Anti-60-kDa heat shock protein antibodies in fetal serum: a biomarker for unexplained small for gestational age fetuses.

Introduction: Small for gestational age (SGA) is an important problem affecting 10% of pregnancies and is associated with significant perinatal morbidity. In about 80% of cases, a probable etiology or a major risk factor can be identified. But almost 20% of SGA cases are considered unexplained. The 60-kDa heat shock protein (HSP60) is a highly immunogenic protein whose synthesis is greatly upregulated under nonphysiological conditions. Bacterial and human HSP60 share a high degree of sequence homology, and immunity to conserved epitopes may result in development of autoimmunity following a bacterial infection. We hypothesized that unexplained SGA could be the consequence of immune sensitization to human HSP60. Methods: Unexplained SGA fetuses were identified by ultrasound biometry with normal Doppler velocimetry and with no detectable maternal or fetal abnormalities. Fetal sera were obtained by cordocentesis performed for a karyotype analysis in cases of unexplained SGA (study group) or for screening of Rhesus incompatibility (control group). Fetal sera were tested for HSP60 antigen and for IgG and IgM anti-HSP60 by ELISA as well as for other immune and hematological parameters. Results: Maternal parameters were similar between the 12 study cases and the 23 control cases. The mean gestational age at cordocentesis was 29 weeks. IgM anti-HSP60 was detected in 12 cases (100%) and in no controls (p < 0.00017), while IgG anti-HSP60 was detected in 7 cases (58%) and only 1 control (p < 0.001). Three of the 4 cases with the highest IgM antibody levels died. There were no differences in fetal serum levels of HSP60 antigen or other immune and hematological markers between the two groups. Conclusion: Fetuses with unexplained SGA are positive for IgM and IgG antibody to human HSP60 and the specific IgM antibody level is predictive of fetal mortality. Detection of these antibodies indicates that a placental perturbation and a fetal autoimmune reaction to HSP60 are associated with this developmental delay.

Increased titers of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies in Crohn's disease patients with reduced H-ficolin levels but normal MASP-2 activity.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and ficolins are microbial pattern recognition molecules that activate the lectin pathway of complement. We previously reported the association of MBL deficiency with anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). However, ASCA are also frequently found in MBL-proficient CD patients. Here we addressed expression/function of ficolins and MBL-associated serine protease-2 (MASP-2) regarding potential association with ASCA. METHODS: ASCA titers and MBL, ficolin and MASP-2 concentrations were determined by ELISA in the serum of patients with CD, ulcerative colitis (UC), and in healthy controls. MASP-2 activity was determined by measuring complement C4b-fixation. Anti-MBL autoantibodies were detected by ELISA. RESULTS: In CD and UC patients, L-ficolin concentrations were significantly higher compared to healthy controls (p<0.001 and p=0.029). In contrast, H-ficolin concentrations were slightly reduced in CD and UC compared to healthy controls (p=0.037 for UC vs. hc). CD patients with high ASCA titers had significantly lower H-ficolin concentrations compared to ASCA-low/negative CD patients (p=0.009). However, MASP-2 activity was not different in ASCA-negative and ASCA-positive CD patients upon both, ficolin- or MBL-mediated MASP-2 activation. Finally, anti-MBL autoantibodies were not over-represented in MBL-proficient ASCA-positive CD patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that low expression of H-ficolin may promote elevated ASCA titers in the ASCA-positive subgroup of CD patients. However, unlike MBL deficiency, we found no evidence for low expression of serum ficolins or reduced MASP-2 activity that may predispose to ASCA development.

Clinical uses of anti-Müllerian hormone assays : pitfalls and promises

Rapport de synthèse : OBJECTIF : étudier si les fluctuations sériques du taux d'hormone anti-müllérienne (AMH) sont liées à des différences méthodologiques entre les deux tests ELISA commercialement disponibles le kit de Beckman Coulter Immunotech (Fullerton, CA) et le kit de Diagnostic Systems Laboratories (Webster, TX). DESIGN : étude prospective au sein de deux services universitaires de médecine de la reproduction. POPULATION ETUDIEE : cent soixante-huit échantillons sanguins provenant de trois populations différentes ainsi que des dosages itératifs au cours du même cycle menstruel dans une population de dix volontaires. INTERVENTIONS : doubles mesures en aveugle des taux sériques d'AMH dans les 168 sera avec les deux kits commercialement disponibles. Sept dosages itératifs au cours du même cycle menstruel chez 10 volontaires normo-ovulantes. ANALYSE STATISTIQUE : régression linéaire pour l'étude de la corrélation entre les deux méthodes de dosage. Analyse des variances pour les dosages sériés en cours de cycle menstruel. RÉSULTATS : nous avons démontré une relation linéaire entre les deux méthodes, avec un coefficient de corrélation de 0,88 ainsi qu'une diminution faible mais statistiquement significative et concomitante avec l'ovulation du taux d'AMH sérique. CONCLUSION : les variations en cours de cycle menstruel rapportées par certains auteurs ne sont pas liées à des problèmes méthodologiques. La chute du taux d'AMH lors de l'ovulation est faible mais statistiquement significative. Les variations observées en cours de cycle restent toutefois inférieures aux variations intercycles et ne représentent de ce fait pas un obstacle au dosage de l'AMH à n'importe quel jour du cycle menstruel.

