Careers of Managers, Comparison between ICT and Paper Business Sectors

The purpose of this study is to increase understanding of how the managers build their early career in information and communication technology industry (ICT business sector) and pulp- and paper industry (paper business sector). The focus of the study is to explore the importance differing a business sectors have in influencing managerial careers. Business sectors can affect careers in several ways.Sectors have different history and traditions. Also the age structure of ICT personnel differs from the age structure of personnel in the paper industry. Managers in the ICT and paper sector are technically educated but in different disciplines. Differences exist also in ways of recruiting and developing commitment inpersonnel. The target group of this research, middle management engineering personnel, work in Finnish ICT and paper companies. Research data were gathered in April-December 2002 in South-Karelia by interviewing 30 managers and six directors working in three Finnish ICT companies and in three paper companies. The research issue is approached on two levels: the individual level and the organizational level. The managers related their career stories in focused interviews. Directors, representing the organizations, described the generalities of the business sector and gave background information on company policies, human relationshippractices, as well as career and human resource development. Results of the study contribute to research discussions of career, life-span reasoning, socialization and commitment. Career is conceived as a series of positions including everykind of hierarchical mobility and all kinds of positions in work. A manager's career develops in interaction with the organization and it can be seen as involving a socializing process in an organization as a consequence of experiences andchanges in positions. This research contributes to the understanding of the nature of career in the context of two business sectors. Universal career theories,for the most part, do not perceive the importance of business sector in determining career experience. This study concentrates on describing and understanding early careers in two different business areas, elements committing managers to particular business sectors and the actions of companies in that particular sector. While career research began in the middle of 1950s, the theoretical basis of career research seems to be quite fragmented still. However, a dichotomy is consistently presented between traditional, hierarchical career research and boundaryless career thinking. In this research we examine how these old and new career concepts are evidence in the ICT and paper sectors. Careers are changing from formal, hierarchy-based structures to more fluid arrangements. The new boundaryless career concept captures territory from old career thinking. Mobility between employers, networks, and changing hierarchical structures in organizations, as well as personal and family reasons are theorized to bring changes to careers patterns in the future. However, the pace of this change in careers will vary between the ICT and paper business sectors. Findings of this research indicate that business sector has an effect on how managerial careers develop. The environment where career is developed differs between ICT and paper sectors. Careers begin differently in the two environments and the speed of career progression is distinct. ICT careers are built within the business sector whereas paper careers are made inside one company. Also recruiting and socialization practices differ from one sector to the other.

La nueva política criminal de la seguridad vial. Reflexiones a propósito de la LO 15/2007, de 30 de noviembre, y del Proyecto de Reforma del Código Penal

La reforma de los delitos contra la seguridad en el tráfico operada por LO 15/2007, de 30 de noviembre, constituye la expresión de un programa político-criminal de más amplio alcance, presente en el Proyecto de Reforma del Código Penal de 2007. En este trabajo se exponen las causas de la emergencia del nuevo derecho penal de la seguridad vial a la luz del paradi gma explicativo que ofrece el derecho penal postmoderno del riesgo -sometido aquí a necesarios ajustes- y se ofrece un análisis crítico de dos de los nuevos tipos: la conducción a velocidad por encima de determinados límites (art. 379.1) y la conducción con concentraciones de alcohol en aire espirado o en sangre superiores a determinadas tasas (0.6 mgr. o 1,2 gr. respectivamente) –art. 379.2-. Igualmente se analiza la propuesta del Proyecto de Reforma del Código de elevar a la categoría de delito las imprudencias leves con resultado de muerte. Tres piezas clave de un programa que trasluce una gran desconfianza hacia el estamento judicial y un optimismo infundado en las posibilidades del derecho penal para reducir eficazmente la siniestralidad vial.

Sistema de sanciones y política criminal: un estudio de Derecho comparado europeo

El trabajo aborda una comparación de los diversos sistemas de penas estatales en Europa, con el objetivo de sistematizar los diversos modelos político-criminales y de calibrar la aflictividad de los mismos. A través de determinados indicadores se pone de relieve que los sistemas jurídicos que abren un mayor espacio a la discrecionalidad judicial en la selección y la determinación de la pena muestran una mayor moderación del rigor punitivo y están en mejores condiciones de dar respuesta a una fenomenología criminal cada vez más diversa.

