Conception et synthèse d'inhibiteurs de métalloprotéases

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

An Investigation of the Features and Effectiveness of the Full-Day Early Learning Kindergarten Program in Ontario

This dissertation includes two studies. Study 1 is a qualitative case study that describes enactment of the main components of a high fidelity Full-Day Early Learning Kindergarten (FDELK) classroom, specifically play-based learning and teacher-ECE collaboration. Study 2 is a quantitative analysis that investigates how effectively the FDELK program promotes school readiness skills, namely self-regulation, literacy, and numeracy, in Kindergarteners. To describe the main components of an FDELK classroom in Study 1, a sub-sample of four high fidelity case study schools were selected from a larger case study sample. Interview data from these schools’ administrators, educators, parents, and community stakeholders were used to describe how the main components of the FDELK program enabled educators to meet the individual needs of students and promote students’ SR development. In Study 2, hierarchical regression analyses of 32,207 students’ self-regulation, literacy, and numeracy outcomes using 2012 Ontario Early Development Instrument (EDI) data revealed essentially no benefit for students participating in the FDELK program when compared to peers in Half-Day or Alternate-Day Kindergarten programs. Being older and female predicted more positive SR and literacy outcomes. Age and gender accounted for limited variance in numeracy outcomes. Results from both studies suggest that the Ontario Ministry of Education should take steps to improve the quality of the FDELK program by incorporating evidence-based guidelines and goals for play, reducing Kindergarten class sizes to more effectively scaffold learning, and revising curriculum expectations to include a greater focus on SR, literacy, and numeracy skills.

A mediação sociocultural na ação empreendedora: por um plano de vida que anteceda o plano de negócios

O presente artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que aplica os conceitos da fenomenologia enquanto método para a compreensão do seu objeto de estudo _ a ação empreendedora _ e para a formulação de um modelo de mediação que pressupõe a existência de um plano de vida antecedente ao Plano de Negócios. Os altos índices de empreendedorismo no Brasil, que não se caracteriza majoritariamente pela oportunidade, mas pela necessidade de as pessoas se inserirem no mercado de trabalho, somado ao fato de que movimenta substancialmente a economia do País, reforça a importância do tema que é aqui explorado em seu nascedouro. E conclui que o desenvolvimento econômico, embora importante para a sociedade, não é a causa deste fenômeno, mas uma de suas conseqüências. Portanto, um modelo que contribua para uma continuada mediação entre as ações potencialmente empreendedoras das pessoas e seus planos de vida, buscando a organização e a tomada de consciência destas ações, certamente permitirá a evolução desta plataforma estratégica para o alcance de níveis econômicos mais promissores e reflexos sociais mais significativos.

Variables asociadas al desempeño de la gestión orientada a resultados en la producción del servicio educativo

En los últimos veintitrés años, se ha logrado establecer una tendencia de crecimiento sostenido del presupuesto asignado en educación, lo cual se acentuado aún más en los últimos trece años. Adicionalmente al incremento presupuestal, a partir del año 2004, según datos del Minedu (2013), el número de alumnos matriculados en el sistema educativo ha disminuido en más de un millón. La disminución de matriculados, junto con el incremento presupuestal, han permitido mejorar los niveles de inversión por alumno matriculado de S/. 764 en el año 2000 a S/. 2432 en el año 2012. Sin embargo, en la evaluación censal de rendimiento escolar de 2013 –aplicada por el Ministerio de Educación–, solo el 33,0% de los estudiantes a nivel nacional alcanzó el nivel satisfactorio de aprendizaje en comprensión lectora, mientras que el 16,8% lo hizo en matemática. Estas cifras evidencian un avance tímido en relación con los resultados de la ECE 2012, que se reflejan en la mejora en 2,1 y 4,1 puntos porcentuales en comprensión lectora y en matemática respectivamente. Estos resultados –pese a que son positivos– están todavía lejos de alcanzar el logro esperado. De mantener esta tendencia, se requerirán varias decenas de años para llegar al 100% deseado. El incremento presupuestal descrito ha permitido que los tres niveles de gobierno cuenten con una magnitud de recursos sin precedentes, pero con limitaciones de gestión pública que impiden, en principio, gastar; y, luego, gastar adecuadamente. El presente trabajo de investigación propone, por un lado, las principales variables que se deben considerar para que el desempeño de la gestión de las instituciones responsables de la Educación Básica Regular en el nivel subnacional estén orientada a resultados; y, por otro, especificar las subvariables que estas requieren para poderse operativizar. El conocer y entender dichas las variables y subvariables permitirá, más adelante, precisar los indicadores necesarios para medir el desempeño de la gestión. De este modo, será posible que el sector Educación y las instancias relacionadas de los tres niveles de gobierno (bajo el proceso de descentralización y las funciones transferidas a los niveles sub-nacionales) dispongan de elementos específicos sobre los cuales puedan tomar decisiones y articular acciones operativas concretas para mejorar y acelerar los logros de aprendizaje en los niños y niñas.

