Hume e o problema moral

Tese de Doutoramento em Filosofia (área de especialização em Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea).

La teoría de la mente desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria: el problema de la conciencia

Diversas disciplinas científicas tales como la Psicología, las neurociencias, la psicología evolutiva, la inteligencia artificial, la lingüística, etc., abordan el estudio de los fenómenos mentales desde diferentes ángulos y con presupuestos y metodologías particulares. Por otra parte, en el marco disciplinario de la filosofía de la mente, especialmente en los últimos años, se han encarado investigaciones en torno a distintos tópicos especiales (representación, causación mental, intencionalidad, procesamiento de información, fenómenos cualitativos, subjetividad, auto-conocimiento, etc.) que han sido discutidos en diferentes niveles de análisis: ontológico, epistemológico, metodológico, semántico. Esta situación trae como consecuencia el desarrollo de investigaciones paralelas cuyas vinculaciones sólo excepcionalmente son advertidas, e incluso en el caso de algunas disciplinas aplicadas, ni siquiera se consideran los resultados de las indagaciones teóricas, lo que las lleva a incurrir tanto en errores conceptuales como la interpretación. (...) En la anterior etapa de investigación hemos logrado realizar un relevamiento general, en algunas de las disciplinas mencionadas, de los distintos marcos conceptuales y explicativos empleados en teorías de la intencionalidad. En esta nueva etapa nos proponemos analizar y evaluar las principales dificultades y discusiones epistemológicas implicadas en el intento de construir una única teoría global acerca de lo mental, vinculando diferentes disciplinas. (...) En esta primera etapa prevemos abordar el problema planteado abocándonos al estudio de una temática especial, presente en los desarrollos teóricos de las distintas disciplinas e ineludible para la construcción de una teoría transdisciplinaria acerca de los fenómenos mentales: el problema de la conciencia. (...) Objetivos específicos: 1. Examinar las teorías alternativas de la conciencia (empíricas y filosóficas) discriminando en especial sus presupuestos epistemológicos. 2. Comparar los marcos teóricos globales que se desprenden de las teorías de la conciencia con las interpretaciones que de ella se postulan en los distintos contextos disciplinarios (psicología, lingüística, etc.). 3. Evaluar la viabilidad de una teoría unitaria de la conciencia, atendiendo a las condiciones de adecuación epistemológica de acuerdo con un enfoque interdisciplinario.

Crítica de la conciencia científica contemporánea

La problemática de la conciencia tecnocientífica contemporánea constituye uno de los puntos neurálgicos en la discusión filosófica contemporánea y especialmente en el discurso ético. Como es sabido desde la Edad Moderna, época de la consolidación de las Ciencias de la Naturaleza, los criterios usuales en estas disciplinas se convirtieron en el paradigma del conocimiento en general, pero además los mismos criterios se extrapolaron al ámbito de las relaciones humanas y a la relación hombre-naturaleza. Esta proyección tiene serias consecuencias negativas tanto para la sociedad como para el futuro del planeta; por un lado la máxima expresión del dominio de la racionalidad tecnocientífica esta dada en la concepción del mundo que rige a occidente: en este marco el hombre es considerado como engranaje y destinatario de un sistema de producción de consumo que sintomáticamente genera un profundo malestar, por otro lado la crisis ecológica actual se presenta de la misma manera como consecuencia de esta desmesurada fe en la técnica que aparece como la experiencia humana preponderante. (...) En el presente proyecto de investigación intentaremos abordar el fenómeno de la tecnociencia desde un punto de vista crítico. Efectivamente, a través del análisis de las obras de pensadores claves en la crítica de la cultura, intentaremos probar la necesidad de intentar una reinterpretación de la ciencia y de la técnica que no reduzca al hombre a una dimensión (Marcuse), sino que deje abierta la posibilidad para una interpretación multidimensional sobre todo en un marco más ampliamente humano y social. Se prevén varias etapas: la primera, que se refiere a este pedido de subsidio, tiene que ver con la recopilación del material bibliográfico pertinente y la lectura y elaboración de la obra de Marcuse. Con posterioridad se programa una confrontación crítica del pensamiento de Marcuse con el de otros pensadores más o menos radicales en la crítica de la cultura como Nietzsche, Freud, Jonas, Vattimo, etc. En una tercera etapa se procederá al procesamiento del material trabajado a través de una clasificación temática y sistemática de las diversas perspectivas de análisis.

