Facies analysis of tertiary alluvial fan deposits in the Jundiai region, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil

This article presents an analysis of facies of sedimentary sequences that occur as discontinuous bodies in the Jundiai region, west of the main Tertiary continental basins of the southeastern Brazil continental rift. Nine identified sedimentary facies, grouped into four associations, suggest the existence of an ancient alluvial fan system whose source area was the Japi mountain range (Serra do Japi). The deposits are considered Tertiary in age and chronocorrelated with those identified in the Atibaia region and at other sites up to 100 km east and northeast of Jundiai. The depositional model adopted to explain the filling of the basin proposes that the alluvial fans, which directly derive from the source area, terminated in a braided channel longitudinal to the basin axis that flowed to northwest, in a similar configuration to that of the present day. This basin may have extended to the Atibaia region or formed a set of small basins laterally contiguous to the faults associated with the rift. Such occurrences show that the formation of rift basins was broader than the area presently occupied by the main deposits. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sn-polymetallic greisen-type deposits associated with late-stage rapakivi granites, Brazil: fluid inclusion and stable isotope characteristics

Tin-polymetallic greisen-type deposits in the Itu Rapakivi Province and Rondonia Tin Province, Brazil are associated with late-stage rapakivi fluorine-rich peraluminous alkali-feldspar granites. These granites contain topaz and/or muscovite or zinnwaldite and have geochemical characteristics comparable to the low-P sub-type topaz-bearing granites. Stockworks and veins are common in Oriente Novo (Rondonia Tin Province) and Correas (Itu Rapakivi Province) deposits, but in the Santa Barbara deposit (Rondonia Tin Province) a preserved cupola with associated bed-like greisen is predominant. The contrasting mineralization styles reflect different depths of formation, spatial relationship to tin granites, and different wall rock/fluid proportions. The deposits contain a similar rare-metal suite that includes Sri (+/-W, +/-Ta, +/-Nb), and base-metal suite (Zn-Cu-Pb) is present only in Correas deposit. The early fluid inclusions of the Correas and Oriente Novo deposits are (1) low to moderate-salinity (0-19 wt.% NaCl eq.) CO2-bearing aqueous fluids homogenizing at 245-450 degreesC, and (2) aqueous solutions with low CO2, low to moderate salinity (0-14 wt.% NaCl eq.), which homogenize between 100 and 340 T. In the Santa Barbara deposit, the early inclusions are represented by (1) low-salinity (5-12 wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous fluids with variable CO2 contents, homogenizing at 340 to 390 T, and (2) low-salinity (0-3 wt.% NaCl eq.) aqueous fluid inclusions, which homogenize at 320380 degreesC. Cassiterite, wolframite, columbite-tantalite, scheelite, and sulfide assemblages accompany these fluids. The late fluid in the Oriente Novo and Correas deposit was a low-salinity (0-6 wt.% NaCl eq.) CO2-free aqueous solution, which homogenizes at (100-260 degreesC) and characterizes the sulfide fluorite-sericite association in the Correas deposit. The late fluid in the Santa Barbara deposit has lower salinity (0-3 wt.% NaCl eq.) and characterizes the late-barren-quartz, muscovite and kaolinite veins. Oxygen isotope thermometry coupled with fluid inclusion data suggest hydrothermal activity at 240-450 degreesC, and 1,0-2.6 kbar fluid pressure at Correas and Oriente Novo. The hydrogen isotope composition of breccia-greisen, stockwork, and vein fluids (delta(18)O quartz from 9.9parts per thousand to 10.9parts per thousand, deltaDH(2)O from 4.13parts per thousand to 6.95parts per thousand) is consistent with a fluid that was in equilibrium with granite at temperatures from 450 to 240 degreesC. In the Santa Barbara deposit, the inferred temperatures for quartz-pods and bed-like greisens are much higher (570 and 500 degreesC, respectively), and that for the cassiterite-quartz-veins is 415 degreesC. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of greisen and quartz-pods fluids (delta(18)O(qtz-H2O)=5.5-6.1parts per thousand) indicate that the fluid equilibrated with the albite granite, consistent with a magmatic origin. The values for mica (delta(18)O(mica-H2O)=33-9.8parts per thousand) suggest mixing with meteoric water. Late muscovite veins (delta(18)O(qtz-H2O)=-6.4parts per thousand) and late quartz (delta(18)O(mica-H2O)=-3.8parts per thousand) indicate involvement of a meteoric fluid. Overall, the stable isotope and fluid inclusion data imply three fluid types: (1) an early orthomagmatic fluid, which equilibrated with granite; (2) a mixed orthomagmatic-meteoric fluid; and (3) a late hydrothermal meteoric fluid. The first two were responsible for cassiterite, wolframite, and minor coluChange in the redox conditions related to mixing-of magmatic and meteoric fluids favored important sulfide mineralization in the Correas deposit. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

