Avaliação da extrusão bacteriana apical após instrumentação mecanizada com sistemas reciprocantes de instrumento único comparados a um sistema rotatório multi-instrumento

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar ex vivo a extrusão bacteriana apical após instrumentação mecanizada com sistemas reciprocantes de instrumento único e movimento reciprocante (WaveOne and Reciproc) comparados a um sistema multi-instrumentos (BioRaCe). Quarenta e cinco incisivos inferiores humanos unirradiculares, ovais e de anatomia semelhante foram utilizados. Os dentes foram acessados e seus canais radiculares foram contaminados com uma suspensão de Enterococcus faecalis e incubados por 30 dias possibilitando crescimento bacteriano em biofilme. Os dentes contaminados foram divididos em três grupos com 15 espécimes cada (RE - Reciproc, WO -WaveOne e BR - BioRaCe). Foram utilizados oito dentes para grupos controle de crescimento bacteriano positivo e negativo. As bactérias extruídas apicalmente durante a instrumentação foram coletadas em frascos de vidro contendo 0,9% de NaCl. As amostras microbiológicas foram retiradas dos frascos e incubadas em meio BHI ágar, durante 24 horas. O crescimento bacteriano foi contado e os resultados foram expressos em unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC). Os dados foram analisados pelos testes estatísticos de Wilcoxon e Kruskal-Wallis. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante no número de UFC entre os dois sistemas reciprocantes (p>0,05). Em contrapartida, o sistema de instrumentos rotatórios mostrou uma quantidade de UFC significativamente maior do que os dois outros grupos (p <0,05). A partir da análise dos resultados e dentro das limitações deste estudo foi possível concluir que todos os sistemas de instrumentação testados extruem bactérias apicalmente. No entanto, ambos os sistemas de instrumento único e movimento reciprocante extruem menos bactérias apicalmente do que o sistema rotatório multi-instrumentos de referência.

Qualidade do debridamento obtido pela técnica de instrumentação da lima única de NiTi em canais ovais e circulares

O presente avalia a qualidade da remoção de tecido pulpar após o preparo químico-cirúrgico realizado com a técnica da lima única, descrita por Ghassan Yared. Ainda não há publicado pesquisa sobre os resultados desta técnica. Este estudo compara o percentual de tecido pulpar remanescente em canais radiculares ovais e circulares de incisivos inferiores recém-extraídos que possuíssem polpa viva e armazenados em formol a 10%. Foram comparadas duas técnicas: ProTaper Universal e a técnica da lima única F2. Após uma rigorosa seleção, quarenta e oito dentes com polpa viva que possuíam indicação de extração, foram preparados, classificados em canais ovais e circulares, separados aleatoriamente em 4 grupos e instrumentados com as duas técnicas. O grupo controle, com 12 espécimes, não recebeu nenhum tipo de intervenção. G1 (n=12), canais ovais, instrumentados com a técnica ProTaper Universal; G2 (n=12), canais ovais instrumentados com a técnica da lima única F2; G3 (n=12), canais circulares instrumentados com a técnica ProTaper Universal; G4 (n=12), canais circulares instrumentados com a técnica da lima única F2. Então, seções transversais foram preparadas para avaliação histológica. A análise da quantidade de tecido pulpar remanescente foi avaliada digitalmente. A análise preliminar dos dados brutos em conjunto de todos os grupos experimentais revelou um padrão de distribuição normal por meio do uso do teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A análise foi realizada, e os dados brutos foram avaliados através de métodos não-paramétricos: Teste H Kruskal-Wallis. O valor percentual mínimo de tecido remanescente foi de 0% e o máximo de 37,78% entre todos os grupos. Os valores relativos a quantidade de tecido pulpar remanescente variaram entre 0 a 43.47% m2. Os resultados do Teste H Kruskal-Wallis não revelaram diferenças entre as seções mais apicais (p > 0.05). Entretanto, foi encontrada diferença significante entre as seções mais apicais e a seção do terço médio (p < 0.05). Também foram encontradas diferenças significantes quando canais circulares foram comparados com canais ovais independente da técnica de instrumentação utilizada (p < 0.05). Porém, entre as duas técnicas de instrumentação estudadas, tanto nos canais ovais quanto para os os canais circulares, não houve diferença estatística significante (p > 0.05). A proposta deste estudo é a de fazer uma reflexão sobre a real necessidade de um grande número de instrumentos para o total preparo de canais radiculares, uma vez que nenhuma das técnicas foi capaz de debridar por completo o espaço do canal radicular.

Can a climate record be extracted from giant sequoia tree rings?

