949 resultados para Circuit of Sacoleiros
Resumo:
El rock nacional es desde hace varias décadas objeto de investigación de la sociología de la cultura. En efecto, éste se ha constituido en un espacio privilegiado para explorar las prácticas y representaciones de grupos etarios y clases sociales. A esta altura, podríamos decir que ya existe una historia y una serie de conceptos más o menos consagrados por ese corpus de la bibliografía que ha estudiado el rock nacional guiado por el interés de conocer los procesos de transformación de la cultura y la sociedad. El 30 de diciembre del 2004, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, se produjo un acontecimiento que muchos especialistas consideran un punto de inflexión en la historia de una de las vertientes del rock local: el incendio en el boliche República de Cromañón mientras una banda de rock barrial realizaba un recital. Esa noche se produjo la muerte de ciento noventa y cuatro personas. A raíz de lo sucedido, se abrieron varios debates. Algunos en torno a la pirotecnia utilizada en los recitales de éste tipo de rock y a las prácticas de los jóvenes dentro de éstos espacios; otros en relación a la negligencia del Estado; a la irresponsabilidad del dueño del boliche; a las responsabilidades políticas, entre otros. Sin embargo, nuestro interés no es tallar en esa discusión desde la opinión más o menos experta, sino explorar cómo se relaciona ese acontecimiento con las prácticas y representaciones de determinados agentes sociales que ayudan a producir esa vertiente del rock denominada rock chabón. Con datos recogidos en entrevistas en profundidad dirigidas a un universo pequeño pero variado de actores del campo rock, intentamos explorar los primeros indicios que nos muestran que efectivamente algunos cambios parecen estar produciéndose, aunque como veremos a lo largo de la tesina, esas modificaciones no son elaboradas y categorizadas de la misma manera por los distintos sujetos que investigamos. Es en la variedad de los procesos reflexivos de los actores frente a la conmoción de un acontecimiento como el de "Cromañón", donde intentamos buscar esos indicios, antes que en la opinión fundada o no de especialistas, críticos o artistas consagrados
Resumo:
En el periodo actual, la expansión del consumo en el territorio se materializa en las ciudades evidenciándose el avance y la instalación de diferentes espacios de consumo. Por un lado, espacios de consumo de grandes capitales del circuito superior como son los shopping center, supermercados e hipermercados y por otro lado, espacios de consumo populares como las ferias comerciales de indumentaria y accesorios, denominadas muchas veces shopping populares, con características distintivas del circuito inferior de la economía urbana (Santos, 1979). En este sentido, se observa que cada vez más las variables distintivas del período como son la técnica, la información, la publicidad, las finanzas, el crédito, entre otras, se hacen presentes en este tipo de actividades.Proponemos en este artículo reflexionar sobre la importancia de estas variables haciendo énfasis en el consumo y en los diversos espacios comerciales. Se presentan brevemente las características del periodo actual y la centralidad del consumo. Luego, se profundiza sobre los espacios de consumo populares como son las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina para finalmente explicar sintéticamente el caso de la mega- feria "La Salada".
Resumo:
En 1887 se publicó en Buenos Aires un inesperado y mal recibido poema, El borracho. Su autor, Joaquín Castellanos, dejó por entonces la poesía para dedicarse a la política. Durante las tres décadas siguientes, el poema se difundió con éxito en el nuevo circuito de la literatura popular criollista. En 1923 Castellanos regresó desprevenidamente a la literatura -a una literatura muy distinta a la de su juventud- con una extraña reedición de El borracho. Atestada de notas aclaratorias, la nueva edición reemplazaba el título original con un eufemismo que también exigía ciertamente aclaraciones: El temulento. Tomando como punto de partida los singulares anacronismos del poema de Castellanos y siguiendo las tesis de Norbert Elias sobre el "proceso civilizatorio", el artículo analiza las relaciones entre ebriedad y barbarie establecidas por la cultura letrada rioplatense antes de que su democratización, amparada simbólicamente en el culto a la bohemia parisina, las disolviera en los últimos años del siglo XIX
Resumo:
By means of this paper is to critically analyze the current situation of beekeeping in the town of Tandil (Buenos Aires), from the objectives set out in the Strategic Plan Argentina Beekeeping 2017, approved in 2008, whose goal is aimed at that country from becoming a global market leader of value-added bee products, ensuring sustainable development in economic, environmental and social. At first briefly reviews the national bee scene, in which Argentina is known for being the third largest producer of honey, after China and the U.S., while competing with China for the first world exporter, a situation that contrasts with low domestic consumption. Then describes the strategic objectives that promotes the Plan, including: marketing, production, promotion and added value. Then we analyze the main characteristics of the honey industry in the area chosen, the town of Tandil, where the stage is characterized by a large number of small producers who are mostly engaged in the informal sale of honey for direct consumption but whose demand is low, compared to a small number of collectors, packers and exporters that dominate the