THE LONG-TERM EVOLUTION OF IMMUNE DEPOSITS IN PASSIVE HEYMANN NEPHRITIS

1. To study the long term course of passive Heymann nephritis (PHN), 42 adult male Wistar rats were injected with rabbit anti-FX1A serum (PHN group) and 42 rats received normal rabbit serum (control group). Two animals from each group were sacrificed 2 weeks after the inoculation and 10 animals each from the control and PHN groups were sacrificed 4, 13, 25 and 53 weeks later.2. The PHN group exhibited a significant elevation in 20-h proteinuria which lasted from the first week (control group, 9.19 +/- 0.87; PHN group, 25.3 +/- 2.66) to the 25th week (control group, 22.6 +/- 2.15; PHN group, 66.7 +/- 10.4) except for week 17. From week 29 to week 53 there was no statistical difference between the 2 groups.3. Light microscopy showed no difference between the kidneys of PHN and control rats. Immunofluorescence microscopy in PHN rats showed granular deposition of autologous and heterologous IgG on the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), whose intensity and pattern did not change during 53 weeks of observation.4. When examined by electron microscopy the glomeruli of PHN rats showed: a) electron-dense deposits which were initially subepithelial and homogeneous and later intramembranous, granular and often surrounded by an electron-transparent halo; b) focal thickening of the GBM at the sites of intramembranous deposits; c) effacement of podocytes located close to the deposits; d) penetration of the podocytes into the GBM associated with the deposits; e) presence of osmiophilic granules in the cytoplasm of the podocyte located inside the GBM similar to the granules of the deposits next to them. The association of the penetration of the podocytes into the GBM with the deposits and the presence of the osmiophilic granules inside the foot process have not been described previously in PHN.5. The results suggest that the podocytes play a role in the clearing of intramembranous deposits in PHN.

Diamondiferous deposits in the Jequitai area (Minas Gerais, Brazil): a consequence of neotectonic processes

Diamonds obtained from small scale mining near Jequitai and surrounding villages are extracted from Tertiary conglomerates and Quaternary gravels of the Rio Jequitai. Eocretaceous conglomerates, which are locally poorly diamondiferous, cover parts of the Serra da Agua Fria and Serra do Cabral. They are of no economic importance. Analyses of neotectonic, post-Miocene features support a transpressive regime that gave rise to N-S to N25° E transcurrent faults, and WNW normal faults. The main evidence for neotectonic processes are inclined Tertiary sediments, drainage captures, striated laterites of Miocene age, and tilting of blocks that form the Rio Jequitai graben. Diamonds in the Tertiary terraces derived from the Eocretaceous conglomerates, which were affected by neotectonic processes, followed by erosion and concentration during redeposition of sediments.

NDACC/SAOZ UV-visible total ozone measurements: improved retrieval and comparison with correlative ground-based and satellite observations

Accurate long-term monitoring of total ozone is one of the most important requirements for identifying possible natural or anthropogenic changes in the composition of the stratosphere. For this purpose, the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) UV-visible Working Group has made recommendations for improving and homogenizing the retrieval of total ozone columns from twilight zenith-sky visible spectrometers. These instruments, deployed all over the world in about 35 stations, allow measuring total ozone twice daily with limited sensitivity to stratospheric temperature and cloud cover. The NDACC recommendations address both the DOAS spectral parameters and the calculation of air mass factors (AMF) needed for the conversion of O-3 slant column densities into vertical column amounts. The most important improvement is the use of O-3 AMF look-up tables calculated using the TOMS V8 (TV8) O-3 profile climatology, that allows accounting for the dependence of the O-3 AMF on the seasonal and latitudinal variations of the O-3 vertical distribution. To investigate their impact on the retrieved ozone columns, the recommendations have been applied to measurements from the NDACC/SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observation Zenithale) network. The revised SAOZ ozone data from eight stations deployed at all latitudes have been compared to TOMS, GOMEGDP4, SCIAMACHY-TOSOMI, SCIAMACHY-OL3, OMI-TOMS, and OMI-DOAS satellite overpass observations, as well as to those of collocated Dobson and Brewer instruments at Observatoire de Haute Provence (44 degrees N, 5.5 degrees E) and Sodankyla (67 degrees N, 27 degrees E), respectively. A significantly better agreement is obtained between SAOZ and correlative reference ground-based measurements after applying the new O-3 AMFs. However, systematic seasonal differences between SAOZ and satellite instruments remain. These are shown to mainly originate from (i) a possible problem in the satellite retrieval algorithms in dealing with the temperature dependence of the ozone cross-sections in the UV and the solar zenith angle (SZA) dependence, (ii) zonal modulations and seasonal variations of tropospheric ozone columns not accounted for in the TV8 profile climatology, and (iii) uncertainty on the stratospheric ozone profiles at high latitude in the winter in the TV8 climatology. For those measurements mostly sensitive to stratospheric temperature like TOMS, OMI-TOMS, Dobson and Brewer, or to SZA like SCIAMACHY-TOSOMI, the application of temperature and SZA corrections results in the almost complete removal of the seasonal difference with SAOZ, improving significantly the consistency between all ground-based and satellite total ozone observations.