Improving the freshman electrical and computer engineering lab

This thesis covers the challenges of creating and maintaining an introductory engineering laboratory. The history of the University of Illinois Electrical and Computer Engineering department’s introductory course, ECE 110, is recounted. The current state of the course, as of Fall 2008, is discussed along with current challenges arising from the use of a hand-wired prototyping board with logic gates. A plan for overcoming these issues using a new microcontroller-based board with a pseudo hardware description language is discussed. The new microcontroller based system implementation is extensively detailed along with its new accompanying description language. This new system was tried in several sections of the Fall 2008 semester alongside the old system; the students’ final performances with the two different approaches are compared in terms of design, performance, complexity, and enjoyment. The system in its first run shows great promise, increasing the students’ enjoyment, and improving the performance of their designs.

Screening of esophageal varices by esophageal capsule endoscopy: results of a French multicenter prospective study

International audience

Improving bioactive compounds extractability of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

Elephant foot yam (Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson) is an underground, unbranched deciduous plant that produces a large tubercle (rhizome) with recognized health effects. In this study, the influence of solvent nature (water, water/etanol (1:1) and absolute ethanol) and processing type (fresh, lyophilized and boiled) on the antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds extractability of elephant foot yam was evaluated. Extracts were compared for their contents in total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins. Moreover, their antioxidant capacity was assessed by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH▪) scavenging capacity assays. Phenolics (154 mg GAE/L) and tannins (109 mg GAE/L) were maximized in lyophilized samples extracted with the hydroalcoholic solvent, which attained also the highest FRAP value (711 mg FSE/L). In turn, flavonoids reached the highest yields in lyophilized samples (95 mg ECE/L) extracted with pure ethanol, as well as the highest DPPH▪ scavenging activity. These findings might have practical applications to define the best processing methodology regarding the enhancement of elephant foot yam, either for prompt consumption, as well as to develop food supplements or pharmaceutical related products.

Validez predictiva e impacto adverso de la entrevista conductual estructurada en el sector público

En este trabajo se estudia el papel de la entrevista conductual estructurada (ECE) en los procedimientos de selección del sector público, cuya legislación insta a comprobar si los procedimientos selectivos están vinculados con el desempeño y si se cumple el principio de igualdad de oportunidades entre sexos. Para ello se ha analizado en una muestra de 379 candidatos si existían diferencias de género en la puntuación de la entrevista. Por otro lado, se midió el desempeño de las 125 personas contratadas, lo que permitió estudiar la validez predictiva de la ECE. Los resultados son similares a los obtenidos por investigaciones precedentes -la ECE predice de manera significativa el desempeño y no produce impacto de género. Finalmente se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados.

Playgrounds going wrong: study of the adult style and children's rights during recess in an early childhood and primary education center

