Randomized comparison of unfractionated heparin with corticosteroids in severe active inflammatory bowel disease

BACKGROUND: Heparin therapy may be effective in steroid resistant inflammatory bowel disease.

AIM: A randomized pilot study, to compare unfractionated heparin as a first-line therapy with corticosteroids in colonic inflammatory bowel disease.

METHODS: Twenty patients with severe inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, n=17; Crohn's colitis, n=3) were randomized to either intravenous heparin for 5 days, followed by subcutaneous heparin for 5 weeks (n=8), or high-dose intravenous hydrocortisone for 5 days followed by oral prednisolone 40 mg daily, reducing by 5 mg per day each week (n=12). After 5 days, non-responders in each treatment group were commenced on combination therapy. Response to therapy was monitored by: clinical disease activity (ulcerative colitis: Truelove and Witt Index; Crohn's colitis: Harvey and Bradshaw Index), stool frequency, serum C-reactive protein and alpha1 acid glycoprotein, endoscopic and histopathological grading.

RESULTS: The response rates were similar in both treatment groups: clinical activity index (heparin vs. steroid; 75% vs. 67%; P=0.23), stool frequency (75% vs. 67%; P=0.61), endoscopic (75% vs. 67%; P=0.4) and histopathological grading (63% vs. 50%; P=0.67). Both treatments were well-tolerated with no serious adverse events.

CONCLUSION: Heparin as a first line therapy is as effective as corticosteroids in the treatment of colonic inflammatory bowel disease. Large multicentre randomized comparative studies are required to determine the role of heparin in the management of inflammatory bowel disease.

Abundant genetic overlap between blood lipids and immune-mediated diseases indicates shared molecular genetic mechanisms

Epidemiological studies suggest a relationship between blood lipids and immune-mediated diseases, but the nature of these associations is not well understood. We used genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate shared single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between blood lipids and immune-mediated diseases. We analyzed data from GWAS (n~200,000 individuals), applying new False Discovery Rate (FDR) methods, to investigate genetic overlap between blood lipid levels [triglycerides (TG), low density lipoproteins (LDL), high density lipoproteins (HDL)] and a selection of archetypal immune-mediated diseases (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, psoriasis and sarcoidosis). We found significant polygenic pleiotropy between the blood lipids and all the investigated immune-mediated diseases. We discovered several shared risk loci between the immune-mediated diseases and TG (n = 88), LDL (n = 87) and HDL (n = 52). Three-way analyses differentiated the pattern of pleiotropy among the immune-mediated diseases. The new pleiotropic loci increased the number of functional gene network nodes representing blood lipid loci by 40%. Pathway analyses implicated several novel shared mechanisms for immune pathogenesis and lipid biology, including glycosphingolipid synthesis (e.g. FUT2) and intestinal host-microbe interactions (e.g. ATG16L1). We demonstrate a shared genetic basis for blood lipids and immune-mediated diseases independent of environmental factors. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into dyslipidemia and immune-mediated diseases and may have implications for therapeutic trials involving lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory agents.

Prevalence and clinical importance of mesenteric venous thrombosis in the swiss inflammatory bowel disease cohort.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study and to correlate MVT with clinical outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Abdominal portal phase CT was used to examine patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Two experienced abdominal radiologists retrospectively analyzed the images, focusing on the superior and inferior mesenteric vein branches and looking for signs of acute or chronic thrombosis. The location of abnormalities was registered. The presence of MVT was correlated with IBD-related radiologic signs and complications. RESULTS. The cases of 160 patients with IBD (89 women, 71 men; Crohn disease [CD], 121 patients; ulcerative colitis [UC], 39 patients; median age at diagnosis, 27 years for patients with CD, 32 years for patients with UC) were analyzed. MVT was detected in 43 patients with IBD (26.8%). One of these patients had acute MVT; 38, chronic MVT; and four, both. The prevalence of MVT did not differ between CD (35/121 [28.9%]) and UC (8/39 [20.5%]) (p = 0.303). The location of thrombosis was different between CD and UC (CD, jejunal or ileal veins only [p = 0.005]; UC, rectocolic veins only [p = 0.001]). Almost all (41/43) cases of thrombosis were peripheral. MVT in CD patients was more frequently associated with bowel wall thickening (p = 0.013), mesenteric fat hypertrophy (p = 0.005), ascites (p = 0.002), and mesenteric lymph node enlargement (p = 0.036) and was associated with higher rate of bowel stenosis (p < 0.001) and more intestinal IBD-related surgery (p = 0.016) in the outcome. Statistical analyses for patients with UC were not relevant because of the limited population (n = 8). CONCLUSION. MVT is frequently found in patients with IBD. Among patients with CD, MVT is associated with bowel stenosis and CD-related intestinal surgery.