Extreme low growth events in giant sequoia ring-width index series coincide with severe droughts in the San Joaquin drainage, on whose eastern flank the sequoia groves stand. Comparison with a network of 102 largely moisture-sensitive tree-ring chronologies from western North America suggests that this relationship has been stable for at least 380 years. The twentieth century is not unusual in the frequency of these events. We expect the growth record will soon be replicated for over 2000 years at two locations.

Study on effects of extracted probiotics from microbial flora of digestive system on growth indices in beluga (Huso huso) and Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus)

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) was carried out from gastro intestinal tract of beluga and Persian sturgeon at international sturgeon research institute and PCR has been used for bacteria Identification. Two species of LAB including Enterococcus seriolicida and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were isolated from Gastrointestinal tract (GI) of persian sturgeon in this study and the counts of Leu. mesenteroides (4.63×102 CFU/gr of GI) was significantly higher than other species. Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactococcus raffinolactis, Lactococcus lactis and Streptococcus sp. were also isolated from GI of beluga and maximum counts was belonged to Lb. curvatus (4.63×102 CFU/gr of GI) in this species. Dominant species were lyophilized and adding to the water since start of mix feeding of sturgeon with different counts including 2×109, 5×109 and 9×109 CFU/gr of live food, 4 times a day. The results revealed that the maximum and minimum growth rate and protease, amylase, and lipase activity in beluga was gained by using of Lb. curvatus with total viable count of 9×10 9 CFU/gr of live food and Leu. mesenteroides with total viable count of 9×109 CFU/gr of live food. According to the results of this study, the maximum and minimum growth rate and protease, amylase, and lipase activity in Persian sturgeon was gained by using of Leu. mesenteroides with total viable count of 2×10 9 CFU/gr of live food and Lb. curvatus with total viable count of 9×109 CFU/gr of live food. Histological study showed that gastrointestinal development was same during larva rearing in control and other treatments but the size of liver was bigger in treatments that received nonspecific LAB in both species. According to the results, positive effects of using dominant specific LAB bacteria for larviculture of sturgeon has been proved in this study.

Hepatic Histopathological Characteristics and Antioxidant Response of Phytoplanktivorous Silver Carp Intraperitoneally Injected with Extracted Microcystins

Objective To investigate the hispathological characteristics and antioxidant responses in liver of silver carp after intraperitoneal administration of microcystins (MCs) for further understanding hepatic intoxication and antioxidation mechanism in fish. Methods Phytoplanktivorous silver carp was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with extracted hepatotoxic microcystins (mainly MC-RR and -LR) at a dose of 1000 mu g MC-LReq./kg body weight, and liver histopathological changes and antioxidant responses were studied at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h, respectively, after injection. Results The damage to liver structure and the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxide (GPX) were increased in a time-dependent manner. Conclusion In terms of clinical and histological signs of intoxication and LD50 (i.p.) dose of MC-LR, silver carp appears rather resistant to MCs exposure than other fishes. Also, the significantly increased SOD activity in the liver of silver carp suggests a higher degree of response to MCs exposure than CAT and GPX.

Intraperitoneal injection of extracted microcystins results in hypovolemia and hypotension in crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Circulatory responses of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted micro-cystins (MCs) were studied at sublethal and lethal doses (150 and 600 mu g MC kg(-1) body mass, respectively). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate, hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC) counts, and circulating blood volume (BV) were assayed at 0, 1, 3, 12, 24, and 48 h post-toxin administration. MAP decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner over time. Within the 48-h test period, the lethal dose as well as the sublethal dose resulted in a steady decline of MAP without recovery. Heart rate significantly increased within 24 h post-injection as blood pressure significantly dropped, then showed a terminal decline to the control level. The dose-dependent decreases in BV and Hct were directly related to the drop in MAP. Intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of MCs led to hepatic and gill hemorrhage. Consequently, crucian carp given MCs suffered from hypovolemic hypotensive shock. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oxidative stress response after prolonged exposure of domestic rabbit to a lower dosage of extracted microcystins

Oxidative stress response after prolonged exposure to a low dose of microcystins (MCs) was studied in liver, kidney and brain of domestic rabbits. Rabbits were treated with extracted MCs (mainly MC-LR and MC-RR) at a dose of 2 MC-LReq. mu g/kg body weight or saline solution every 24 h for 7 or 14 days. During the exposure of MCs, increase of lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were detected in all the organs studied, while antioxidant enzymes responded differently among different organs. The enzyme activities Of Superoxide dismutase (SOD). catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) in liver decreased in the MCs treated animals. In brain, there were obvious changes in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and GR, while only CAT was obviously influenced in kidney. Therefore, daily exposure at a lower dosage of MCs, which mimicked a natural route of MCs. could also induce obvious oxidative stress in diverse organs of domestic rabbits. The oxidative stress induced by MCs in brain was as serious as in liver and kidney, suggesting that brain may also be a target of MCs in mammals. And it seems that animals may have more time to metabolize the toxins or to form an adaptive response to reduce the adverse effects when exposed to the low dose of MCs. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Time-Dependent Oxidative Stress Responses of Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus) to Intraperitoneal Injection of Extracted Microcystins

