Field-Portable Microfluidics-Based Imaging Flow Cytometer

Clinical microscopy is a versatile and robust tool used for the diagnosis of a plethora of diseases. However, due to various reasons, it remains inaccessible in resource limited settings. In this paper, we present an automated and cost-effective alternative to microscopy for use in clinical diagnostics. With the use of custom optics and microfluidics, we demonstrate a field-portable imaging flow cytometry system. Using the presented system, we have been able to image 586 cells per second. We demonstrate the clinical relevance of the proposed system by differentiating between suspensions of healthy and sphered RBCs based on high-throughput morphometric analysis. The instrument presented here is a major advancement in the domain of field portable diagnostics as it enables fast and robust quantitative diagnostic testing at the point-of-care.

Mutações no gene JARID1C e rearranjos subteloméricos como causas de deficiência intelectual familiar de etiologia idiopática

A Deficiência Intelectual (DI) é uma condição complexa, que acomete 2-3% da população mundial, constituindo um importante problema de saúde pública. No entanto, uma parcela significativa dos casos de DI permanece sem um diagnóstico definitivo, o que demonstra que muitos fatores etiológicos associados a esta condição ainda precisam ser elucidados. Há um consenso de que o número de homens com DI supera em 30% o número de mulheres, um achado atribuído à presença de mutações em genes localizados no cromossomo X. Dentre os genes presentes neste cromossomo que são expressos no cérebro, o Jumonji AT-rich interactive domain 1C (JARID1C) foi identificado como um potencial candidato a estar relacionado à DI ligada ao X (DILX). O gene JARID1C codifica uma desmetilase da lisina 4 da histona H3 (H3K4), imprescindível para a regulação epigenética. Tão importante quanto o estudo do gene JARID1C em pacientes com DI é a busca por variações no número de cópias gênicas (VNCs) em regiões cromossômicas subteloméricas. Genes relacionados ao desenvolvimento cerebral são enriquecidos em VNCs e as regiões subteloméricas são mais susceptíveis à formação destes rearranjos. Diante do exposto, neste estudo, investigamos mutações no gene JARID1C (exons 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 14 e 23) em 148 homens portadores de DI pertencentes a famílias com padrão de segregação sugestivo de DILX. Paralelamente, analisamos VNCs subteloméricas em 174 homens com DI familiar de etiologia idiopática, independente do padrão de segregação. Para todos os indivíduos selecionados, amostras de DNA genômico foram extraídas a partir de sangue periférico e alterações genéticas frequentemente relacionadas à DI foram previamente excluídas (expansões trinucleotídicas nos loci FRAXA e FRAXE e mutações nos genes MECP2 e ARX). A análise do gene JARID1C foi realizada pela técnica de PCR, seguida da análise dos produtos amplificados por sequenciamento. Foram identificadas quatro variantes silenciosas (c.564G>A, c.633G>C, c.1884G>A, c.1902C>A). Através da análise in silico de sequências exônicas acentuadoras de splicing (ESEs) localizadas nas posições das variantes encontradas, foi possível classificar a variante c.1884G>A como neutra e as três variantes restantes como possíveis criadoras de ESEs. Já para a investigação das VNCs subteloméricas, foi utilizada a metodologia de Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA), capaz de identificar microdeleções e microduplicações nas 46 regiões subteloméricas. Para este fim, inicialmente, os indivíduos foram investigados pelo kit de MLPA P036, enquanto que para aqueles que exibiram alterações também foi utilizado o kit P070. A validação das VNCs encontradas foi realizada por PCR quantitativo em Tempo Real. A análise por MLPA revelou um indivíduo apresentando duas deleções (9p e 13q), um indivíduo apresentando duas amplificações (1p e 2p), dois indivíduos apresentando uma deleção e uma amplificação (18p e 18q; 4p e 8p), quatro indivíduos portadores de uma deleção cada (10p, 20p, 3q e 22q) e dois indivíduos com uma amplificação cada (7q e 20p). Algumas das alterações subteloméricas encontradas (2,87%) representam VNCs de relevância clínica para o estudo da DI, reforçando a importância do rastreamento de rotina de VNCs subteloméricas na DI familiar. Consideramos que a elucidação de novos genes ou mecanismos moleculares diretamente relacionados à DI é um caminho promissor e urgente para o estabelecimento de novas estratégias terapêuticas possíveis.