international market. In general it is observed that, with few exceptions, the honey is exported in bulk, as a commodity, and its main use molasses to improve lower quality of recipient countries. Meanwhile the honey for local consumption, is usually of inferior quality because they generally are not subject to quality controls required by the circuit of export. To overcome the limitations of beekeeping above, highlights the collaborative efforts of government agencies such as the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires. As a preliminary conclusion, it is argued that the Strategic Plan Argentina Beekeeping is still valid as a tool for development of the sector, and is also essential to encourage the development of competitive products in terms of quality and differentiation, through the development of technology and knowledge sharing to ensure growth and sustainability of beekeeping in the town of Tandil
Resumo:
En el periodo actual, la expansión del consumo en el territorio se materializa en las ciudades evidenciándose el avance y la instalación de diferentes espacios de consumo. Por un lado, espacios de consumo de grandes capitales del circuito superior como son los shopping center, supermercados e hipermercados y por otro lado, espacios de consumo populares como las ferias comerciales de indumentaria y accesorios, denominadas muchas veces shopping populares, con características distintivas del circuito inferior de la economía urbana (Santos, 1979). En este sentido, se observa que cada vez más las variables distintivas del período como son la técnica, la información, la publicidad, las finanzas, el crédito, entre otras, se hacen presentes en este tipo de actividades.Proponemos en este artículo reflexionar sobre la importancia de estas variables haciendo énfasis en el consumo y en los diversos espacios comerciales. Se presentan brevemente las características del periodo actual y la centralidad del consumo. Luego, se profundiza sobre los espacios de consumo populares como son las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina para finalmente explicar sintéticamente el caso de la mega- feria "La Salada".
Resumo:
By means of this paper is to critically analyze the current situation of beekeeping in the town of Tandil (Buenos Aires), from the objectives set out in the Strategic Plan Argentina Beekeeping 2017, approved in 2008, whose goal is aimed at that country from becoming a global market leader of value-added bee products, ensuring sustainable development in economic, environmental and social. At first briefly reviews the national bee scene, in which Argentina is known for being the third largest producer of honey, after China and the U.S., while competing with China for the first world exporter, a situation that contrasts with low domestic consumption. Then describes the strategic objectives that promotes the Plan, including: marketing, production, promotion and added value. Then we analyze the main characteristics of the honey industry in the area chosen, the town of Tandil, where the stage is characterized by a large number of small producers who are mostly engaged in the informal sale of honey for direct consumption but whose demand is low, compared to a small number of collectors, packers and exporters that dominate the international market. In general it is observed that, with few exceptions, the honey is exported in bulk, as a commodity, and its main use molasses to improve lower quality of recipient countries. Meanwhile the honey for local consumption, is usually of inferior quality because they generally are not subject to quality controls required by the circuit of export. To overcome the limitations of beekeeping above, highlights the collaborative efforts of government agencies such as the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and the Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University Centre of the Province of Buenos Aires. As a preliminary conclusion, it is argued that the Strategic Plan Argentina Beekeeping is still valid as a tool for development of the sector, and is also essential to encourage the development of competitive products in terms of quality and differentiation, through the development of technology and knowledge sharing to ensure growth and sustainability of beekeeping in the town of Tandil
Resumo:
En 1887 se publicó en Buenos Aires un inesperado y mal recibido poema, El borracho. Su autor, Joaquín Castellanos, dejó por entonces la poesía para dedicarse a la política. Durante las tres décadas siguientes, el poema se difundió con éxito en el nuevo circuito de la literatura popular criollista. En 1923 Castellanos regresó desprevenidamente a la literatura -a una literatura muy distinta a la de su juventud- con una extraña reedición de El borracho. Atestada de notas aclaratorias, la nueva edición reemplazaba el título original con un eufemismo que también exigía ciertamente aclaraciones: El temulento. Tomando como punto de partida los singulares anacronismos del poema de Castellanos y siguiendo las tesis de Norbert Elias sobre el "proceso civilizatorio", el artículo analiza las relaciones entre ebriedad y barbarie establecidas por la cultura letrada rioplatense antes de que su democratización, amparada simbólicamente en el culto a la bohemia parisina, las disolviera en los últimos años del siglo XIX
Resumo:
El rock nacional es desde hace varias décadas objeto de investigación de la sociología de la cultura. En efecto, éste se ha constituido en un espacio privilegiado para explorar las prácticas y representaciones de grupos etarios y clases sociales. A esta altura, podríamos decir que ya existe una historia y una serie de conceptos más o menos consagrados por ese corpus de la bibliografía que ha estudiado el rock nacional guiado por el interés de conocer los procesos de transformación de la cultura y la sociedad. El 30 de diciembre del 2004, en la ciudad de Buenos Aires, se produjo un acontecimiento que muchos especialistas consideran un punto de inflexión en la historia de una de las vertientes del rock local: el incendio en el boliche República de Cromañón mientras una banda de rock barrial realizaba un recital. Esa noche se produjo la muerte de ciento noventa y cuatro personas. A raíz de lo sucedido, se abrieron varios debates. Algunos en torno a la pirotecnia utilizada en los recitales de éste tipo de rock y a las prácticas de los jóvenes dentro de éstos espacios; otros en relación a la negligencia del Estado; a la irresponsabilidad del dueño del boliche; a las responsabilidades políticas, entre otros. Sin embargo, nuestro interés no es tallar en esa discusión desde la opinión más o menos experta, sino explorar cómo se relaciona ese acontecimiento con las prácticas y representaciones de determinados agentes sociales que ayudan a producir esa vertiente del rock denominada rock chabón. Con datos recogidos en entrevistas en profundidad dirigidas a un universo pequeño pero variado de actores del campo rock, intentamos explorar los primeros indicios que nos muestran que efectivamente algunos cambios parecen estar produciéndose, aunque como veremos a lo largo de la tesina, esas modificaciones no son elaboradas y categorizadas de la misma manera por los distintos sujetos que investigamos. Es en la variedad de los procesos reflexivos de los actores frente a la conmoción de un acontecimiento como el de "Cromañón", donde intentamos buscar esos indicios, antes que en la opinión fundada o no de especialistas, críticos o artistas consagrados
Resumo:
La Región Metropolitana de Madrid (RMM) ha sufrido una gran transformación urbana en el periodo 1985-2007, en el cual ha crecido la población, ha crecido fuertemente el cuerpo físico, pero sobre todo han crecido su coste y su consumo, lo que supone que se ha vuelto más insostenible. Para tratar de comprender esta evolución asimétrica se ensayan sucesivos modelos que tratan de explicar la transformación de la realidad a través de la articulación de las formas de poder y sus políticas asociadas dentro del contexto local-metropolitano. Si se compara la transformación urbana en el periodo 1985-2007 respecto a la registrada durante el desarrollismo previo al presente periodo democrático, se encuentran similitudes, como el amplio consumo de suelo, pero el modelo desarrollista se inscribe en otras lógicas y tiene otros parámetros de contexto y es congruente ya que las últimas décadas del Régimen Franquista se caracterizan por un importantísimo aumento poblacional que se correspondía con el fuerte crecimiento industrial de la RMM. Esa congruencia relativa se pierde en el periodo estudiado, a pesar de que en 1985, se aprueba el Plan General de Ordenación Urbana de Madrid centrado en la ciudad existente y con un crecimiento contenido, y que puede considerarse un modelo abortado. Tras numerosas transformaciones políticas, económicas, sociales y urbanísticas se llega a una situación opuesta a la prevista en el citado Plan. Más de veinte años después, en 2007, se presentan no solo síntomas de agotamiento del modelo finalmente adoptado, sino su quiebra dramática tanto en su dimensión inmobiliario-financiera como del espacio del bienestar. Es precisamente la supresión de los mecanismos de regulación lo que ha caracterizado la evolución de los modelos urbanos, en correspondencia con la desregulación de las actividades económicas y de los flujos de capital propios del modelo "neoliberal". La actual crisis financiera internacional, en especial en algunos países periféricos europeos como España, ha demostrado cómo las políticas económicas que se han llevado a cabo, fuera de toda regulación, han resultado insostenibles. Pero no se trata solo de una crisis económica. En el caso español, de todas las dimensiones de la crisis, destaca la dimensión urbana, o el auge y caída del ciclo inmobiliario, debido a la urbanización intensiva del territorio en relación con el circuito secundario de la acumulación capitalista, habiendo tenido especial incidencia en algunos territorios como la RMM. En la Región Metropolitana de Madrid la situación actual es de crisis urbana, causada principalmente por el divorcio entre las necesidades y la producción de ciudad, pues no se ha basado el crecimiento en la creación de nuevos hogares, u otras cuestiones demográficas, sino en la acumulación de capital a través del crecimiento de la ciudad. Además, dicho crecimiento está conformado por una expansión urbana descontrolada, con mayores requerimientos energéticos que el modelo compacto y complejo tradicional, lo que unido a la escala de los procesos, supone un sistema urbano progresivamente ineficiente. El caso de la RMM resulta paradigmático, ya que la región ha desempeñado un papel como laboratorio de nuevas formas de gobierno y planificación que han dado un mayor protagonismo al espacio, que ha entrado en las dinámicas centrales principalmente por el apoyo al crecimiento físico, a la vez que han confluido circunstancias específicas, como un nuevo impulso al centralismo, lo que ha potenciado ciertas políticas, como considerar la ciudad como motor de crecimiento económico y de competitividad en el concierto europeo y mundial de ciudades. El estudio del papel de la planificación y sus crisis en la sucesión de los