Política criminal con bases empíricas en España

La dimensión real de la actual política criminal española carece de adecuados niveles de racionalidad, entre sus múltiples causas, podemos mencionar el fenómeno de la creciente dinámica punitivista, la ausencia de una adecuada cultura de evaluación, el menosprecio a la criminología, la escasa consideración de los responsables políticos hacia las opiniones expertas de la dogmática, y la constante indiferencia de ésta hacia la realidad que debe enfrentar. Se configura así un decepcionante panorama donde la política criminal real aparece como carente de una sólida base empírica. La dimensión teórica de la política criminal, no puede soslayar el aporte de las investigaciones criminológicas, ya que aquellos tendrían la virtualidad de ser condición necesaria aunque no suficiente de la utilización racional del sistema punitivo. Hay que optar por una reducción de la privación de libertad y promover otras sanciones en cuyo contenido se armonicen los conceptos de incapacitación y responsabilización. Además, se requiere el desarrollo de una victimología que se dirija a inhibir los impulsos punitivos de las víctimas en función de orientar la política criminal hacia una cultura jurídica reparatoria que enfrente la actual expansión del derecho penal.

Late careers and the transition to retirement in Switzerland

A substantial body of life-course research has considered occupational trajectories in Switzerland focusing either on early or middle adulthood careers. However, the issue of the last working period and the retirement transition is receiving increasing attention for several reasons: the permanence of low birth rates associated with an ageing population, a high proportion of active old workers, continuous changes in the timing of retirements, and active ageing policies aiming at keeping people working after the state pension age. Moving forward on this topic, the present doctoral thesis aimed to offer new insights on the dynamics of the final career phase and the transition to retirement in Switzerland through a life-course approach. Concerning the main results, this thesis provides consistent evidences on the great influence of longterm familial and employment trajectories as well as individual positional factors on (i) the vulnerability during the last working period, (ii) the timing of retirement, (iii) the voluntariness of late retirement, and (iv) the financial well-being of retirees. In this way, this thesis offers significant contributions to the life-course, gender, and social policy research focused on ageing processes. -- Un ensemble considérable de recherches sur les parcours de vie a examiné les trajectoires professionnelles en Suisse, en mettant l'accent sur la carrière professionnelle des jeunes et, plus tard, à l'âge adulte. Toutefois, l'étude de la fin de la carrière professionnelle (c'est-à-dire de 50 ans jusqu'à la retraite) reçoit une attention croissante pour plusieurs raisons: la persistance du faible taux de natalité associé à une population vieillissante, la forte proportion de travailleurs âgés actifs, des évolutions continues dans le moment du départ à la retraite, et des politiques visant à maintenir les personnes âgées au travail après l'âge légal de la retraite. Pour aller de l'avant sur ce sujet, la présente thèse de doctorat vise à offrir de nouvelles perspectives sur la fin de carrière et la transition à la retraite en Suisse, en mobilisant les outils de la sociologie des parcours de vie. En ce qui concerne les principaux résultats, cette thèse fournit des preuves cohérentes sur la grande influence des trajectoires professionnelles et familiales ainsi que des facteurs positionnels sur (i) la vulnérabilité au cours de la période de travail avant la retraite, (ii) le moment de départ à la retraite, (iii) le caractère volontaire de la retraite tardive, et (iv) le bien-être financier des retraités. Ainsi, cette thèse fournit d'importantes contributions à la recherche sur les parcours de vie, sur les étu es genre, et sur les politiques sociales, focalisées sur le processus de vieillissement.

To analyse a trace or not? Evaluating the decision-making process in the criminal investigation

In order to broaden our knowledge and understanding of the decision steps in the criminal investigation process, we started by evaluating the decision to analyse a trace and the factors involved in this decision step. This decision step is embedded in the complete criminal investigation process, involving multiple decision and triaging steps. Considering robbery cases occurring in a geographic region during a 2-year-period, we have studied the factors influencing the decision to submit biological traces, directly sampled on the scene of the robbery or on collected objects, for analysis. The factors were categorised into five knowledge dimensions: strategic, immediate, physical, criminal and utility and decision tree analysis was carried out. Factors in each category played a role in the decision to analyse a biological trace. Interestingly, factors involving information available prior to the analysis are of importance, such as the fact that a positive result (a profile suitable for comparison) is already available in the case, or that a suspect has been identified through traditional police work before analysis. One factor that was taken into account, but was not significant, is the matrix of the trace. Hence, the decision to analyse a trace is not influenced by this variable. The decision to analyse a trace first is very complex and many of the tested variables were taken into account. The decisions are often made on a case-by-case basis.