Respostas agudas de pressão arterial e variabilidade da frequência cardíaca são dependentes do volume total do exercício aeróbio em adultos saudáveis

A hipotensão pós-exercício (HPE) é um fenômeno de relevância clínica, mas dúvidas persistem no tocante ao efeito do modo e da forma de execução (contínua vs. acumulada) do exercício aeróbio para sua manifestação, bem como o papel do controle autonômico cardíaco como mecanismo fisiológico associado à HPE. Assim, a presente tese objetivou: a) investigar a HPE induzida por sessões aeróbias de exercício isocalórico contínuo e acumulado; b) comparar as respostas de pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e diastólica (PAD) após teste cardiopulmonar de exercício máximo (TCPE) em três modalidades; c) verificar a influência do modo de exercício e do controle autonômico cardíaco em repouso sobre a reativação vagal após TCPE. No primeiro estudo, 10 homens saudáveis (idade: 27,6 3,5 anos) realizaram TCPEs de corrida e ciclismo para medida do consumo de oxigênio de pico (VO2pico) e sessões contínuas (400 kcal) e acumuladas (2 x 200 kcal) de corrida e ciclismo à 75%VO2reserva. A PAS e PAD reduziram similarmente após exercício contínuo e acumulado (4,6 2,3 vs. 5,2 2,3 mmHg, 2,6 2,5 vs. 3,6 2,5 mmHg, respectivamente, P > 0,05). Porém, a corrida provocou maior declínio na PAS do que o ciclismo (P < 0.05). A atividade simpática (componente de baixa frequência, LF) e parassimpática (componente de alta frequência, HF) aumentou (P < 0,001) e diminuiu (P < 0,001) em relação à sessão controle, elevando o balanço simpato-vagal (razão LF:HF) (P < 0,001) que foi inversamente correlacionado ao ΔPAS e ΔPAD (r = -0,41 a -0,70; P < 0.05). No segundo e terceiro estudos, 20 homens saudáveis (idade: 21.2 3.0 anos) realizaram três TCPEs (ciclismo, caminhada e corrida). No segundo estudo, investigou-se a resposta aguda da PA, débito cardíaco (Q), resistência vascular periférica (RVP), sensibilidade do barorreflexo arterial (SBR), variabilidade da frequência cardíaca (VFC) e dispêndio energético durante 60 min após os TCPEs e sessão controle. Comparado ao controle, somente a corrida modalidade envolvendo maior dispêndio energético total (P < 0,001) - foi capaz de reduzir a PAS no pós-exercício (P < 0,001). Mudanças na RVP, SBR, LF, e razão LF:HF foram negativamente correlacionadas às variações na PAS (-0,69 a -0,91; P < 0,001) e PAD (-0,58 a -0,93; P ≤ 0,002). No terceiro estudo, examinou-se a reativação parassimpática após cada TCPE pela raiz quadrada da média do quadrado das diferenças entre intervalos R-R normais adjacentes em janelas de 30 s (rMSSD30s). Apesar da menor FCpico, VO2pico e dispêndio energético no ciclismo vs. caminhada e corrida (P < 0,001), a reativação parassimpática foi significativamente mais rápida após o ciclismo (P < 0,05). Outrossim, o Δ rMSSD30-180s foi positivamente correlacionado ao HF (rs = 0,90 a 0,93; P < 0,001) e negativamente correlacionado ao LF e a razão LF:HF medidos no repouso (rs = -0,73 a -0,79 e -0,86 a -0,90, respectivamente; P < 0,001). Em conclusão, a forma de execução do exercício aeróbio não interfere na magnitude da HPE, mas a HPE é dependente do modo ou o volume total de exercício. Os resultados também indicam que o padrão de recuperação do controle autonômico cardíaco pela análise espectral da VFC pode ter um papel importante na indução da HPE.