modelos, muestra su función nuclear en la propia constitución de estos —es parte fundamental de su aparato de regulación— y su valor no solo para poder entender el periodo, sino para poder proyectar otro futuro urbano. Este enfoque conduce a establecer la relación del planeamiento con las diferentes crisis económicas en el periodo de estudio lo que permite diferenciar tres momentos de dicha relación: la planificación urbanística austera bajo la influencia de la crisis fordista, la salida de la crisis a través de la imposición de un modelo urbano basado en el sobreproducción de espacio urbano, y la entrada en una crisis inmobiliaria y de financiarización en relación a la adopción de un modelo multidimensionalmente insostenible. El análisis de este periodo es la base para apuntar perspectivas que permitan transformar el gobierno urbano hacia un modelo urbano más deseable, o mejor aún, otros futuros posibles, que se enmarcan dentro de la alternativa principal que supone la sostenibilidad. Madrid's Metropolitan Region (MMR) has undergone a major urban transformation in the period 1985-2007, where the population has grown up, the built environment has grown strongly, but mostly its cost and consumption have grown, which means that it has become unsustainable. To try to understand this evolution successive asymmetric models are tested in order to explain the transformation of reality through the articulation of forms of power and its associated policies in that localmetropolitan context. Comparing the urban transformation in the period 1985-2007 to the existing during developmentalism in the current predemocratic period, both have similarities in terms of land consumption, but the previous developmentalism model is part of another logics and has got other context parameters. It is consistent since the last decades of the Franco Regime was characterized by an important population increase that corresponded to strong industrial growth of the MMR. This relative consistency is lost during the study period, although in 1985, with the approval of the Master Plan of Madrid that was focused on the existing city, with a limited growth, and it may be considered an interrupted model. After numerous political, economic, social and urban changes, there is the opposite situation to that foresight under that Plan. Over twenty years later, in 2007, there are not only signs of exhaustion of the model which was finally adopted, but also its dramatic collapse in both real estate and financial dimension of space as well. The urban transformation under analysis has relaunched the hegemony of the sectors that rule the growth of the Madrid's Metropolitan Region and it is supported by decision making and financing of the different administrations with the passivity of the social stakeholders and citizens. This has meant the removal of regulatory mechanisms that have characterized the evolution of urban models, corresponding to the deregulation of economic activities and capital flows according to "neoliberal" model. The current international financial crisis, especially in some European peripheral countries like Spain, has shown how economic policies that have been carried out, without any regulation, have proven unsustainable. But it is not only an economic crisis. In the Spanish case, of all the dimensions of the crisis, it is the urban dimension that is highlighted, or the rise and fall of real estate cycle, due to intensive urbanization of the territory in relation to the secondary circuit of capital accumulation, having had a particular impact in some territories such as the Madrid's Metropolitan Region. In Madrid's Metropolitan Region there is the current situation of urban crisis, mainly caused by the divorce between needs and the city (space) production, because no growth has been based on creating new homes, or other demographic issues, but in the capital accumulation through growth of the city. Furthermore, this growth is made up of urban sprawl, with higher energy requirements than the traditional compact and complex one, which together with the scale of processes, is increasingly an inefficient urban system. The case of Madrid's Metropolitan Region is paradigmatic, since the region has played a role as a laboratory for new forms of governance and planning have given a greater role to space, which has entered the core dynamics supported mainly by physical growth, while specific circumstances have come together as a new impulse to centralization. This has promoted policies such as considering the city as an engine of economic growth and competitiveness in the international and the European hierarchy of cities. The study of the role of planning and crisis in the succession of models, shows its nuclear role in the constitution of these models is a fundamental part of its regulatory apparatus- and also its value not only to understand the period, but to anticipate to other urban future. This approach leads to establish the relationship of planning with the various crises in the study period, allowing three different moments of that relationship: the austere urban planning under the influence of Fordist crisis, the output of the crisis through imposition of an urban model based on the overproduction of urban space, and entry into a housing crisis and financialisation in relation to the adoption of a multi-dimensionally unsustainable model. The analysis of this period is the basis for targeting prospects that translate urban governance towards a more desirable urban model, or better yet, other possible futures, which are part of the main alternative that is sustainability.