Dial M for Murder: A Case of Passion Killing, Criminal Evidence and Sultanic Power in Medieval India

This paper considers the structures and applications of the criminal judicial system in the Islamic Later Middle Period as it developed in India under the sultans of Delhi (1200-1400 CE). A fundamental issue in crime and punishment is the relationship between sultanic power and religious authority. Particularly at stake in this relationship is the question of who can sanction the highest form of punishment, i.e. the death penalty (siyāsa). Contemporary historians and scholars in the study of religion investigating the relationship between sharīʿa and siyāsa to reveal the extent and limits of sultanic power show a system of governance that allowed for the delegation of authority, particularly in the area of the judiciary, from the sultan down to viziers and judges. Some scholars depict the relationship between the ʿulamāʾ and the sultan as a kind of stand off. The actual dynamics of legal jurisdiction were much more complex. This study proposes a new interpretive framework for understanding the relationship between political power and religious authority through a critical analysis of the criminal judicial system, law, and historical narrative. In particular, I consider a murder case described by Shams al-dīn Sirāj ʿAfīf in one of the most significant histories written in the later Delhi Sultanate, the Tārīkh-i Fīrūzshāhī.

Managerial Careers in the IT Industry: Women in China and in Finland

This research focuses on the career experiences of women managers in the IT industry in China and Finland, two countries with different cultures, policies, size of population, and social and economic structures regarding work-life support and equal opportunities. The object of this research is to present a cross-cultural comparison of women’s career experiences and how women themselves understand and account for their careers. The study explores how the macro and the micro levels of cultural and social processes become manifested in the lives of individual women. The main argument in this thesis is that culture plays a crucial role in making sense of women’s career experiences, although its role should be understood through its interrelationship with other social processes, e.g., institutional relations, social policies, industrial structures and organizations, as well as globalization. The interrelationship of a series of cultural and social processes affects individuals’ attitudes to, and arrangement and organization of, their work and family lives. This thesis consists of two parts. The first part introduces the research topic and discusses the overall results. The second part comprises five research papers. The main research question of the study is: How do cultural and social processes affect the experiences of women managers? Quantitative and qualitative research methods, which include in-depth interviews, Q-methodology, interpretive analysis, and questionnaires, are used in the study. The main theoretical background is culturally sensitive career theory and the theory of individual differences. The results of this study are viewed through a feminist lens. The research methodology applied allows new explorations on how demographic factors, work experiences, lifestyle issues, and organizational cultures can jointly affect women’s managerial careers. The sample group used in the research is 42 women managers working in IT companies in China (21) and Finland (21). The results of the study illustrate the impact of history, tradition, culture, institutional relations, social politics, industry and organizations, and globalization on the careers of women managers. It is claimed that the role of culture – cultural norms within nations and organizations – is of great importance in the relationship of gender and work. Women’s managerial careers are affected by multiple factors (personal, social and cultural) reflecting national and inter-individual differences. The results of the study contribute to research on careers, adding particularly to the literature on gender, work and culture, and offering a complex and holistic perspective for a richer understanding of pluralism and global diversity. The results of the study indicate how old and new career perspectives are evidenced in women managers in the IT industry. The research further contributes to an understanding of women’s managerial careers from a cross-culture perspective. In addition, the study contributes to the literature on culture and extends understanding of Hofstede’s work. Further, most traditional career theories do not perceive the importance of culture in determining an individual’s career experience and this study richens understanding of women managers’ careers and has considerable implications for international human resource management. The results of this study emphasize the need, when discussing women managers’ careers, to understand the ways by which gendering is produced rather than merely examining gender differences. It is argued that the meaning of self-knowledge is critical. Further, the environment where the careers under study develop differs greatly; China and Finland are very different – culturally, historically and socially. The findings of this study should, therefore, be understood as a holistic, specific, and contextually-bound.

La reforma de la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Criminal

El present treball pretén oferir al lector un estudi sobre el nou Codi Processal Penal com esborrany d'avantprojecte de Llei, realitzant un anàlisis dels aspectes més rellevants i innovadors que introdueix el citat Codi així com l’adaptació d’aquests a les realitats socials de cada temps. A més, la idea per la qual neix el treball és analitzar les raons per les quals s’ha vist necessari i important realitzar una modificació total de la actual LECrim, estudiant la forma en què el legislador enfoca el nou Codi així com el seu contingut, destacant les principals diferències que conté l’actual LECrim amb aquelles que el nou Codi pretén instaurar.