Comparação dos efeitos do benazepril e da losartana sobre a função endotelial e a rigidez arterial em pacientes diabéticos com hipertensão não controlada por anlodipino

Em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos, o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona está relacionado com disfunção endotelial, rigidez vascular e aterosclerose. As principais medicações disponíveis para a inibição desse sistema são os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina e os bloqueadores do receptor AT1 de angiotensina. A maioria das diretrizes internacionais faz as mesmas recomendações para as duas classes, mas diferenças no seu mecanismo de ação podem ter relevância clínica. O objetivo principal foi comparar benazepril e losartana em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos com pressão arterial não controlada por anlodipino, analisando parâmetros inflamatórios (proteína C reativa), da função endotelial (através da dilatação mediada por fluxo da artéria braquial) e de rigidez vascular (através da velocidade da onda de pulso e das pressões aórticas). O objetivo secundário foi, através de uma análise post-hoc, pesquisar se há interação entre as estatinas e os inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona. Pressão arterial, função endotelial e rigidez vascular foram comparados entre usuários e não-usuários de estatina. Os dados estão apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil). Os resultados principais mostraram que o grupo benazepril apresentou menor proteína C reativa [0,38 (0,15-0,95) mg/dl vs 0,42 (0,26-0,59) mg/dl, p=0,020]. Houve, ainda, uma leve melhora da dilatação mediada por fluxo da artéria braquial no grupo benazepril (aumento 45%, p=0,057) em comparação com o grupo losartana (aumento 19%, p=0,132). Não houve diferença na velocidade da onda de pulso [8,5 (7,8-9,4) m/s vs 8,5 (7,0-9,7) m/s, p=0,280] e na pressão aórtica sistólica [129 (121-145) mmHg vs 123 (117-130) mmHg, p=0,934] entre os grupos benazepril e losartana. Nos resultados secundários, observou-se que o grupo usuário de estatina apresentou maior redução na pressão arterial sistólica média das 24 horas [134 (120-146) mmHg para 122 (114-135) mmHg, p=0,007] e melhora na dilatação mediada por fluxo da artéria braquial [6,5% (5,1-7,1) para 10,9% (7,3-12,2), p=0,003] quando comparado com o grupo não usuário [137 (122-149) mmHg para 128 (122-140) mmHg, p=0,362, e 7,5% (6,0-10,2) para 8,3% (7,5-9,9), p=0,820, respectivamente]. Não houve diferença na velocidade de onda de pulso e nas pressões aórticas entre usuários ou não de estatina. Pode-se concluir que, em pacientes diabéticos com a pressão arterial não controlada por anlodipino, o benazepril promoveu maior redução da proteína C reativa e melhora da função endotelial em relação à losartana. Além disso, o uso combinado de estatinas, anlodipino e inibidores do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona melhorou a resposta anti-hipertensiva e a função endotelial em pacientes hipertensos e diabéticos.

Techniques to improve the shear strength of impacted bone graft: The effect of particle size and washing of the graft

Background: When fresh morselized graft is compacted, as in impaction bone-grafting for revision hip surgery, fat and marrow fluid is either exuded or trapped in the voids between particles. We hypothesized that the presence of incompressible fluid damps and resists compressive forces during impaction and prevents the graft particles from moving into a closer formation, thus reducing the graft strength. In addition, viscous fluid such as fat may act as an interparticle lubricant, thus reducing the interlocking of the particles. Methods: We performed mechanical shear testing in the laboratory with use of fresh-frozen human femoral-head allografts that had been passed through different orthopaedic bone mills to produce graft of differing particle-size distributions (grading). Results: After compaction of fresh graft, fat and marrow fluid continued to escape on application of normal loads. Washed graft, however, had little lubricating fluid and better contact between the particles, increasing the shear resistance. On mechanical testing, washed graft was significantly (p < 0.001) more resistant to shearing forces than fresh graft was. This feature was consistent for different bone mills that produced graft of different particle-size distributions and shear strengths. Conclusions: Removal of fat and marrow fluid from milled human allograft by washing the graft allows the production of stronger compacted graft that is more resistant to shear, which is the usual mode of failure. Further research into the optimum grading of particle sizes from bone mills is required. Clinical Relevance: Understanding the mechanical properties of milled human allograft is important when impaction grafting is used for mechanical support. A simple means of improving the mechanical strength of graft produced by currently available bone mills, including an intraoperative washing technique, is described.