Comparison of five commercial serological tests for the detection of anti-Chlamydia trachomatis antibodies.

Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis-specific antibodies is valuable in investigating recurrent miscarriage, tubal infertility and extrauterine pregnancy. We compared here the performance of immunofluorescence (IF) to four other commercial tests in detecting IgG antibodies directed against C. trachomatis: two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) using the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) as the antigen, commercialised respectively by Medac and R-Biopharm (RB), one ELISA using the chlamydial heat shock protein 60 (cHSP60) as the antigen (Medac), as well as a new automated epifluorescence immunoassay (InoDiag). A total of 405 patients with (n = 251) and without (n = 154) miscarriages were tested by all five tests. The prevalence of C. trachomatis-specific IgG antibodies as determined by the IF, cHSP60-Medac, MOMP-Medac, MOMP-RB and InoDiag was 14.3, 23.2, 14.3, 11.9 and 26.2%, respectively. InoDiag exhibited the highest sensitivity, whereas MOMP-RB showed the best specificity. Cross-reactivity was observed with C. pneumoniae using IF, MOMP-RB and InoDiag, and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae using the cHSP60 ELISA test. No cross-reactivity was observed between C. trachomatis and the other Chlamydiales (Neochlamydia hartmannellae, Waddlia chondrophila and Simkania negevensis). Given its high sensitivity, the new automated epifluorescence immunoassay from InoDiag represents an interesting alternative. The MOMP-based ELISA of R-Biopharm should be preferred for large serological studies, given the high throughput of ELISA and its excellent specificity.

Oligonucleotide-polyethylenimine complexes targeting retinal cells: structural analysis and application to anti-TGFbeta-2 therapy.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to characterize oligonucleotide-polyethylenimine (ODN/PEI) complex preparation for potential transfection of retinal cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The effect of medium preparation [HEPES-buffered saline (HBS), water] on particle size and morphology was evaluated. Cultured Lewis rat retinal Müller glial (RMG) cells were transfected using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-ODN/PEI complexes specifically directed at transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-2. Efficacy of transfection was evaluated using confocal microscopy, and regulation of gene expression was assayed using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and ELISA assay. One, 24, and 72 h after injection of FITC-ODN/PEI complexes into the vitreous of rat eyes, their distribution was analyzed on eye sections. RESULTS: Complexes prepared in HBS were smaller than complexes prepared in pure water and presented a core-shell structure. These particles showed a high cellular internalization efficacy, along with a significant and specific down-regulation of TGFbeta-2 expression and production in RMG cells, correlating with specific inhibition of cell growth at 72 h. In vivo, complexes efficiently transfect retinal cells and follow a transretinal migration at 24 h. After 72 h, ODN seems to preferentially target RMG cells without inducing any detectable toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Specific down-regulation of TGFbeta-2 expression using ODN/PEI complexes may have potential interest for the treatment of retinal diseases associated with glial proliferation.

Targeting Cytokines: Production and Characterization of Anti-TNF-α scFvs by Phage Display Technology.

The antibody display technology (ADT) such as phage display (PD) has substantially improved the production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and Ab fragments through bypassing several limitations associated with the traditional approach of hybridoma technology. In the current study, we capitalized on the PD technology to produce high affinity single chain variable fragment (scFv) against tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), which is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine and plays important role in various inflammatory diseases and malignancies. To pursue production of scFv antibody fragments against human TNF- α, we performed five rounds of biopanning using stepwise decreased amount of TNF-α (1 to 0.1 μ g), a semi-synthetic phage antibody library (Tomlinson I + J) and TG1 cells. Antibody clones were isolated and selected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening. The selected scFv antibody fragments were further characterized by means of ELISA, PCR, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and Western blot analyses as well as fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Based upon binding affinity to TNF-α , 15 clones were selected out of 50 positive clones enriched from PD in vitro selection. The selected scFvs displayed high specificity and binding affinity with Kd values at nm range to human TNF-α . The immunofluorescence analysis revealed significant binding of the selected scFv antibody fragments to the Raji B lymphoblasts. The effectiveness of the selected scFv fragments was further validated by flow cytometry analysis in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated mouse fibroblast L929 cells. Based upon these findings, we propose the selected fully human anti-TNF-α scFv antibody fragments as potential immunotherapy agents that may be translated into preclinical/clinical applications.