Periodontitis and gingivitis in inflammatory bowel disease: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The oral cavity is frequently affected in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). Periodontitis is thought to influence systemic autoimmune or inflammatory diseases. We aimed to analyze the relationship of periodontitis and gingivitis markers with specific disease characteristics in patients with IBD and to compare these data with healthy controls. METHODS: In a prospective 8-month study, systematic oral examinations were performed in 113 patients with IBD, including 69 patients with CD and 44 patients with ulcerative colitis. For all patients, a structured personal history was taken. One hundred thirteen healthy volunteers served as a control group. Oral examination focussed on established oral health markers for periodontitis (bleeding on probing, loss of attachment, and periodontal pocket depth) and gingivitis (papilla bleeding index). Additionally, visible oral lesions were documented. RESULTS: Both gingivitis and periodontitis markers were higher in patients with IBD than in healthy control. In univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis, perianal disease was a risk factor for periodontitis. Nonsmoking decreased the risk of having periodontitis. No clear association was found between clinical activity and periodontitis in IBD. In only the CD subgroup, high clinical activity (Harvey-Bradshaw index > 10) was associated with 1 periodontitis marker, the loss of attachment at sites of maximal periodontal pocket depth. Oral lesions besides periodontitis and gingivitis were not common, but nevertheless observed in about 10% of patients with IBD. CONCLUSIONS: IBD, and especially perianal disease in CD, is associated with periodontitis. Optimal therapeutic strategies should probably focus on treating both local oral and systemic inflammation.

Étude génétique et fonctionnelle de variantes de la région chromosomique 3p21 associée aux maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin

Des études de liaison et d’association génétiques ont permis d’identifier certains des facteurs de risque génétiques aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII) dans la région chromosomique 3p21. Dans cette région, le polymorphisme nucléotidique simple (SNP) codant non-synonyme du gène MST1, rs3197999, encodant pour la mutation R689C, a été associé et répliqué à la fois à la colite ulcéreuse (CU) et à la maladie de Crohn (MC). Un autre SNP, corrélé à des SNP codants non-synonymes du gène MST1R, a également été associé à la MC. Afin de déterminer si d’autres variantes des gènes MST1 et MST1R sont associés à la CU, nous avons testé pour association des SNP de ces gènes. Seul un proxy de R689C a montré un signal d’association significatif aux MII, ce qui suggère que R689C est la variante causale aux MII dans le gène MST1. En cherchant à déterminer si la région 3p21 contenait plusieurs signaux d’association mutuellement indépendants, trois SNP ont été identifiés comme possible facteurs de risque indépendants, et ont été génotypés dans des cas de CU et de MC et des témoins, puis nos résultats d’association ont été combinés à ceux provenant de trois autres cohortes indépendantes. Les trois SNP, R689C (MST1), rs6802890 et rs7629936 (CDHR4), sont associés aux MII, mais une étude d’association conditionnelle suggère qu’il existe en fait deux signaux d’association mutuellement indépendants dans la région 3p21. Le signal principal provient de R689C, une mutation de la protéine MSP. Cette protéine a un rôle dans l’inflammation chez les macrophages murins, et la migration, la cicatrisation et la survie chez les cellules épithéliales. Dans cette étude, le rôle de la MSP a été investigué dans des modèles de macrophages humains et de cellules épithéliales de côlon, et seule la phosphorylation d’AKT, un acteur dans la voie de signalisation de la survie cellulaire, a été modulée par la MSP dans nos modèles. Ce projet a donc permis d’apporter des connaissances sur les facteurs de risques génétiques aux MII dans la région 3p21, en identifiant 2 signaux d’association indépendants, et en nous informant sur le rôle de MST1, duquel provient le signal d’association principal, chez les cellules humaines.