Exploiting the bioactive potential of marine sponge microbiota

Endospore-forming bacteria are often isolated from different marine sponges, but their abundance varies, and they are frequently missed by culture-independent studies. Within endospore-formers, Bacillus are renowned for the production of antimicrobials and other compounds of medical and industrial importance. Although this group has been well studied in many different environments, very little is known about the actual diversity and properties of sporeformers associated with marine sponges. Identification of the endospore-forming bacteria associated with the marine sponges; Haliclona simulans, Amphilectus fucorum and Cliona celata, has uncovered an abundant and diverse microbial population composed of Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Solibacillus, Halobacillus and Viridibacillus species. This diversity appears to be overlooked by other non-targeted approaches where spore-formers are masked by more dominant species within the ecosystem. In addition to the identification of two antibiotic resistant plasmids, this bank of sporeformers produce a range of bioactive compounds. New antimicrobial compounds are urgently needed to combat the spread of multidrug resistant pathogens, as few new options are entering the drug discovery pipelines for clinical trials. Based on the results of this project, endospore-formers associated with marine sponges may hold the answer. The power of coupling functional based assays with genomic approaches has enabled us to identify a novel class 1 lantibiotic, subtilomycin, which is active against several clinically relevant pathogens. Subtilomycin is encoded in the genomes of all the marine sponge B. subtilis isolates analysed. They cluster together phylogenetically and form a distinct group from other sequenced B. subtilis strains. Regardless of its potential clinical relevance, subtilomycin may be providing these strains with a specific competitive advantage(s) within the stringent confines of the marine sponge environment. This work has outlined the industrial and biotechnological potential of marine sponge endospore-formers which appear to produce a cocktail of bioactive compounds. Genome sequencing of specific marine sponge isolates highlighted the importance of mining extreme environments and habitats for new lead compounds with potential therapeutic applications.

Water exchange rates of water-soluble manganese(III) porphyrins of therapeutical potential.

The activation parameters and the rate constants of the water-exchange reactions of Mn(III)TE-2-PyP(5+) (meso-tetrakis(N-ethylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin) as cationic, Mn(III)TnHex-2-PyP(5+) (meso-tetrakis(N-n-hexylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin) as sterically shielded cationic, and Mn(III)TSPP(3-) (meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin) as anionic manganese(iii) porphyrins were determined from the temperature dependence of (17)O NMR relaxation rates. The rate constants at 298 K were obtained as 4.12 x 10(6) s(-1), 5.73 x 10(6) s(-1), and 2.74 x 10(7) s(-1), respectively. On the basis of the determined entropies of activation, an interchange-dissociative mechanism (I(d)) was proposed for the cationic complexes (DeltaS(double dagger) = approximately 0 J mol(-1) K(-1)) whereas a limiting dissociative mechanism (D) was proposed for Mn(III)TSPP(3-) complex (DeltaS(double dagger) = +79 J mol(-1) K(-1)). The obtained water exchange rate of Mn(III)TSPP(3-) corresponded well to the previously assumed value used by Koenig et al. (S. H. Koenig, R. D. Brown and M. Spiller, Magn. Reson. Med., 1987, 4, 52-260) to simulate the (1)H NMRD curves, therefore the measured value supports the theory developed for explaining the anomalous relaxivity of Mn(III)TSPP(3-) complex. A magnitude of the obtained water-exchange rate constants further confirms the suggested inner sphere electron transfer mechanism for the reactions of the two positively charged Mn(iii) porphyrins with the various biologically important oxygen and nitrogen reactive species. Due to the high biological and clinical relevance of the reactions that occur at the metal site of the studied Mn(iii) porphyrins, the determination of water exchange rates advanced our insight into their efficacy and mechanism of action, and in turn should impact their further development for both diagnostic (imaging) and therapeutic purposes.

Changes in landing mechanics in patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction when wearing an extension constraint knee brace.

BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with a high incidence of second tears (graft tears and contralateral ACL tears). These secondary tears have been attributed to asymmetrical lower extremity mechanics. Knee bracing is one potential intervention that can be used during rehabilitation that has the potential to normalize lower extremity asymmetry; however, little is known about the effect of bracing on movement asymmetry in patients following ACL reconstruction. HYPOTHESIS: Wearing a knee brace would increase knee joint flexion and joint symmetry. It was also expected that the joint mechanics would become more symmetrical in the braced condition. OBJECTIVE: To examine how knee bracing affects knee joint function and symmetry over the course of rehabilitation in patients 6 months following ACL reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Controlled laboratory study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 3. METHODS: Twenty-three adolescent patients rehabilitating from ACL reconstruction surgery were recruited for the study. The subjects all underwent a motion analysis assessment during a stop-jump activity with and without a functional knee brace on the surgical side that resisted extension for 6 months following the ACL reconstruction surgery. Statistical analysis utilized a 2 × 2 (limb × brace) analysis of variance with a significant alpha level of 0.05. RESULTS: Subjects had increased knee flexion on the surgical side when they were braced. The brace condition increased knee flexion velocity, decreased the initial knee flexion angle, and increased the ground reaction force and knee extension moment on both limbs. Side-to-side asymmetry was present across conditions for the vertical ground reaction force and knee extension moment. CONCLUSION: Wearing a knee brace appears to increase lower extremity compliance and promotes normalized loading on the surgical side. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Knee extension constraint bracing in postoperative ACL patients may improve symmetry of lower extremity mechanics, which is potentially beneficial in progressing rehabilitation and reducing the incidence of second ACL tears.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of the diagnosis of meniscus tears.

BACKGROUND: Diagnostic imaging represents the fastest growing segment of costs in the US health system. This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of alternative diagnostic approaches to meniscus tears of the knee, a highly prevalent disease that traditionally relies on MRI as part of the diagnostic strategy. PURPOSE: To identify the most efficient strategy for the diagnosis of meniscus tears. STUDY DESIGN: Economic and decision analysis; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS: A simple-decision model run as a cost-utility analysis was constructed to assess the value added by MRI in various combinations with patient history and physical examination (H&P). The model examined traumatic and degenerative tears in 2 distinct settings: primary care and orthopaedic sports medicine clinic. Strategies were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). RESULTS: In both practice settings, H&P alone was widely preferred for degenerative meniscus tears. Performing MRI to confirm a positive H&P was preferred for traumatic tears in both practice settings, with a willingness to pay of less than US$50,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Performing an MRI for all patients was not preferred in any reasonable clinical scenario. The prevalence of a meniscus tear in a clinician's patient population was influential. For traumatic tears, MRI to confirm a positive H&P was preferred when prevalence was less than 46.7%, with H&P preferred above that. For degenerative tears, H&P was preferred until the prevalence reaches 74.2%, and then MRI to confirm a negative was the preferred strategy. In both settings, MRI to confirm positive physical examination led to more than a 10-fold lower rate of unnecessary surgeries than did any other strategy, while MRI to confirm negative physical examination led to a 2.08 and 2.26 higher rate than H&P alone in primary care and orthopaedic clinics, respectively. CONCLUSION: For all practitioners, H&P is the preferred strategy for the suspected degenerative meniscus tear. An MRI to confirm a positive H&P is preferred for traumatic tears for all practitioners. Consideration should be given to implementing alternative diagnostic strategies as well as enhancing provider education in physical examination skills to improve the reliability of H&P as a diagnostic test. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alternative diagnostic strategies that do not include the use of MRI may result in decreased health care costs without harm to the patient and could possibly reduce unnecessary procedures.

Metabolic regulation of T lymphocytes.

T cell activation leads to dramatic shifts in cell metabolism to protect against pathogens and to orchestrate the action of other immune cells. Quiescent T cells require predominantly ATP-generating processes, whereas proliferating effector T cells require high metabolic flux through growth-promoting pathways. Further, functionally distinct T cell subsets require distinct energetic and biosynthetic pathways to support their specific functional needs. Pathways that control immune cell function and metabolism are intimately linked, and changes in cell metabolism at both the cell and system levels have been shown to enhance or suppress specific T cell functions. As a result of these findings, cell metabolism is now appreciated as a key regulator of T cell function specification and fate. This review discusses the role of cellular metabolism in T cell development, activation, differentiation, and function to highlight the clinical relevance and opportunities for therapeutic interventions that may be used to disrupt immune pathogenesis.