Anti-MPER antibodies with heterogeneous neutralization capacity are detectable in most untreated HIV-1 infected individuals

Background The MPER region of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp41 is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies. However, the localization of this epitope in a hydrophobic environment seems to hamper the elicitation of these antibodies in HIV infected individuals. We have quantified and characterized anti-MPER antibodies by ELISA and by flow cytometry using a collection of mini gp41-derived proteins expressed on the surface of 293T cells. Longitudinal plasma samples from 35 HIV-1 infected individuals were assayed for MPER recognition and MPER-dependent neutralizing capacity using HIV-2 viruses engrafted with HIV-1 MPER sequences. Results Miniproteins devoid of the cysteine loop of gp41 exposed the MPER on 293T cell membrane. Anti-MPER antibodies were identified in most individuals and were stable when analyzed in longitudinal samples. The magnitude of the responses was strongly correlated with the global response to the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, suggesting no specific limitation for anti-MPER antibodies. Peptide mapping showed poor recognition of the C-terminal MPER moiety and a wide presence of antibodies against the 2F5 epitope. However, antibody titers failed to correlate with 2F5-blocking activity and, more importantly, with the specific neutralization of HIV-2 chimeric viruses bearing the HIV-1 MPER sequence; suggesting a strong functional heterogeneity in anti-MPER humoral responses. Conclusions Anti-MPER antibodies can be detected in the vast majority of HIV-1 infected individuals and are generated in the context of the global anti-Env response. However, the neutralizing capacity is heterogeneous suggesting that eliciting neutralizing anti-MPER antibodies by immunization might require refinement of immunogens to skip nonneutralizing responses.

Anti-C1q autoantibodies from systemic lupus erythematosus patients activate the complement system via both the classical and lectin pathways.

Autoantibodies against complement C1q (anti-C1q) strongly correlate with the occurrence of lupus nephritis and hypocomplementemia in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although a direct pathogenic role of anti-C1q has been suggested, the assumed complement-activating capacity remains to be elucidated. Using an ELISA-based assay, we found that anti-C1q activate the classical (CP) and lectin pathways (LP) depending on the anti-C1q immunoglobulin-class repertoire present in the patient's serum. IgG anti-C1q resulted in the activation of the CP as reflected by C4b deposition in the presence of purified C1 and C4 in a dose-dependent manner. The extent of C4b deposition correlated with anti-C1q levels in SLE patients but not in healthy controls. Our data indicate that SLE patient-derived anti-C1q can activate the CP and the LP but not the alternative pathway of complement. These findings are of importance for the understanding of the role of anti-C1q in SLE suggesting a direct link to hypocomplementemia.

RT-PCR-ELISA for detection of Apple stem grooving virus in apple trees

A method to detect Apple stem grooving virus (ASGV) based on reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed using primers ASGV4F-ASGV4R targeting the viral replicase gene, followed by a sandwich hybridisation, in microtiter plates, for colorimetric detection of the PCR products. The RT-PCR was performed with the Titan™ RT-PCR system, using AMV and diluted crude extracts of apple (Malus domestica) leaf or bark for the first strand synthesis and a mixture of Taq and PWO DNA polymerase for the PCR step. The RT-PCR products is hybridised with both a biotin-labelled capture probe linked to a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate and a digoxigenin (DIG)-labelled detection probe. The complex was detected with an anti-DIG conjugate labelled with alkaline phosphatase. When purified ASGV was added to extracts of plant tissue, as little as 400 fg of the virus was detected with this method. The assay with ASGV4F-ASGV4R primers specifically detected the virus in ASGV-infected apple trees from different origins, whereas no signal was observed with amplification products obtained with primers targeting the coat protein region of the ASGV genome or with primers specific for Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) and Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV). The technique combines the power of PCR to increase the number of copies of the targeted gene, the specificity of DNA hybridization, and the ease of colorimetric detection and sample handling in microplates.