Resumo:
Visually impaired people have many difficulties when traveling because it is impossible for them to detect obstacles that stand in their way. Bats instead of using the sight to detect these obstacles use a method based on ultrasounds, as their sense of hearing is much more developed than that of sight. The aim of the project is to design and build a device based on the method used by the bats to detect obstacles and transmit this information to people with vision problems to improve their skills. The method involves sending ultrasonic waves and analyzing the echoes produced when these waves collide with an obstacle. The sent signals are pulses and the information needed is the time elapsed from we send a pulse to receive the echo produced. The speed of sound is fixed within the same environment, so measuring the time it takes the wave to make the return trip, we can easily know the distance where the object is located. To build the device we have to design the necessary circuits, fabricate printed circuit boards and mount the components. We also have to design a program that would work within the digital part, which will be responsible for performing distance calculations and generate the signals with the information for the user. The circuits are the emitter and the receiver. The transmitter circuit is responsible for generating the signals that we will use. We use an ultrasonic transmitter which operates at 40 kHz so the sent pulses have to be modulated with this frequency. For this we generate a 40 kHz wave with an astable multivibrator formed by NAND gates and a train of pulses with a timer. The signal is the product of these two signals. The circuit of the receiver is a signal conditioner which transforms the signals received by the ultrasonic receiver in square pulses. The received signals have a 40 kHz carrier, low voltage and very different shapes. In the signal conditioner we will amplify the voltage to appropriate levels, eliminate the component of 40 kHz and make the shape of the pulses square to use them digitally. To simplify the design and manufacturing process in the digital part of the device we will use the Arduino platform. The pulses sent and received echoes enter through input pins with suitable voltage levels. In the Arduino, our program will poll these two signals storing the time when a pulse occurs. These time values are analyzed and used to generate an audible signal with the user information. This information is stored in the frequency of the signal, so that the generated signal frequency varies depending on the distance at which the objects are. RESUMEN Las personas con discapacidad visual tienen muchas dificultades a la hora de desplazarse ya que les es imposible poder detectar los obstáculos que se interpongan en su camino. Los murciélagos en vez de usar la vista para detectar estos obstáculos utilizan un método basado en ultrasonidos, ya que su sentido del oído está mucho más desarrollado que el de la vista. El objetivo del proyecto es diseñar y construir un dispositivo basado en el método usado por los murciélagos para detectar obstáculos y que pueda ser usado por las personas con problemas en la vista para mejorar sus capacidades. El método utilizado consiste en enviar ondas de ultrasonidos y analizar el eco producido cuando estas ondas chocan con algún obstáculo. Las señales enviadas tendrán forma de pulsos y la información necesaria es el tiempo transcurrido entre que enviamos un pulso y recibimos el eco producido. La velocidad del sonido es fija dentro de un mismo entorno, por lo que midiendo el tiempo que tarda la onda en hacer el viaje de ida y vuelta podemos fácilmente conocer la distancia a la que se encuentra el objeto. Para construir el dispositivo tendremos que diseñar los circuitos necesarios, fabricar las placas de circuito impreso y montar los componentes. También deberemos diseñar el programa que funcionara dentro de la parte digital, que será el encargado de realizar los cálculos de la distancia y de generar las señales con la información para el usuario. Los circuitos diseñados corresponden uno al emisor y otro al receptor. El circuito emisor es el encargado de generar las señales que vamos a emitir. Vamos a usar un emisor de ultrasonidos que funciona a 40 kHz por lo que los pulsos que enviemos van a tener que estar modulados con esta frecuencia. Para ello generamos una onda de 40 kHz mediante