Middle Proterozoic vein-hosted gold deposits in the Pontes e Lacerda region, southwestern Amazonian craton, Brazil

Structural, geochemical, and isotope studies were carried out on the gold deposits of the Pontes e Lacerda region (Mato Grosso state, Brazil), where rocks of the Aguapei and Rondoniano mobile belts (southwestern Amazonian craton) occur. The orebodies are hosted in metavolcanic, gneiss-granite, quartzite, tonalite, and granite units. Tectonics involve oblique overthrusting (from northeast to southwest), which led to the formation of recumbent folds and thrusts (pathways for the mineralizing fluids), upright folds, and faults with dominant strike-slip component. These unconformities represent potential sites for mineralization. During geological mapping, it was observed that the orebodies consist of quartz, pyrite, and gold, and that the hydrothermal alteration zone contains quartz, sericite, pyrite (altered to limonite), and magnetite (altered to hematite). Chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite occur only in the Onça deposit. Chemical analysis of sulfides indicates high contents of Bi, Se, and Te in sulfides and gold, suggesting plutonic involvement in the origin of hydrothermal solutions. K-Ar dating of hydrothermal sericites from gold veins yielded ages in the range from 960 to 840 Ma, which may indicate the age of original crystallization of sericite. Pb-Pb dating in galenas yielded model ages in the range from 1000 to 800 Ma for the Onça deposit, which is in agreement with K-Ar ages. Pb-isotopic ratios indicate high U/Pb and low Th/Pb for the upper-crustal Pb source before incorporation in galena crystals. The Pontes e Lacerda gold deposits yielded ages correlated to the Aguapei event and probably were formed during a Proterozoic contractional tectonic period in the southwestern part of the Amazon craton, which may characterize an important metallogenic epoch in the Pontes e Lacerda region.

Argilominerais de Coberturas Sedimentares Cenozóicas do Centro-leste do Estado de São Paulo

Clay mineral analysis contributed to the mineralogical characterization and stratigraphic setting of continental Cenozoic deposits of central-eastern portion of São Paulo State, southeastern Brazil. These deposits, often thin and discontinuous, comprise the Itaqueri Formation (Cretaceous-Paleogene), Rio Claro Formation (Pliocene) and associated Neocenozoic deposits. X-ray diffractometry provided mineralogical and semiquantitative constitution of clays, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided details about mineralogical constitution, packing of microscopic grains and nature (detrital or diagenetic) of clays. These results supported interpretations about paleoenvironmental conditions during sedimentation, revealing possible links between changing climates (dry or humid) and correlative Cenozoic deposits in southeastern Brazil. In addition, SEM images showed microstructures which influence on geotechnical behaviour (erosion and collapse phenomena) of sedimentary materials.

Holocene paleoclimatic reconstruction based on the Lagoa Dourada deposits, southern Brazil

The Lagoa Dourada is a circular-shaped pond formed on the Furnas Formation (Devonian of the Paraná Basin), filled by late Pleistocene - Holocene sediments. It lies in the hydrographic basin of the Guabiroba River, a tributary of the Tibagi River situated in the Campos Gerais region of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. The pond is about 200 m in diameter and the maximum water depth is 5.4 m. Geological, chemical, textural and mineralogical studies on a core sample of the sediments collected from the Lagoa Dourada, 12.2 m thick, was obtained for investigations of paleoenvironmental changes as well as to provide additional data to support previous reconstructions based on palynomorphs and diatoms. Within the period recorded in the core, the pond has been filled by sandy material introduced by springs at the northern edge of the pond as well as by muddy material brought in by floodwaters of the Guabiroba River. Thus, the sandy layers could be interpreted as evidence of drier climates with consequent diminution of fluvial overflow, but with maintenance of the sandy deposits coming from springs. The occurrence of euhedral pyrite in the sediments, locally associated with gypsum, may indicate periods of increase in the organic matter content or an increase in the water salinity, what could be related to greater evaporation under drier paleoclimate regimes. Three cycles defined by an increase in the total carbon content of the sediments of the pond were observed. These cycles seem to correspond to an increase in the isotope ratio 13C/12C (δ13C). Several hypotheses can be suggested to explain the presence of these cycles, including the alternation of wetter or drier climatic phases. The convergence of the sedimentological data obtained during this study with previous microfossil paleoclimatic (pollens and diatoms) indicators and radiocarbon dating suggests that a drier paleoclimatic phase occurred around 8720±150 years B.P. The evidence for a second drier phase in more recent times is less consistent. This subsequent phase could correspond to the drier phase in southern and southeastern Brazil between 5000 and 3000 years B.P. as suggested by other paleoclimatic studies.