Patrícia Melo. Novela de favela y novela criminal. Género(s)

El artículo se propone reflexionar sobre dos cuestiones: ¿la «novela de favela» es novela criminal? y ¿es posible detectar aspectos de género en las «novelas de favela» de Patrícia Melo? En nuestra opinión, la «novela de favela» es literatura de la violencia, para ser más exactos de la representación de la violencia, pero, aunque a veces la frontera sea muy tenue, no responde a los paradigmas de la novela criminal. Por otra parte, y a partir del análisis de la construcción de los personajes Máiquel y Reizinho (O Matador e Inferno), creemos que sí es posible afirmar un sesgo de género en los textos de Patrícia Melo.

Poptähden muotokuva. Myytit, arkkityypit ja Michael Jacksonin video Smooth Criminal (1988)

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee poptähti Michael Jacksonin tähtikuvaa populaarina myyttinä arkkityyppien näkökulmasta. Tutkimus käsittelee myös tähteyden historiaa ja siirtymää klassisesta Hollywood -tähteydestä postmoderniin tähteyteen. Tutkimus pyrkii selvittämään Jacksonin positiota kulttuurisella tähtikentällä ja sitä, mitä uutta rajatilasankarin, initiaation ja tricksterin arkkityypit voivat kertoa tunnetusta poptähdestä. Tutkimusaineistoksi on valittu Jacksonin Moonwalker –elokuva (1988) ja sen sisällä oleva Smooth Criminal -osio, joka sisältää juonellisen tarinan ja musiikkivideokohtauksen. Smooth Criminal -musiikkikohtaus viittaa kulta-ajan Hollywood -tähden Fred Astairen Band Wagon –musikaalin (1953) Girl Hunt Ballet -musikaalinumeroon. Tutkimuksen kulttuurihistoriallisessa osiossa tuodaan vertailuun Astairen ja Jacksonin erilaiset tähteydet, videoiden narratiivit ja sankaruudet, joita tähdet ilmentävät narratiiveissa. Arkkityyppeihin keskittyvässä osiossa sama Smooth Criminal -narratiivi luetaan uudestaan näiden kolmen arkkityypin kautta, jolloin Jacksonin tähtikuvasta avautuu uusia aspekteja. Tutkimuksen teoreettisen rungon muodostavat sveitsiläisen analyyttisen psykologian perustajan Carl Gustav Jungin teoria arkkityypeistä ja tätä teoriaa soveltava postjungilainen tutkimus. Tutkimuksen kulttuurihistoriallinen puoli pohjaa perinteiseen tähtitutkimukseen ja erityisesti Richard Dyerin sekä Edgar Morinin teoksiin. Käytän postjungilaista elokuva- ja tähtitutkimusta tutkimuksessani, joista tärkeimpiä ovat John Izodin ja Luke Hockleyn teokset. Tutkimuksen perusteella voidaan todeta, että tähteys on kulttuurisidonnaista ja ilmentää omaa aikaansa. Astairen tähteys ja narratiivin sankaruus koostuu muutamista pelkistetyistä aspekteista. Jackson on tähtenä eräänlainen hybridisankari, jossa yhdistyvät monet vastakkaiset merkitykset. Rajatilasankarin, initiaation ja tricksterin arkkityypit ovat kaikki löydettävissä tutkinnan kohteena olevasta narratiivista. Arkkityyppien kautta voi nähdä, että Jacksonin ilmensi tähteydessään myös näitä kaikille ihmisille yhteisiä psyykkisiä sisältöjä, mikä voi osaltaan selittää hänen globaalia suosiotaan.

Coping with international atrocities through criminal law : a study into the typical features of international criminality and the reflection of these traits in international criminal law

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Victims’ status at international and hybrid criminal courts : victims’ status as witnesses, victim participants/civil parties and reparations claimants