MAST3 : facteur de risque génétique aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et modulateur d’inflammation

La maladie de Crohn (MC) et la colite ulcéreuse (CU) sont des maladies inflammatoires chroniques du tube digestif qu’on regroupe sous le terme maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII). Les mécanismes moléculaires menant au développement des MII ne sont pas entièrement connus, mais des études génétiques et fonctionnelles ont permis de mettre en évidence des interactions entre des prédispositions génétiques et des facteurs environnementaux - notamment la flore intestinale – qui contribuent au développement d’une dérégulation de la réponse immunitaire menant à l’inflammation de la muqueuse intestinale. Des études d’association pangénomiques et ciblées ont permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes de susceptibilité aux MII mais les estimations de la contribution de ces gènes à l’héritabilité suggèrent que plusieurs gènes restent à découvrir. Certains d’entre eux peuvent se trouver dans les régions identifiées par des études de liaison génétique. L’objectif de mon projet de doctorat était d’identifier un ou des facteurs de risque génétique dans la région chromosomale 19p (identifiée comme région de liaison IBD6) et de le/les caractériser au niveau fonctionnel. Nous avons d’abord entrepris une cartographie d’association de la région 19p. À la suite du génotypage successif de deux cohortes indépendantes, nous avons identifié un SNP intronique et quatre SNP codants dont un non-synonyme, rs8108738, tous localisés dans le gène microtubule associated serine threonine kinase gene-3 (MAST3) et associés aux MII. Peu d’information fonctionnelle sur MAST3 était disponible. Par contre MAST2, une protéine encodée par un gène de la même famille, régule l’activité du facteur de transcription inflammatoire NF-kappaB. Nous avons confirmé l’implication de MAST3 dans l’activité de NF-kappaB via un knockdown de MAST3 et des essais gène-rapporteur. Pour poursuivre la caractérisation fonctionnelle de MAST3, nous avons choisi une approche non ciblée pour étudier les effets de la variation des niveaux d’expression de MAST3 sur la cellule. C’est-à-dire que nous avons créé un 1er modèle cellulaire de surexpression du gène MAST3 dans les cellules HEK293 et analysé l’expression pangénomique endogène. La validation de l’expression génique dans un 2e modèle cellulaire de knockdown et de type cellulaire différent (THP1), nous a permis d’identifier et de contrer les effets non-spécifiques dus aux niveaux non-physiologiques. Notre étude d’expression a mené à l’identification d’un groupe de gènes dont l’expression est régulée par MAST3. Ces gènes sont majoritairement impliqués dans des fonctions immunitaires (cytokines pro-inflammatoires, régulateurs de NF-kappaB, migration cellulaire, etc.) et une forte proportion est régulée par NF-kappaB. Nous avons évalué l’importance du groupe de gènes régulés par MAST3 dans la présentation clinique des MII à travers des études d’expression dans des biopsies intestinales de patients atteints de CU. Nous avons constaté que l’expression de ces gènes est significativement supérieure dans les régions enflammées par rapport aux régions saines de la muqueuse intestinale des patients atteints de CU. Globalement, les résultats de nos études suggèrent que le facteur de risque aux MII MAST3 agit via la voie du facteur de transcription NF-kappaB pour influencer l’expression d’un groupe de gènes impliqués dans l’inflammation intestinale typique des MII. Chaque étude génétique sur les MII a le potentiel d’orienter les recherches fonctionnelles vers de nouvelles voies biologiques causales. Le dévoilement des mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents à ces voies permet d’augmenter les connaissances sur le développement de ces maladies vers une compréhension plus complète de la pathogenèse qui permettra d’optimiser le diagnostic et le traitement de ces maladies.