This study was conducted to investigate time-dependent changes in oxidative enzymes in liver of crucian carp after intraperitoneally injection with extracted microcystins 600 and 150 mu g kg(-1) body weight. The results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase generally exhibited a rapid increase in early phase (1-3 h post injection), but gradually decreased afterwards (12-48 h) compared with the control, with an evident time-dependent effect. These zigzag changes over time contributed a better understanding on oxidative stress caused by microcystins in fish.

Changes in plasma thyroid hormones and cortisol levels in crucian carp (Carassius auratus) exposed to the extracted microcystins

The endocrine response of crucian carp injected intraperitoneally with extracted microcystins (MC) was investigated in this study. Fish were injected intraperitoneally either with 0.75% NaCl (control) and Microcystis extract corresponding to 150 and 600 mu g microcystins per kg body weight. The plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and cortisol were determined at 0, 1, 3, 12, 24. and 48 h post-administration of MC-containing extract. Treated fish displayed abnormal behaviors, Such as a startle response and disoriented swimming, as well as changes in ventilation rates. Plasma cortisol concentrations of fish in both dose groups significantly increased after administration of extracted MC and remained high throughout the experiment, which suggested that MC elicited a stress response in treated fish. The profiles of cortisol changes in treated fish appeared to be dose dependent, indicating that fish in the high dose group experienced greater MC-incluced disturbance. Mortality occurred after 12 h in the high dose group. Plasma levels of T-4, T-3, FT4, and FT3 did not vary significantly between the control fish. In contrast to this, fish exposed to MC-containing extract showed significant declines in T-3, FT4, and FT3 levels in a dose-depenclent manner throughout the experiment. Plasma T4 levels, however, did not vary significantly in the low dose group, whereas they decreased significantly it 48 h post injection in the high dose group. This study demonstrates that administration of microcystins-containing extract causes a stress response and reduces the plasma levels of thyroid hormones in crucian carp. These results illustrate that microcystins exerted potent effects on the endocrine system of crucian carp, through activating their hypothalamus-pituitary- interrenal axis and disturbing thyroid function. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tissue distribution and depuration of the extracted hepatotoxic cyanotoxin microcystins in crucian carp (Carassius carassius) intraperitoneally injected at a sublethal dose

An acute toxicity experiment was conducted by intraperitoneal injection with a sublethal dose of extracted microcystins (MCs), 50 mu g MC-LR (where L = leucine and R = arginine) equivalent/kg body weight (BW), to examine tissue distribution and depuration of MCs in crucian carp (Carassius carassius). Liver to body weight ratio increased at 3, 12, 24, and 48 h postinjection compared with that at 0 h (p < 0.05). MC concentrations in various tissues and aquaria water were analyzed at 1, 3, 12, 24, 48, and 168 h postinjection using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The highest concentration of MCs (MC-RR + MC-LR) was found in blood, 2 -270 ng/g dry weight (DW), followed by heart (3 -100 ng/g DW) and kidney (13 -88 ng/g DW). MC levels were relatively low in liver, gonad, intestine, spleen, and brain. MC contents in gills, gallbladder, and muscle were below the limit of detection. Significant negative correlation was present between MC-RR concentration in blood and that in kidney, confirming that blood was important in the transportation of MC-RR to kidney for excretion. Rapid accumulation and slow degradation of MCs were observed in gonad, liver, intestine, spleen, and brain. Only 0.07% of injected MCs were detected in liver. The recovery of MCs in liver of crucian carp seemed to be dose dependent.

Dose-dependent effects of extracted microcystins on embryonic development, larval growth and histopathological changes of southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis)

A laboratory toxic experiment was conducted to examine dose-dependent effects of extracted microcystins (MCs) on embryonic development, larval growth and histopathological changes of southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). Fertilized eggs were incubated in solutions with four concentrations of MCs (0, 1, 10, 100 mu g MC-LReq l(-1)). Higher MCs retarded egg development (2-10 h delays) and larval growth, reduced hatching rate (up to 45%), and caused high malformation rate (up to 15%) and hepatocytes damage (characterized by disorganization of cell structure and a loss of adherence between hepatocytes, cellular degeneration with vacuolar hepatocytes and marginal nuclei, even hepatocellular necrosis). A 10 mu g MC-LReql(-1) is close to a high concentration in natural cyanobacterial blooms, suggesting a possible existence of such toxic effects in eutrophic waters. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.