Correlative fractography: Combining scanning electron microscopy and light microscopes for qualitative and quantitative analysis of fracture surfaces

Correlative fractography is a new expression proposed here to describe a new method for the association between scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of fracture surfaces. This article presents a new method involving the fusion of one elevation map obtained by extended depth from focus reconstruction from LM with exactly the same area by SEM and associated techniques, as X-ray mapping. The true topographic information is perfectly associated to local fracture mechanisms with this new technique, presented here as an alternative to stereo-pair reconstruction for the investigation of fractured components. The great advantage of this technique resides in the possibility of combining any imaging methods associated with LM and SEM for the same observed field from fracture surface. © Microscopy Society of America 2013.

Correlative light-electron fractography for fatigue striations characterization in metallic alloys

The correlative light-electron fractography technique combines correlative microscopy concepts to the extended depth-from-focus reconstruction method, associating the reliable topographic information of 3-D maps from light microscopy ordered Z-stacks to the finest lateral resolution and large focus depth from scanning electron microscopy. Fatigue striations spacing analysis can be precisely measured, by correcting the mean surface tilting with the knowledge of local elevation data from elevation maps. This new technique aims to improve the accuracy of quantitative fractography in fatigue fracture investigations. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:909-913, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Heavy mineral as a tool to refine the stratigraphy of kaolin deposits in the Rio Capim Area, Northern Brazil

Estudos de minerais pesados provenientes em depósitos cauliníticos da Formação Ipixuna na região do rio Capim (Brasil) revelaram uma mineralogia matura a supermatura, representada dominantemente por zircão e turmalina e, subordinadamente, rutilo, cianita e estaurolita. Os minerais encontrados não variam muito, entretanto cada unidade caulinítica apresenta uma assinatura particular definida por diferenças nasproporções entre os principais minerais, assim como em suas características texturais. Este trabalho demonstrou que asunidades de caulim soft (inferior) e semi-flint (superior) podem ser consideradas seqüências deposicionais distintas. As altas percentagens de opacos em relação aos minerais transparentes e altos teores de zircão são diagnósticos da unidade caulinítica inferior. O incremento no volume de grãos de zircão e turmalina arredondados a subarredondados na unidade caulinítica superior sugere que esta inclui grãos que foram submetidos a um grau mais elevado de retrabalhamento. O aumento no volume de grãos não alterados de estaurolita e cianita na unidade superior leva a concluir que, além da reciclagem sedimentar, uma fonte distinta deve ser invocada. Estes resultados também mostram que as características da assembléia de minerais pesados da unidade intermediária são comparáveis com aqueles da unidade superior, o que sugere mesmo posicionamento estratigráfico.

Araçatuba formation: palustrine deposits from the initial sedimentation phase of the Bauru Basin

A Bacia Bauru (Cretáceo Superior), acumulou uma seqüência sedimentar continental essencialmente arenosa. Numa fase inicial desértica, o seu substrato basáltico foi soterrado por extensa e monótona cobertura de areias eólicas com intercalações subordinadas de depósitos de loesse. O relevo original do substrato favoreceu a formação de uma drenagem regional endorrêica, sob clima semi-árido, propiciando assim condições de formação do Paleopantanal Araçatuba. Os depósitos paludiais (Formação Araçatuba) constituem estratos tabulares de siltitos e arenitos de cor cinza claro esverdeado típica, eventualmente cimentados por carbonato de cálcio. Moldes e pseudomorfos de cristais de gipsita e dolomita foram identificados na unidade. Aparentemente, estão associados com gretas de ressecação, marcas de raízes e intervalos com laminação tipo climbing ripple, que indicam ambiente de águas salinas rasas e relativamente calmas, submetidas a fases de exposição subaérea e ressecação. Nos limites da área de ocorrência da Formação Araçatuba, as unidades arenosas podem exibir feições sigmóides e estratificação contorcida, comuns em depósitos deltaicos marginais. A Formação Araçatuba é contornada e posteriormente encoberta por depósitos eólicos da Formação Vale do Rio do Peixe.