Le locus 1q32 : susceptibilité aux maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin et rôles biologiques de C1orf106 et KIF21B

La maladie de Crohn (MC) et la colite ulcéreuse (CU) sont des maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin (MII) caractérisées par une inflammation chronique du tube digestif. Ces maladies à traits complexes sont le résultat d’un dérèglement du système immunitaire. Les études d’association pangénomique ont identifié au total 99 loci de susceptibilité aux MII. La région 1q32 du chromosome 1 a été identifiée comme locus de susceptibilité à la MC, la CU et la sclérose en plaque. La région autour du marqueur génétique (rs11584383) contient quatre gènes : Chromosome 1 open reading frame 106 (C1orf106), Kinesin family member 21B (KIF21B), Calcium channel, voltage-dependant, L type, alpha 1S subunit (CACNA1S) et Chromosome 1 open reading frame 81 (C1orf81). L’objectif de l’étude est de mettre ces quatres gènes dans un contexte biologique et de déterminer leur rôle potentiel dans les MII. Par réaction de polymérisation en chaîne quantitatif (qPCR), nous avons déterminé le profil d’expression de ces gènes dans des tissus murins et des lignées cellulaires humaines. KIF21B et C1orf106 sont exprimés dans les tissus gastrointestinal et immunitaire. Par la suite, nous avons testé l’implication de KIF21B et C1orf106 dans les voies biologiques connues pour leur rôle dans les MII comme l’activité NF-kB et le stress du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Nos résultats montrent que la surexpression de KIF21B dans les cellules HEK293T diminue l’activité de NF-kB et la surexpression de C1orf106 augmente le stress du RE et l’activité de la voie Wnt. Globalement, ces résultats suggèrent que KIF21B et C1orf106, dans la région 1q32, sont des gènes candidats prometteurs puisqu’ils interviennent dans des voies biologiques connues des maladies inflammatoire de l’intestin.

Aspectos psicopatológicos en la enfermedad de Crohn y en la colitis ulcerosa

Las enfermedades inflamatorias del intestino (EII) son trastornos crónicos que inflaman y destruyen el tejido intestinal de forma periódica y recurrente. Las EII se clasifican en dos tipos: enfermedad de Crohn (EC) y colitis ulcerosa (CU). La etiología tanto de la EC como de la CU es poco conocida y el curso está influido por múltiples factores de tipo biopsicosocial. Al respecto, diversas investigaciones están aportando evidencia de la implicación de factores psicológicos en el curso de las EII, tales como el estrés psicosocial, las estrategias de afrontamiento, las características de personalidad, los síntomas psicopatológicos y el apoyo social.

The effect of nicotine in vitro on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers

Ulcerative colitis is characterised by impairment of the epithelial barrier and tight junction alterations resulting in increased intestinal permeability. UC is less common in smokers with smoking reported to decrease paracellular permeability. The aim of this study was thus to determine the effect of nicotine, the major constituent in cigarettes and its metabolites on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 cell monolayers. The integrity of Caco-2 tight junctions was analysed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and by tracing the flux of the fluorescent marker fluorescein, after treatment with various concentrations of nicotine or nicotine metabolites over 48 h. TER was significantly higher compared to the control for all concentrations of nicotine 0.01-10 M at 48 h (p < 0.001), and for 0.01 mu M (p < 0.001) and 0.1 mu M and 10 M nicotine (p < 0.01) at 12 and 24 h. The fluorescein flux results supported those of the TER assay. TER readings for all nicotine metabolites tested were also higher at 24 and 48 h only (p <= 0.01). Western blot analysis demonstrated that nicotine up-regulated the expression of the tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-l (p < 0.01). Overall, it appears that nicotine and its metabolites, at concentrations corresponding to those reported in the blood of smokers, can significantly improve tight junction integrity, and thus, decrease epithelial gut permeability. We have shown that in vitro, nicotine appears more potent than its metabolites in decreasing epithelial gut permeability. We speculate that this enhanced gut barrier may be the result of increased expression of claudin-l and occludin proteins, which are associated with the formation of tight junctions. These findings may help explain the mechanism of action of nicotine treatment and indeed smoking in reducing epithelial gut permeability. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Fibre and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept)

The burden (economic and medicinal) of acute and chronic gut disorders continues to increase. As efficient therapies are few, attention has turned towards the use of so-called functional foods to mediate against gut disorder. These target particular genera of gut bacteria seen as beneficial, e.g. bifidobacteria, lactobacilli. The use of products containing live microbial species (probiotics) has a long history of use in humans and many trials have been reported as 'positive'. Taking the view that positive components of the gut flora already exist in the intestinal tract, the prebiotic concept has been developed. Here, dietary carbohydrates have a selective metabolism within the gut flora thereby shifting the community towards a more advantageous structure. Conventional fibres like pectins, cellulose, etc. are not selectively metabolised by gut bacteria. However, certain oligosaccharides do have this capability. Most research has been conducted with fructooligosaccharides, like inulin, which have a powerful bifidogenic effect. Trials are ongoing to determine the clinical benefits of prebiotic use. Intestinal disorders like ulcerative colitis, gastroenteritis and irritable bowel syndrome are particular targets. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

N-nitroso compound exposure-associated transcriptomic profiles are indicative of an increased risk for colorectal cancer

Endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOCs), which are known animal carcinogens, could contribute to human carcinogenesis but definitive evidence is still lacking. To investigate the relevance of NOCs in human colorectal cancer (CRC) development, we analyzed whole genome gene expression modifications in human colon biopsies in relation to fecal NOC exposure. We had a particular interest in patients suffering from intestinal inflammation as this may stimulate endogenous NOC formation, and consequently predispose to CRC risk. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients diagnosed with ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome patients without inflammation, serving as controls, were therefore recruited. Fecal NOC were demonstrated in the majority of subjects. By associating gene expression levels of all subjects to fecal NOC levels, we identified a NOC exposure-associated transcriptomic response that suggests that physiological NOC concentrations may potentially induce genotoxic responses and chromatin modifications in human colon tissue, both of which are linked to carcinogenicity. In a network analysis, chromatin modifications were linked to 11 significantly modulated histone genes, pointing towards a possible epigenetic mechanism that may be relevant in comprehending NOC-induced carcinogenesis. In addition, pro-inflammatory transcriptomic modifications were identified in visually non-inflamed regions of the IBD colon. However, fecal NOC levels were slightly but not significantly increased in IBD patients, suggesting that inflammation did not strongly stimulate NOC formation. We conclude that NOC exposure is associated with gene expression modifications in the human colon that may suggest a potential role of these compounds in CRC development.

Prebiotics and the health benefits of fiber: current regulatory status, future research, and goals.

First defined in the mid-1990s, prebiotics, which alter the composition and activity of gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota to improve health and well-being, have generated scientific and consumer interest and regulatory debate. The Life Sciences Research Organization, Inc. (LSRO) held a workshop, Prebiotics and the Health Benefits of Fiber: Future Research and Goals, in February 2011 to assess the current state of the science and the international regulatory environment for prebiotics, identify research gaps, and create a strategy for future research. A developing body of evidence supports a role for prebiotics in reducing the risk and severity of GI infection and inflammation, including diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, and ulcerative colitis as well as bowel function disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome. Prebiotics also increase the bioavailability and uptake of minerals and data suggest that they reduce the risk of obesity by promoting satiety and weight loss. Additional research is needed to define the relationship between the consumption of different prebiotics and improvement of human health. New information derived from the characterization of the composition and function of different prebiotics as well as the interactions among and between gut microbiota and the human host would improve our understanding of the effects of prebiotics on health and disease and could assist in surmounting regulatory issues related to prebiotic use.