LPS-binding protein and IL-6 Mark paradoxical tuberculosis immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients

Background: Tuberculosis-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (TB-IRIS) remains a poorly understood complication in HIV-TB co-infected patients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART). The role of the innate immune system in TB-IRIS is becoming increasingly apparent, however the potential involvement in TB-IRIS of a leaky gut and proteins that interfere with TLR stimulation by binding PAMPs has not been investigated before. Here we aimed to investigate the innate nature of the cytokine response in TB-IRIS and to identify novel potential biomarkers. Methods: From a large prospective cohort of HIV-TB co-infected patients receiving TB treatment, we compared 40 patients who developed TB-IRIS during the first month of ART with 40 patients matched for age, sex and baseline CD4 count who did not. We analyzed plasma levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), LPS, sCD14, endotoxin-core antibody, intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) and 18 pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines before and during ART. Results: We observed lower baseline levels of IL-6 (p = 0.041), GCSF (p = 0.036) and LBP (p = 0.016) in TB-IRIS patients. At IRIS event, we detected higher levels of LBP, IL-1RA, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, G-CSF (p ≤ 0.032) and lower I-FABP levels (p = 0.013) compared to HIV-TB co-infected controls. Only IL-6 showed an independent effect in multivariate models containing significant cytokines from pre-ART (p = 0.039) and during TB-IRIS (p = 0.034). Conclusion: We report pre-ART IL-6 and LBP levels as well as IL-6, LBP and I-FABP levels during IRIS-event as potential biomarkers in TB-IRIS. Our results show no evidence of the possible contribution of a leaky gut to TB-IRIS and indicate that IL-6 holds a distinct role in the disturbed innate cytokine profile before and during TB-IRIS. Future clinical studies should investigate the importance and clinical relevance of these markers for the diagnosis and treatment of TB-IRIS. Copyright: © 2013 Goovaerts et al.

Basophil activation tests for the diagnosis of food allergy in children.

BACKGROUND: Positive skin prick tests (SPT) for food allergens and specific IgE (sIgE) in serum indicate sensitization but do not enable distinction between sensitized but tolerant and clinically allergic patients. OBJECTIVE: Herein, we evaluate the clinical relevance of basophil activation tests (BATs) for peanut or egg allergy diagnosis. METHODS: Thirty-two peanut-allergic, 14 peanut-sensitized (sIgE(+) and/or SPT(+) to peanuts) but tolerant children and 29 controls with no history of an adverse reaction to peanuts were included. Similarly, 31 egg-allergic, 14 egg-sensitized children (sIgE(+) and/or SPT(+) to egg white) and 22 controls were studied. Flow cytometric analysis of CD63 expression or CD203c upregulation on basophils and the production of leukotrienes (LT) were performed in response to an in vitro crude peanut extract or ovalbumin (OVA) challenge. RESULTS: After in vitro peanut challenge, the basophils from peanut-allergic children showed significantly higher levels of activation than those from controls (P<0.001). After OVA challenge, a similar distinction (P<0.001) was observed between egg-allergics and controls. Interestingly, the majority of egg- or peanut-sensitized children failed to activate basophils, respectively, in response to OVA and peanut challenge. The sensitivity of the CD63, CD203c and LT assay was 86.7%, 89.5% and 76.0% with a specificity of 94.1%, 97.1% and 94.6% for peanut allergy diagnosis. The corresponding performances of BATs applied to egg allergy diagnosis were 88.9%, 62.5% and 77.8% for the sensitivity and 100%, 96.4% and 96.4% for the specificity. CONCLUSION: Neither conventional tests nor BATs are sensitive and specific enough to predict food allergy accurately. However, BATs may helpfully complete conventional tests, especially SPT, allowing improved discrimination between allergic and non-allergic individuals.

The Colorectal cancer disease-specific transcriptome may facilitate the discovery of more biologically and clinically relevant information

BACKGROUND: To date, there are no clinically reliable predictive markers of response to the current treatment regimens for advanced colorectal cancer. The aim of the current study was to compare and assess the power of transcriptional profiling using a generic microarray and a disease-specific transcriptome-based microarray. We also examined the biological and clinical relevance of the disease-specific transcriptome.

METHODS: DNA microarray profiling was carried out on isogenic sensitive and 5-FU-resistant HCT116 colorectal cancer cell lines using the Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus2.0 array and the Almac Diagnostics Colorectal cancer disease specific Research tool. In addition, DNA microarray profiling was also carried out on pre-treatment metastatic colorectal cancer biopsies using the colorectal cancer disease specific Research tool. The two microarray platforms were compared based on detection of probesets and biological information.