Business-science research collaboration under moral hazard

I analyze, in the context of business and science research collaboration, how the characteristics of partnership agreements are the result of an optimal contract between partners. The final outcome depends on the structure governing the partnership, and on the informational problems towards the efforts involved. The positive effect that the effort of each party has on the success of the other party, makes collaboration a preferred solution. Divergence in research goals may, however, create conflicts between partners. This paper shows how two different structures of partnership governance (a centralized, and a decentralized ones) may optimally use the type of project to motivate the supply of non-contractible efforts. Decentralized structure, however, always choose a project closer to its own preferences. Incentives may also come from monetary transfers, either from partners sharing each other benefits, or from public funds. I derive conditions under which public interventio

Raising the Level of Moral Thinking among Managers Will Not Help. Kohlberg's Conventionality and Systemic Ethical Flaws in Business

Business ethicists often assume that unethical behavior arises when individuals deviate from the norms and responsibilities that are institutionalized to frame economic activities. People's greed motivates them to violate the rules of the game. In Kohlberg's terms, it is assumed that such actors make decisions in a preconventional way and act opportunistically. In this article, we propose an alternative interpretation of deviant behavior, arguing that such behavior does not result from a lack of conventional moral guidance but rather from the fact that characteristics attributed to preconventional morality by Kohlberg - the purely incentive and punishment driven opportunistic morality - have become the conventionalized morality. The prevailing norms that economic actors have internalized as their yardstick are those of the preconventional Homo economicus. Not the deviation from, but the compliance with the rules of the game explains many forms of harmful and illegal decisions made in corporations.

Moral Hazard with Counterfeit Signals

In many moral hazard problems, the principal evaluates the agent's performance based on signals which the agent may suppress and replace with counterfeits. This form of fraud may affect the design of optimal contracts drastically, leading to complete market failure in extreme cases. I show that in optimal contracts, the principal deters all fraud, and does so by two complementary mechanisms. First, the principal punishes signals that are suspicious, i.e. appear counterfeit. Second, the principal is lenient on bad signals that the agent could suppress, but does not.

Liquidity, moral hazard and bank crises

Bank crises, by interrupting liquidity provision, have been viewed as resulting in welfare losses. In a model of banking with moral hazard, we show that second best bank contracts that improve on autarky ex ante require costly crises to occur with positive probability at the interim stage. When bank payoffs are partially appropriable, either directly via imposition of fines or indirectly by the use of bank equity as a collateral, we argue that an appropriately designed ex-ante regime of policy intervention involving conditional monitoring can prevent bank crises.

An affective approach to moral motivation

Over the last few years, there has been a surge of work in a new field called "moral psychology", which uses experimental methods to test the psychological processes underlying human moral activity. In this paper, I shall follow this line of approach with the aim of working out a model of how people form value judgements and how they are motivated to act morally. I call this model an "affective picture": 'picture' because it remains strictly at the descriptive level and 'affective' because it has an important role for affects and emotions. This affective picture is grounded on a number of plausible and empirically supported hypotheses. The main idea is that we should distinguish between various kinds of value judgements by focusing on the sort of state of mind people find themselves in while uttering a judgement. "Reasoned judgements" are products of rational considerations and are based on preliminary acceptance of norms and values. On the contrary, "basic value judgements" are affective, primitive and non-reflective ways of assessing the world. As we shall see, this analysis has some consequences for the traditional internalism-externalism debate in philosophy; it highlights the fact that motivation is primarily linked to "basic value judgements" and that the judgements we openly defend might not have a particular effect on our actions, unless we are inclined to have an emotional attitude that conforms to them.