Fácies e proveniência de depósitos costeiros da Formação Raizama: evidências do registro Ediacarano-cambriano na faixa Paraguai, região de Nobres, Mato Grosso

Rochas siliciclásticas da Formação Raizama, unidade basal do Grupo Alto Paraguai de idade ediacarana-cambriana (635 – 541 Ma), ocorrem distribuídas descontinuamente ao longo da margem sul do Cráton Amazônico e segmento norte da Faixa Paraguai, centro-oeste do Brasil, estado do Mato Grosso. Estas recobrem discordantemente os depósitos de plataforma carbonática do Grupo Araras, onde foram registrados evidências do evento glacial Marinoano (635 Ma). O Grupo Alto Paraguai representa os estágios finais da colisão entre os blocos Amazônico e Paranapanema que culminaram no fechamento do Oceano Clymene (540-520 Ma). A Formação Raizama com espessura de aproximadamente 570 m é constituída por pelitos, arenitos finos a grossos, e arenitos com cimento dolomítico previamente interpretados como depósitos flúvio-costeiros distribuídos nos membros inferior (270 m) e superior (300 m). O estudo faciológico e estratigráfico desta unidade na região de Nobres, Estado do Mato Grosso, foi focado principalmente na seção aflorante de 600 m no leito do rio Serragem, que inclui a Cachoeira da Serra do Tombador. Foram definidas 17 fácies sedimentares, agrupadas em cinco associações de fácies (AF) representativas de uma sucessão costeira progradante iniciando por depósitos de shoreface inferior, os quais recobrem em conformidade correlativa os depósitos de plataforma carbonática da Formação Serra do Quilombo (Grupo Araras). A AF1 consiste em arenitos com laminação plano-paralela e laminação truncada por onda (microhummocky), individualizada por camadas de pelito laminado interpretadas como depósitos de shoreface inferior. Destaca-se na AF1 a primeira ocorrência de níveis centimétricos bioturbados por Skolithos em depósitos neoproterozoicos – cambrianos na Faixa Paraguai. A AF2 é formada por arenitos com estratificação cruzada swaley e estratificação plano-paralela interpretada como depósitos de shoreface superior. A AF3 é composta por arenitos com estratificações cruzadas tangenciais e acanaladas com recobrimentos de siltito/arenito muito fino representativos de depósitos de canal e barras de submaré. A AF4 é caracterizada por arenitos com estratificações cruzadas tangencial e sigmoidal, laminação plano-paralela a cruzadas de baixo-ângulo, ritmito arenito muito fino/siltito com acamamento flaser e gretas de contração, organizados em ciclos métricos de raseamento ascendente de planície de maré. A AF5 é constituída por arenito com estratificação cruzada acanalada marcada por lags residuais na base da associação, arenito com estratificações plano-paralela e cruzada de baixo-ângulo, interpretados como depósitos fluviais distais de rios entrelaçados, parcialmente retrabalhados por ondas. Grãos detríticos de zircão foram obtidos da AF3 e datados pelo método U-Pb, sendo a idade de 1001±9 Ma interpretada como a idade de máxima deposição da Formação Raizama. Aliado a tal análise, as paleocorrentes NE-SE mostram que estes grãos teriam como áreas fontes principais a Faixa Sunsás, SW do Cráton Amazônico, não sendo descartada contribuições oriundas da parte NW desse Cráton. A idade mesoproterozóica obtida serviu principalmente para desvendar a proveniência da Formação Raizama, enquanto que as datações da base do Grupo Araras, em torno de 627-622 Ma, associada à presença inequívoca do icnogênero Skolithos, tornam esta unidade muito mais próxima do limite com o Cambriano Inferior. Traços fósseis do Proterozoico são caracterizados quase que exclusivamente por traços horizontais, sendo que bioturbações verticais praticamente são ausentes ao longo do Neoproterozoico. Esta inferência vem de encontro com a idade máxima de 541 Ma obtida para a Formação Diamantino, a qual recobre a unidade estudada. Os dados radiométricos aliados com as interpretações paleoambientais, que incluem o registro das primeiras atividades de organismos perfurantes na Faixa Paraguai, abrem perspectivas de entender com maiores detalhes a sequência de eventos que tipificam os estratos do limite Ediacarano-Cambriano do Brasil, ainda pouco conhecidos.