A correction to Whipple's law for ion-trap Current

We have analyzed a phenomenon heretofore ignored in the analyses of ion traps, which are used to determine ion temperature, among other plasma parameters, in planetary ionospheres: ions that are rejected by the trap perturb the plasma well ahead of the Debye sheath at the front of the trap.The determination of the perturbed plasma flow is found to depend on the fact that the ionospheric plasma be stable to quasineutral, ion-acoustic perturbations.

Analysis of Proseds bare-tether performance

NASA's tether experiment ProSEDS will be placed in orbit on board a Delta-II rocket in early 2003. ProSEDS will test bare-tether electron collection, deorbiting of the rocket second stage, and the system dynamic stability. ProSEDS performance will vary both because ambient conditions change along the orbit and because tether-circuit parameters follow a step by step sequence in the current operating cycle. In this work we discuss how measurements of tether current and bias, plasma density, and deorbiting rate can be used to check the OML law for current collection. We review circuit bulk elements; characteristic lengths and energies that determine collection (tether radius, electron thermal gyroradius and Debye length, particle temperatures, tether bias, ion ram energy); and lengths determining current and bias profiles along the tether (extent of magnetic self-field, a length gauging ohmic versus collection impedances, tether length). The analysis serves the purpose of estimating ProSEDS behavior in orbit and fostering our ability for extrapolating ProSEDS flight data to different tether and environmental conditions.

Bare wire anodes for electrodynamic tethers

The collection of electrons from the ionosphere is the major problem facing high-power electrodynamic tethers. This article discusses a simple electron-collection concept which is free of most of the physical uncertainties associated with plasma contactors in the rarefied, magnetized environment of an orbiting tether. The idea is to leave exposed a fraction of the tether length near its anodic end, such that, when a positive bias develops locally with respect to the ambient plasma, and for a tether radius small compared with both thermal gyroradius and Debye length, electrons are collected in an orbital-motion-limited regime. It is shown that large currents can be drawn in this way with only moderate voltage drops. The concept is illustrated through a discussion of performance characteristics for generators and thrusters.

The old problems of glass and the glass transition, and the many new twists.

In this paper I review the ways in which the glassy state is obtained both in nature and in materials science and highlight a "new twist"--the recent recognition of polymorphism within the glassy state. The formation of glass by continuous cooling (viscous slowdown) is then examined, the strong/fragile liquids classification is reviewed, and a new twist-the possibility that the slowdown is a result of an avoided critical point-is noted. The three canonical characteristics of relaxing liquids are correlated through the fragility. As a further new twist, the conversion of strong liquids to fragile liquids by pressure-induced coordination number increases is demonstrated. It is then shown that, for comparable systems, it is possible to have the same conversion accomplished via a first-order transition within the liquid state during quenching. This occurs in the systems in which "polyamorphism" (polymorphism in the glassy state) is observed, and the whole phenomenology is accounted for by Poole's bond-modified van der Waals model. The sudden loss of some liquid degrees of freedom through such weak first-order transitions is then related to the polyamorphic transition between native and denatured hydrated proteins, since the latter are also glass-forming systems--water-plasticized, hydrogen bond-cross-linked chain polymers (and single molecule glass formers). The circle is closed with a final new twist by noting that a short time scale phenomenon much studied by protein physicists-namely, the onset of a sharp change in d/dT ( is the Debye-Waller factor)--is general for glass-forming liquids, including computer-simulated strong and fragile ionic liquids, and is closely correlated with the experimental glass transition temperature. The latter thus originates in strong anharmonicity in certain components of the vibrational density of states, which permits the system to access the multiple minima of its configuration space. The connection between the anharmonicity in these modes, vibrational localization, the Kauzmann temperature, and the fragility of the liquid is proposed as the key problem in glass science.

Simulação e modelagem computacional de dados de espalhamento à baixos ângulos - enfoque em estruturas de alta simetria

Esta tese apresenta uma abordagem para a criação rápida de modelos em diferentes geometrias (complexas ou de alta simetria) com objetivo de calcular a correspondente intensidade espalhada, podendo esta ser utilizada na descrição de experimentos de es- palhamento à baixos ângulos. A modelagem pode ser realizada com mais de 100 geome- trias catalogadas em um Banco de Dados, além da possibilidade de construir estruturas a partir de posições aleatórias distribuídas na superfície de uma esfera. Em todos os casos os modelos são gerados por meio do método de elementos finitos compondo uma única geometria, ou ainda, compondo diferentes geometrias, combinadas entre si a partir de um número baixo de parâmetros. Para realizar essa tarefa foi desenvolvido um programa em Fortran, chamado de Polygen, que permite modelar geometrias convexas em diferentes formas, como sólidos, cascas, ou ainda com esferas ou estruturas do tipo DNA nas arestas, além de usar esses modelos para simular a curva de intensidade espalhada para sistemas orientados e aleatoriamente orientados. A curva de intensidade de espalhamento é calculada por meio da equação de Debye e os parâmetros que compõe cada um dos modelos, podem ser otimizados pelo ajuste contra dados experimentais, por meio de métodos de minimização baseados em simulated annealing, Levenberg-Marquardt e algorítmicos genéticos. A minimização permite ajustar os parâmetros do modelo (ou composição de modelos) como tamanho, densidade eletrônica, raio das subunidades, entre outros, contribuindo para fornecer uma nova ferramenta para modelagem e análise de dados de espalhamento. Em outra etapa desta tese, é apresentado o design de modelos atomísticos e a sua respectiva simulação por Dinâmica Molecular. A geometria de dois sistemas auto-organizado de DNA na forma de octaedro truncado, um com linkers de 7 Adeninas e outro com linkers de ATATATA, foram escolhidas para realizar a modelagem atomística e a simulação por Dinâmica Molecular. Para este sistema são apresentados os resultados de Root Mean Square Deviations (RMSD), Root Mean Square Fluctuations (RMSF), raio de giro, torção das hélices duplas de DNA além da avaliação das ligações de Hidrogênio, todos obtidos por meio da análise de uma trajetória de 50 ns.