Expressão em Escherichia coli da proteína capsidial do Watermelon mosaic virus e produção de anti-soro

Um anti-soro policlonal específico para Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) foi produzido por meio da imunização de coelhos com proteína capsidial purificada, expressa in vitro em células de Escherichia coli. O gene cp foi amplificado via RT-PCR utilizando oligonucleotídeos específicos, a partir de RNA viral extraído de preparações virais concentradas. O fragmento amplificado foi clonado em pBLUESCRIPT KS+ e completamente seqüenciado para confirmação de sua identidade e integridade. Em seguida, o fragmento foi subclonado no vetor de expressão pRSET-A. Plasmídeos recombinantes foram utilizados para a expressão da proteína capsidial em E. coli BL21::DE3. A proteína foi purificada por meio de cromatografia de afinidade em coluna de Ni+-NTA, a partir de proteínas totais extraídas de E. coli. Uma vez purificada, a proteína foi quantificada e utilizada para imunização dos coelhos. O anti-soro foi testado quanto a sua especificidade e sensibilidade em testes de Western blot, DAS-ELISA, imunodifusão e ELISA indireto. Todos os testes demonstraram que o anti-soro produzido a partir da expressão in vitro da proteína capsidial é altamente específico para a detecção do WMV em extratos foliares, não tendo sido observada nenhuma reação heteróloga interespecífica.

Otimização de ELISA empregando a proteína Tc85-11 e planejamento fatorial

A doença de Chagas é causada pelo Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) e a detecção de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi no soro é um método para diagnosticar a doença. Neste trabalho, ELISA indireto foi otimizado para a detecção de anticorpos no soro de pacientes com doença de Chagas empregando a proteína Tc85-11 (Ag) da superfície do parasita tripomastigota. Na otimização das condições experimentais foi aplicado planejamento fatorial completo para os parâmetros tempo de incubação, diluições do Ag (0,08 mg mL-1), anticorpo primário (Ac) e anti-IgG conjugada com a peroxidase (Ac*). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos nas seguintes condições: 0,14 mg Ag/poço, 60 min para o tempo de incubação, diluições de 1:35 e 1:1000 para Ac e Ac*, respectivamente. O valor do limiar de reatividade ("cut off") foi A450nm = 0,371. O ELISA indireto foi aplicado em amostras de soros de pacientes infectados com doença de Chagas e pacientes com diferentes doenças sistêmicas. A proteína Tc85-11, a qual está envolvida com a adesão do parasita na célula hospedeira, é também apropriada para o diagnóstico sorológico da doença de Chagas.

Hormônio anti-Mülleriano sérico para predição da resposta ovariana em ciclos de reprodução assistida

OBJETIVOS: Comparar as concentrações séricas do hormônio anti- Mülleriano (AMH) no sétimo dia de estimulação ovariana em pacientes boas e más respondedoras. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 19 mulheres com idade ≥35 anos, ciclos menstruais regulares e que foram submetidas à estimulação ovariana para reprodução assistida. Foram excluídas mulheres portadoras de endometriose ou síndrome dos ovários policísticos ou aquelas submetidas previamente à cirurgia ovariana. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue periférico no dia basal e no sétimo dia de estimulação para dosagens de AMH, hormônio folículo estimulante (FSH) e estradiol. Os níveis de AMH foram avaliados pelo método de enzimoimunoensaio (ELISA) e os níveis de FSH e estradiol foram avaliados por imunoquimioluminescência. Ao final do ciclo, as pacientes foram classificadas como normo (obtenção de quatro ou mais oócitos durante a captação) ou más respondedoras (obtenção de menos de quatro oócitos ou cancelamento do ciclo por má resposta) e analisadas comparativamente em relação aos níveis hormonais, duração da estimulação ovariana, número de folículos recrutados, embriões produzidos e transferidos através do teste t. A associação entre os níveis de AMH e os parâmetros acima também foi avaliada pelo teste de correlação de Spearman. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para os níveis de AMH, FSH e estradiol no dia basal e no sétimo dia de estimulação ovariana, sendo observada correlação significativa entre os níveis de AMH do sétimo dia e a quantidade total de FSH exógeno utilizada (p=0,02). CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de AMH obtidos no sétimo dia do ciclo de estimulação ovariana não parecem predizer o padrão de resposta ovariana, não sendo recomendadas as suas dosagens para esta finalidade.