Recent perspectives on Pedagogy for Early Childhood Education emphasize children's participation in line with the Children's Rights Convention. The study aimed to analyse how children's rights are dealt with during recess in a school (Early Childhood and Primary Education) in Portugal. The aims were: to characterize the style of the adult (teaching assistants) and the interactions that are established with the children at the playground/recess, and analyse them in terms of children's rights. The qualitative approach was based on the observation during the recess for three weeks. The Adult Style Observation Schedule for Early Childhood Education (ASOS-ECE) was used to register and code the dynamics of six teaching assistants (3 ECE and 3 PE). Critical incidents were also registered. Statistical analysis of the ASOS-ECE levels were complemented with the content analysis of the notes. The playground space was quite limited and affected children's play and well-being. The outdoor playground was never used for the Early Childhood classes, only for Primary Education students but with little supervision. Children were often deprived of playground time by decision of the teaching assistants, as punishment. The results obtained through the Adult Style Observation Schedule for Early Childhood Education (ASOS-ECE) are not satisfactory and are below what would meet the minimum quality value (3,5). For Early Childhood Education, sensibility is the most valued dimension but with very low levels (<2,5). For Primary Education it was autonomy that scored highest (<2,5). The analysis of the notes/critical incidents highlighted articles 12 (expression of own views), 13 (freedom of expression), 19 (protection against violence), 29 (development of personality) and 31 (rest and leisure, play and recreational activities) as being put into question by actions of the adults responsible for the children. Children's rights and well-being need to be put forward in the knowledge base for all adults working with children so that Pedagogy can fulfil its purpose fully.

Mathematical pedagogical content knowledge in early childhood education: A study in initial teacher education in Portugal

The study aims to explore the specificity of mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge in Early Childhood Education Pedagogy. The pedagogy of ECE (Siraj-Blatchford, 2010) and the didactics of ECE (Pramling & Pramling-Samuelsson, 2011) suggest dimensions of knowledge that require strong content and PC knowledge of teachers. Recent studies about PCK of ECE teachers highlight similar specific dimensions: organization of educational environment and interactions with children (Lee, 2010, McCray, 2008, Rojas, 2008). The current framework for ECE Teacher Education in Portugal (since 2007) focuses both content knowledge and subject didactics. PCK has been labelled the 'great unknown' in ECE (Rojas, 2008) in traditions where the child's development is considered as the main knowledge base for ECE (Chen & McNamee, 2006, Cullen, 2005, Hedges & Cullen, 2005). We studied the perspectives of 27 initial teacher education students about knowledge for teaching and about ECE Pedagogy. We used one open-ended questionnaire and students' analysis of episodes focusing children's answers or discourse relevant for mathematics (about high numbers and square root). The questionnaire was anonymous and students’ permission to use the answers was obtained. In the questionnaire, interactions with children (62%) and organization of the educational environment (38%) are highlighted as the most important focus for the teacher. Students suggested tasks that were adult planned and oriented to further the situations presented in the episodes. Very few references to children's exploratory actions (Bonawitz et al., 2011) were made. The specificity of ECE (child initiated activities, e.g.) needs to be further developed in initial teacher education.

Análisis del cambio de las relaciones políticas entre India y Pakistán, a la luz de la cultura de anarquía hobbesiana, como consecuencia de los atentados de Mumbai 2008

Esta investigación busca analizar como se modificaron las relaciones entre India y Pakistán luego de los atentados de Mumbai 2008, a la luz de la cultura de anarquía hobbesiana. Para ello, se explicará como la estructura de anarquía ha sido un catalizador en la modificación de la toma de decisiones de los Estados, sobretodo teniendo en cuenta la característica de Pakistán como un Estado predador. Se demostrará si gracias a estos atentados la actuación de India en el conflicto ha cambiado y percibe a su par como un ente violento y predispuesto a la agresión. Para ello se entrará a explicar el devenir histórico de la relación, la intensidad del grupo perpetrador (Lashkar-e-Taiba) y las posiciones de ambos Estados frente a los atentados.

El rol de los actores subnacionales en la construcción de la política exterior de Japón. Estudio de caso: La disputa territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu entre Japón y China (2001-2014)

El presente estudio de caso tiene como objetivo analizar la influencia de la gobernación de Tokio en la formulación de la política exterior de Japón durante la disputa territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu. Para ello, se identifican los puntos más relevantes de la política exterior de seguridad de Japón después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Se hace un énfasis en la política bilateral de seguridad sino-japonesa, con el fin de ubicar el conflicto territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu como un punto importante en la agenda internacional de seguridad de ambos países. Se estudia y analiza el concepto de paradiplomacia; articulado, a su vez, por los conceptos de identidad y rol en política exterior de la perspectiva teórica del Constructivismo de las Relaciones Internacionales, para así analizar la influencia de Tokio en el manejo de la política exterior de Japón en el marco del conflicto territorial por las islas Senkaku/Diaoyu.