Moral Behaviour, Altruism and Environmental Policy

Free‐riding is often associated with self‐interested behaviour. However if there is a global mixed pollutant, free‐riding will arise if individuals calculate that their emissions are negligible relative to the total, so total emissions and hence any damage that they and others suffer will be unaffected by whatever consumption choice they make. In this context consumer behaviour and the optimal environmental tax are independent of the degree of altruism. For behaviour to change, individuals need to make their decisions in a different way. We propose a new theory of moral behaviour whereby individuals recognise that they will be worse off by not acting in their own self‐interest, and balance this cost off against the hypothetical moral value of adopting a Kantian form of behaviour, that is by calculating the consequences of their action by asking what would happen if everyone else acted in the same way as they did. We show that: (a) if individuals behave this way, then altruism matters and the greater the degree of altruism the more individuals cut back their consumption of a ’dirty’ good; (b) nevertheless the optimal environmental tax is exactly the same as that emerging from classical analysis where individuals act in self‐interested fashion.

How family caregivers' medical and moral assumptions influence decision making for patients in the vegetative state: a qualitative interview study.

Background Decisions on limiting life-sustaining treatment for patients in the vegetative state (VS) are emotionally and morally challenging. In Germany, doctors have to discuss, together with the legal surrogate (often a family member), whether the proposed treatment is in accordance with the patient's will. However, it is unknown whether family members of the patient in the VS actually base their decisions on the patient's wishes. Objective To examine the role of advance directives, orally expressed wishes, or the presumed will of patients in a VS for family caregivers' decisions on life-sustaining treatment. Methods and sample A qualitative interview study with 14 next of kin of patients in a VS in a long-term care setting was conducted; 13 participants were the patient's legal surrogates. Interviews were analysed according to qualitative content analysis. Results The majority of family caregivers said that they were aware of aforementioned wishes of the patient that could be applied to the VS condition, but did not base their decisions primarily on these wishes. They gave three reasons for this: (a) the expectation of clinical improvement, (b) the caregivers' definition of life-sustaining treatments and (c) the moral obligation not to harm the patient. If the patient's wishes were not known or not revealed, the caregivers interpreted a will to live into the patient's survival and non-verbal behaviour. Conclusions Whether or not prior treatment wishes of patients in a VS are respected depends on their applicability, and also on the medical assumptions and moral attitudes of the surrogates. We recommend repeated communication, support for the caregivers and advance care planning.

¿Charles Taylor en Operación Triunfo?. Análisis de la propuesta filosófico-moral de Taylor -en especial su ideal de autenticidad- y de su posible aplicación al reality show español

Aquest Treball Final de Carrera de la Llicenciatura de Periodisme de la Universitat Abat Oliba CEU té un doble objectiu: a)dur a terme una aproximació teòrico-filosòfica a la proposta cultural de Charles Taylor, i així aprofundir en l'examen dels elements centrals de la seva bibliografia -sobre tot en els pressupòsits antropològics i socials més destacats, així com també en el seu peculiar "ideal d'autenticitat"-; i b)projectar els dits fonaments teòrics en un apartat de naturalesa pràctica, com a forma de concretar la proposta del pensador nord-americà en algun dels fenòmens més interessants de la realitat mediàtica i cultural espanyola. Així, ens vam decidir per un dels programes televisius que més èxit ha tingut al nostre país als darrers temps: Operación Triunfo, donat que en tractar-se d'un concurs vinculat als somnis i a les aspiracions més profundes dels individus que hi participen, té una relació molt més estreta amb l'ideal d'autenticitat. A més, la justificació fonamental d'aquest estudi es basa en el fet que l'aportació filosòfica de Taylor és molt profitosa respecte a la situació cultural actual pels següents dos motius: a) la seva obra presenta una veritable i complerta proposta en positiu, basada en raons i arguments molt clars, que a més porten una esperança de recuperació a la societat occidental; i b) la seva crítica a la Modernitat no és totalment destructiva sinó que més aviat es basa en una comprensió correcta i una recuperació adequada del sentit originari d'algunes de les fonts morals que defineixen la nostra cultura.