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of IgM antibodies against Leishmania chagasi in dogs

Visceral leishmaniasis is an emergent zoonosis with an increasing number of new cases in Brazil where the domestic dog is an important parasite reservoir in the infectious cycle of Leishmania chagasi. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based upon the use of a total soluble antigenic preparation of L. chagasi, was adapted for the detection of IgM antibodies in the serum of infected dogs. Optimal dilutions of the antigen, using positive and negative reference sera, were determined by checkboard titrations. The specificity and sensitivity of the ELISA were 100 %. A total of 110 serum samples were taken from dogs in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and examined for anti-L. chagasi IgM antibody by ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). About 25% (n=27) of all the dogs tested were found serologically positive for L. chagasi by IFAT, while 89.09% (n=98) were seropositive by ELISA. The results obtained by ELISA and IFAT were significantly different (P<0.01). The combined use of ELISA and IFAT is recommended in order to enable veterinary services to more efficiently detect canine visceral leishmaniasis.

Freqüência de anticorpos homólogos anti-Borrelia burgdorferi em eqüinos na mesorregião metropolitana de Belém, Estado do Pará

Espiroquetas transmitidas por carrapatos são microrganismos de ampla distribuição geográfica e acometem animais silvestres, domésticos e seres humanos. Procedeu-se a análise sorológica de 300 soros de eqüinos onde 58 animais eram do município Ananideua, 61 eram de Belém, 131 de Castanhal e 50 eram do município de Santa Izabel do Pará para Borrelia burgdorferi através do teste ELISA indireto. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) entre os municípios, nem quanto à raça, sexo e função dos animais. Um total de 80 (26,7%) animais foram positivos para B. burgdorferi com os títulos de 1:800, 72 (90%) eqüinos; 1:1.600, 6 (7,5%) eqüinos; e 1:3.200, 2 (2,5%) eqüinos. Os resultados observados foram similares aos descritos nos EUA, onde foram relatadas freqüências de soropositivos variando entre 7 e 75% em eqüinos assintomáticos. A presença de anticorpos homólogos contra B. burgdorferi em eqüinos na mesorregião metropolitana de Belém é indicativo da ampla distribuição do agente e da possibilidade de ocorrerem casos humanos deste agente na região.

Curva de anticorpos pós-vacinais em ovinos imunizados com uma ou duas doses de bacterina oleosa anti-leptospirose, produzida com a sorovariedade Hardjo, tipo Hardjoprajitno, estirpe Norma, isolada no Brasil

Foi comparado o nível de anticorpos de ovelhas imunizadas com uma ou duas doses de bacterina oleosa produzida com a sorovariedade Hardjo, tipo Hardjoprajitno, estirpe Norma, isolada da urina de bovino no Brasil. Culturas de 2x10(8) leptospiras/mL foram inativadas com formalina a 0,3%, à concentração final e emulsionada em óleo Emulsigen® 12%. A dose da vacina foi padronizada para a concentração de 1x10(8) leptospiras/mL. Quarenta ovinos adultos, da raça Santa Inês, de um rebanho livre de leptospirose por exames clínicos e sorológicos durante um ano foram escolhidos para o experimento. O grupo A (n=15) recebeu duas doses de 3,0mL da vacina por via subcutânea, com intervalo de 30 dias. O grupo B (n=15) recebeu dose única de 3,0mL, via subcutânea e o grupo C (controle) recebeu uma dose subcutânea de 3,0mL de solução 0,85% de cloreto de sódio. Os títulos de anticorpos pós-vacinação foram mensurados pelo teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e um teste imunoenzimático (ELISA) a cada 30 dias durante 120 dias. Os títulos dos grupos A e B na primeira colheita variaram de 80 a 160. No grupo A, após a segunda dose, os títulos aumentaram duas a quatro vezes, até 3.200, enquanto no grupo B os títulos de aglutininas foram menores que 160 e diminuíram uma a duas vezes após 60 dias da vacinação. Utilizando-se dose única, os anticorpos persistiram por somente 30 dias e, com duas doses, com 30 dias de intervalo, os anticorpos foram detectáveis por 60 dias por meio do teste de SAM e 120 dias no teste de ELISA. Assim, o teste de SAM detectou títulos de IgM vacinal somente por 60 dias, enquanto o teste de ELISA foi capaz de detectar anticorpos durante os 120 dias. No grupo controle negativo, ocorreram no ELISA reações inespecíficas de títulos até 80, porém no SAM os títulos dos mesmos animais se mantiveram em zero. O teste de ELISA pode ser utilizado para medir anticorpos vacinais para a sorovariedade Hardjo, tipo Hardjoprajitno, estirpe Norma em ovinos.