Bestraffning av internationella brott vid internationella och hybrida straffrättsliga domstolar har traditionellt och huvudsakligen grundat sig på principen om retributiv (vedergällande) rättvisa och ackusatorisk process snarare än återuppbyggande rättvisa och en inkvisitorisk modell. Därav har brottsoffrens ställning vid dessa straffrättsliga domstolar begränsat sig till den som innehas av vittnen vid Tribunalen som behandlar brott som begåtts i det forna Jugoslavien (ICTY), Internationella krigsförbrytartribunalen för Rwanda (ICTR) och Specialdomstolen för Sierra Leone (SCSL). Internationella brottmålsdomstolen (ICC), å sin sida, har medfört en viktig förändring gällande brottsoffrens ställning i internationella straffrättsliga fora, vilket innebär att de från att ha betraktats endast i egenskap av vittnen nu även har en rätt att delta och lämna sina synpunkter (i egenskap av brottsofferdeltagare) samt kräva gottgörelse. Denna trend har fortsatt inom området för internationell straffrätt, vilket manifesterats vid hybridtribunaler som tillsatts efter ICC såsom Kambodjadomstolen (ECCC) vid vilken brottsoffer kan agera civilrättsliga parter och Specialdomstolen för Libanon (STL) där brottsoffer kan inneha en deltagande roll. Den föreliggande studien behandlar två huvudsakliga frågeställningar, av vilka den första lyder: Vilken ställning tillskrivs brottsoffren vid internationella domstolar och hybridtribunaler? I detta hänseende argumenterar författaren, sammanfattningsvis, för att brottsoffrens ställning vid internationella straffrättsliga domstolar och hybridtribunaler huvudsakligen tar sig uttryck på tre sätt, d.v.s. som brottsoffer i egenskap av vittnen, som brottsoffer i egenskap av deltagande brottsoffer/civilrättsliga parter samt som brottsoffer som kräver gottgörelse. Den andra frågeställningen för denna studie lyder: På vilket sätt fungerar brottsoffrens ställning som vittnen, brottsofferdeltagande/civilrättsliga parter och gottgörelsekrävande vid internationella och hybrida straffrättsliga domstolar? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Kansainvälisten rikosten rankaiseminen kansainvälisissä rikostuomioistuimissa ja hybridituomioistuimissa on perinteisesti enimmäkseen perustunut retributiivisen oikeuden ja akkusatorisen menetelmän soveltamiseen pikemmin kuin restoratiivisen oikeuden ja inkvisitorisen menetelmän soveltamiseen. Niinpä uhrien asema kansainvälisissä rikostuomioistuimissa ja hybridituomioistuimissa on rajoittunut todistajan asemaan entisen Jugoslavian kansainvälisessä sotarikostuomioistuimessa (ICTY), Ruandan kansainvälisessä sotarikostuomioistuimessa (ICTR) ja Sierra Leonen erikoistuomioistuimessa (SCSL). Kansainvälisen rikostuomioistuimen (ICC) perustaminen on kuitenkin merkinnyt tärkeää muutosta uhrien asemaan kansainvälisen rikosoikeuden alalla siten, että kun uhrit aiemmin nähtiin vain todistajina, heillä on nyt myös mahdollisuus tuoda esiin omat näkökantansa (osallistumisoikeus) ja vaatia hyvitystä. Tämä suuntaus on jatkunut kansainvälisen rikosoikeuden alalla ICC:n jälkeen perustetuissa hybridituomioistuimissa, kuten Kambodzhan erityistuomioistuimessa (ECCC), missä uhrit voivat olla asianosaisen asemassa, sekä Libanonin erityistuomioistuimessa (STL), missä uhrit voivat osallistua prosessiin. Tämä tutkimus käsittelee kahta keskeistä kysymystä. Ensinnäkin: Mikä on rikoksen uhrien asema kansainvälisissä rikostuomioistuimissa ja hybridituomioistuimissa? Tutkimuksessa päädytään mm. siihen, että uhrien asema kansainvälisissä rikostuomioistuimissa ja hybridituomioistuimissa voi koostua pääosin kolmesta ulottuvuudesta eli uhrit todistajina, uhrit prosessiin osallistujina/asianosaisina ja uhrit hyvityksen hakijoina. Tutkimuksen toinen keskeinen kysymys on: Miten uhrien asema todistajina, prosessiin osallistujina/ asianosaisina ja hyvityksen hakijoina toimii kansainvälisissä rikostuomioistuimissa ja hybridituomioistuimissa?

Exploring the impact of a hands-on intervention on grade 7 girls and their feelings about self, mathematics, science, technology and related careers

Forty-five 12- and 13-year-old females attending Grade 7 in North York, Ontario were randomly selected from a group of 100 females who had volunteered to participate in a oneday hands-on workshop called It's Your Choice at Seneca College. The goals of this intervention were to broaden the career horizons of these students and to help them realize the need to continue mathematics and science through high school in order to keep occupational options unlimited. The young women were given a pre- and post-attitude survey to provide background information. In the month following participation in the workshop the students were interviewed in small groups (S students per group) to discover their perceptions of the impact of the workshop. The interviews revealed that participants felt that after the workshop their feelings of self-confidence increased, specifically with respect to working with their hands. Participants felt more aware of the usefulness and importance of the study of mathematics, science and technology, They also felt that It's Your Choice increased their interest in careers in these domains and helped them to see that these careers are viable choices for females. The interviews also revealed that many of the participants felt that in this society their roles and their choices were influenced and probably limited by the fact that they are female.