Polar molecules /

Includes index.

Polar molecules /

Includes bibliographical references and indexes.

Nonionic detergents in nonaqueous solvents,

The behavior of [alpha]-monoglycerides.

Mailing list directory and classified index to trade directories,

Mode of access: Internet.

The melody of God's love; a new unfolding of the Twenty-third Psalm,

Printed at the Merrymount Press.

Handbuch der radiologie /

Each volume has also special t.-p.

Through England with Tennyson; a pilgrimage to places associated with the great laureate,

Mode of access: Internet.

Electromagnetic fields inside a lossy, multilayered spherical head phantom excited by MRI coils: models and methods

The precise evaluation of electromagnetic field (EMF) distributions inside biological samples is becoming an increasingly important design requirement for high field MRI systems. In evaluating the induced fields caused by magnetic field gradients and RF transmitter coils, a multilayered dielectric spherical head model is proposed to provide a better understanding of electromagnetic interactions when compared to a traditional homogeneous head phantom. This paper presents Debye potential (DP) and Dyadic Green's function (DGF)-based solutions of the EMFs inside a head-sized, stratified sphere with similar radial conductivity and permittivity profiles as a human head. The DP approach is formulated for the symmetric case in which the source is a circular loop carrying a harmonic-formed current over a wide frequency range. The DGF method is developed for generic cases in which the source may be any kind of RF coil whose current distribution can be evaluated using the method of moments. The calculated EMFs can then be used to deduce MRI imaging parameters. The proposed methods, while not representing the full complexity of a head model, offer advantages in rapid prototyping as the computation times are much lower than a full finite difference time domain calculation using a complex head model. Test examples demonstrate the capability of the proposed models/methods. It is anticipated that this model will be of particular value for high field MRI applications, especially the rapid evaluation of RF resonator (surface and volume coils) and high performance gradient set designs.

Dielectric and electro-optical properties of some cyanobiphenyl liquid-crystals

A variety of methods have been reviewed for obtaining parallel or perpendicular alignment in liquid-crystal cells. Some of these methods have been selected and developed and were used in polarised spectroscopy, dielectric and electro-optic studies. Also, novel dielectric and electro-optic cells were constructed for use over a range of temperature. Dielectric response of thin layers of E7 and E8 (eutectic mixture liquid-crystals) have been measured in the frequency range (12 Hz-100 kHz) and over a range of temperature (183-337K). Dielectric spectra were also obtained for supercooled E7 and E8 in the Hz and kHz range. When the measuring electric field was parallel to the nematic director, one loss peak (low-frequency relaxation process) was observed for E7 and for E8, that exhibits a Debye-type behaviour in the supercooled systems. When the measuring electric field was perpendicular to the nematic director, two resolved dielectric processes have been observed. The phase transitions, effective molecular polarisabilities, anisotropy of polarisabilities and order parameters of three liquid crystal homologs (5CB, 6CB, and 7CB), 60CB and three eutectic nematic mixtures E7, E8, and E607 were calculated using optical and density data measured at several temperatures. The order parameters calculated using the different methods of Vuks, Neugebauer, Saupe-Maier, and Palffy-Muhoray are nearly the same for the liquid crystals considered in the present study. Also, the interrelationship between density and refractive index and the molecular structure of these liquid crystals were established. Accurate dielectric and dipole results of a range of liquid-crystal forming molecules at several temperatures have reported. The role of the cyano-end group, biphenyl core, and flexible tail in molecular association, were investigated using the dielectric method for some molecules which have a structural relationship to the nematogens. Analysis of the dielectric data for solution of the liquid-crystals indicated a high molecular association, comparable to that observed in the nematic or isotropic phases. Electro-optic Kerr effect were investigated for some alkyl cyanobiphenyls, their nematic mixtures and the eutectic mixture liquid-crystals E7 and E8 in the isotropic phase and solution. The Kerr constant of these liquid crystals found to be very high at the nematic-isotropic transition temperatures as the molecules are expected to be highly ordered close to phase transition temperatures. Dynamic Kerr effect behaviour and transient molecular reorientation were also observed in thin layers of some alkyl cyanobiphenyls. Dichroic ratio R and order parameters of solutions containing some azo and anthraquinone dyes in the nematic solvent (E7 and E8), were investigated by the measurement of the intensity of the absorption bands in the visible region of parallel aligned samples. The effective factors on the dichroic ratio of the dyes dissolved in the nematic solvents were determined and discussed.

Optical activity in photorefractive Bi12TiO20

The influence of optical activity on two-wave mixing (TWM) in photorefractive BTO and BSO crystals in the absence of an applied field is studied both theoretically and experimentally. For the conventinal orientations of the grating vector, K [001] and K[001], the piezoelectric and photoelastic effects are either zero or negligible. This makes an analytical treatment of the TWM problem possible. We obtain an analytical solution for the coupled wave equations of TWM valid for arbitrary optical activity. This result is of special importance for BTO crystals. In these crystals under the condition of maximum energy transfer (|K|rD=1, where rD is the Debye radius) neither the approximation of small optical activity nor the one of dominating optical activity is applicable and our analytical solution becomes essential. Our experimental setup uses beams with a trapezoidal overlap that allows us to study the thickness-dependence of the gain in a single measurement. Experimental and theoretical results for a BTO crystal are compared with those for a BSO crystal and are explained in the framework of the model used.