RESULTS: The results demonstrated that the disease-specific transcriptome-based microarray was able to out-perform the generic genomic-based microarray on a number of levels including detection of transcripts and pathway analysis. In addition, the disease-specific microarray contains a high percentage of antisense transcripts and further analysis demonstrated that a number of these exist in sense:antisense pairs. Comparison between cell line models and metastatic CRC patient biopsies further demonstrated that a number of the identified sense:antisense pairs were also detected in CRC patient biopsies, suggesting potential clinical relevance.

CONCLUSIONS: Analysis from our in vitro and clinical experiments has demonstrated that many transcripts exist in sense:antisense pairs including IGF2BP2, which may have a direct regulatory function in the context of colorectal cancer. While the functional relevance of the antisense transcripts has been established by many studies, their functional role is currently unclear; however, the numbers that have been detected by the disease-specific microarray would suggest that they may be important regulatory transcripts. This study has demonstrated the power of a disease-specific transcriptome-based approach and highlighted the potential novel biologically and clinically relevant information that is gained when using such a methodology.

Philadelphia-Negative Classical Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Critical Concepts and Management Recommendations From European LeukemiaNet

We present a review of critical concepts and produce recommendations on the management of Philadelphia-negative classical myeloproliferative neoplasms, including monitoring, response definition, first-and second-line therapy, and therapy for special issues. Key questions were selected according the criterion of clinical relevance. Statements were produced using a Delphi process, and two consensus conferences involving a panel of 21 experts appointed by the European LeukemiaNet (ELN) were convened. Patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET) should be defined as high risk if age is greater than 60 years or there is a history of previous thrombosis. Risk stratification in primary myelofibrosis (PMF) should start with the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) for newly diagnosed patients and dynamic IPSS for patients being seen during their disease course, with the addition of cytogenetics evaluation and transfusion status. High-risk patients with PV should be managed with phlebotomy, low-dose aspirin, and cytoreduction, with either hydroxyurea or interferon at any age. High-risk patients with ET should be managed with cytoreduction, using hydroxyurea at any age. Monitoring response in PV and ET should use the ELN clinicohematologic criteria. Corticosteroids, androgens, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and immunomodulators are recommended to treat anemia of PMF, whereas hydroxyurea is the first-line treatment of PMF-associated splenomegaly. Indications for splenectomy include symptomatic portal hypertension, drug-refractory painful splenomegaly, and frequent RBC transfusions. The risk of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation-related complications is justified in transplantation-eligible patients whose median survival time is expected to be less than 5 years.

Can Certain Genotypes Predispose to Poor Asthma Control in Children? A Pharmacogenetic Study of 9 Candiate Genes in Children with Difficult Asthma

Objective: We tested the hypothesis that patients with difficult asthma have an increased frequency of certain genotypes that predispose them to asthma exacerbations and poor asthma control.

Methods: A total of 180 Caucasian children with confirmed asthma diagnosis were selected from two phenotypic groups; difficult (n = 112) versus mild/moderate asthma (n = 68) groups. All patients were screened for 19 polymorphisms in 9 candidate genes to evaluate their association with difficult asthma.

Key Results: The results indicated that LTA4H A-9188.G, TNFa G-308.A and IL-4Ra A1727.G polymorphisms were significantly associated with the development of difficult asthma in paediatric patients (p,0.001, p = 0.019 and p = 0.037, respectively). Haplotype analysis also revealed two haplotypes (ATA haplotype of IL-4Ra A1199.C, IL-4Ra T1570.C and IL- 4Ra A1727.G and CA haplotype of TNFa C-863.A and TNFa G-308.A polymorphisms) which were significantly associated with difficult asthma in children (p = 0.04 and p = 0.018, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: The study revealed multiple SNPs and haplotypes in LTA4H, TNFa and IL4-Ra genes which constitute risk factors for the development of difficult asthma in children. Of particular interest is the LTA4H A- 9188.G polymorphism which has been reported, for the first time, to have strong association with severe asthma in children. Our results suggest that screening for patients with this genetic marker could help characterise the heterogeneity of responses to leukotriene-modifying medications and, hence, facilitate targeting these therapies to the subset of patients who are most likely to gain benefit. ©2013 Almomani et al.