Gut microbial activity, implications for health and disease: the potential role of metabolite analysis

Microbial metabolism of proteins and amino acids by human gut bacteria generates a variety of compounds including phenol, indole, and sulfur compounds and branched chain fatty acids, many of which have been shown to elicit a toxic effect on the lumen. Bacterial fermentation of amino acids and proteins occurs mainly in the distal colon, a site that is often fraught with symptoms from disorders including ulcerative colitis (UC) and colorectal cancer (CRC). In contrast to carbohydrate metabolism by the gut microbiota, proteolysis is less extensively researched. Many metabolites are low molecular weight, volatile compounds. This review will summarize the use of analytical methods to detect and identify compounds in order to elucidate the relationship between specific dietary proteinaceous substrates, their corresponding metabolites, and implications for gastrointestinal health.

Chronic colitis associated with HIV infection can be related to intraepithelial infiltration of the colon by CD8+T lymphocytes

Gastrointestinal complications in AIDS patients with diarrhoea are common clinical manifestations, frequently diagnosed by colonoscopy as non-specific colitis. We retrospectively study colon biopsies diagnosed as chronic colitis associated with HIV (CCH). Biopsies were sorted as patients with AIDS (serum CD4 < 200 cell/mm(3)) but without any clear infectious process (n = 12) and patients without HIV infection (n = 24). There are low numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes in lamina propria of AIDS patients, but CD8+ T populations in this area appear to be similar in all studied groups, regardless of HIV infection or laboratory evidence of a specific agent. We found the clear evidence of CD8+ T cells infiltration in colonic mucosa in HIV patients with microscopic colitis. An imbalance of lymphocyte subpopulations in the colon, both in the lamina propria and epithelium, could result in an intraepithelial CD8 infiltration, involved in the pathogenesis of CCH in AIDS patients.

Comparison of prophylactic and therapeutic use of short-chain fatty acid enemas in diversion colitis: a study in Wistar rats

OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of short-chain fatty-acids on atrophy and inflammation of excluded colonic segments before and after the development of diversion colitis. INTRODUCTION: Diversion colitis is a chronic inflammatory process affecting the dysfunctional colon, possibly evolving with mucous and blood discharge. The most favored hypotheses to explain its development is short-chain fatty-acid deficiency in the colon lumen. METHODS: Wistar rats were submitted to colostomy with distal colon exclusion. Two control groups (A1 and B1) received rectally administered physiological saline, whereas two experimental groups (A2 and B2) received rectally administered short-chain fatty-acids. The A groups were prophylactically treated (5th to 40th days postoperatively), whereas the B groups were therapeutically treated (after post-operative day 40). The mucosal thickness of the excluded colon was measured histologically. The inflammatory reaction of the mucosal lamina propria and the lymphoid tissue response were quantified through established scores. RESULTS: There was a significant thickness recovery of the colonic mucosa in group B2 animals (p = 0.0001), which also exhibited a significant reduction in the number of eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria (p = 0.0126) and in the intestinal lumen (p = 0.0256). Group A2 showed no mucosal thickness recovery and significant increases in the numbers of lymphocytes (p = 0.0006) and eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the lamina propria of the mucosa (p = 0.0022). CONCLUSION: Therapeutic use of short-chain fatty-acids significantly reduced eosinophilic polymorphonuclear cell numbers in the intestinal wall and in the colonic lumen; it also reversed the atrophy of the colonic mucosa. Prophylactic use did not impede the development of mucosal atrophy