal values for the electric conductivity and relative permittivity for the soil of the region could be estimated. Finally, a quantitative analysis of these parameters was performed with the values found in the literature, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

Hopping-tunneling model to describe electric charge injection at metal/organic semiconductor heterojunctions

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O ensino de física com lousa digital: atividades lúdicas como ferramenta mediadora na aprendizagem

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)