un multivibrador aestable formado por puertas NAND y un tren de pulsos con un timer. La señal enviada es el producto de estas dos señales. El circuito de la parte del receptor es un acondicionador de señal que transforma las señales recibidas por el receptor de ultrasonidos en pulsos cuadrados. Las señales recibidas tienen una portadora de 40 kHz para poder usarlas con el receptor de ultrasonidos, bajo voltaje y formas muy diversas. En el acondicionador de señal amplificaremos el voltaje a niveles adecuados además de eliminar la componente de 40 kHz y conseguir pulsos cuadrados que podamos usar de forma digital. Para simplificar el proceso de diseño y fabricación en la parte digital del dispositivo usaremos la plataforma Arduino. Las señales correspondientes el envío de los pulsos y a la recepción de los ecos entraran por pines de entrada después de haber adaptado los niveles de voltaje. En el Arduino, nuestro programa sondeara estas dos señales almacenando el tiempo en el que se produce un pulso. Estos valores de tiempo se analizan y se usan para generar una señal audible con la información para el usuario. Esta información ira almacenada en la frecuencia de la señal, por lo que la señal generada variará su frecuencia en función de la distancia a la que se encuentren los objetos.
Resumo:
We introduce one trivial but puzzling solar cell structure. It consists of a high bandgap pn junction (top cell) grown on a substrate of lower bandgap. Let us assume, for example, that the bandgap of the top cell is 1.85 eV (Al 0.3Ga 0.7As) and the bandgap of the substrate is 1.42 eV (GaAs). Is the open-circuit of the top cell limited to 1.42 V or to 1.85 V? If the answer is ldquo1.85 Vrdquo we could then make the mind experiment in which we illuminate the cell with 1.5 eV photons (notice these photons would only be absorbed in the substrate). If we admit that these photons can generate photocurrent, then because we have also admitted that the voltage is limited to 1.85 V, it might be possible that the electron-hole pairs generated by these photons were extracted at 1.6 V for example. However, if we do so, the principles of thermodynamics could be violated because we would be extracting more energy from the photon than the energy it initially had. How can we then solve this puzzle?
Resumo:
El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo principal el análisis de la viabilidad de estacionamiento de vehículos propulsados por gas natural comprimido (GNC) desde el punto de vista de formación de atmosferas potencialmente explosivas en los garajes subterráneos. Además se ha realizado una breve introducción sobre el GNC explicando el origen, la composición y los diferentes usos que tiene. Se ha realizado la evaluación de riesgos asociados a la utilización de vehículos propulsados por gas natural y estimación de tasas de escape en el circuito de combustible de los vehículos propulsados por GNC. Para ello se ha aplicado la normativa UNE EN 60079-10 traspuesta en España mediante el Real Decreto del 681/2003 sobre la salud y la seguridad de los trabajadores y el Real Decreto 400/1996 sobre aparatos y sistemas de protección para su uso en atmósferas explosivas. Finalmente se han expuesto las medidas de prevención y protección necesarias para prevenir la generación de atmosferas potencialmente explosivas en los garajes subterráneos y se han detallado los procedimientos y las operaciones que han de realizarse. En las conclusiones se han explicado las acciones más importantes que deben emprenderse para mejorar la seguridad de personas e instalaciones en las áreas de riesgo por presencia de atmósferas potencialmente explosivas. ABSTRACT The main objective of this project is to analyze the viability of the parking of vehicles powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) in the underground garages from the point of view of generated of potentially explosive atmospheres in garages. A brief introduction about the CNG explaining the origin, composition and the different uses that it has is also included. An assessment of the risks associated with the use of vehicles powered by natural gas has been provided as well as an estimate of the exhaust rates on the gas circuit of CNG vehicles. In order to do that, the standard UNE EN 60079-10 transposed in Spain by the Royal Decree 681/2003 about the health and safety of workers and the Royal Decree 400/1996 about equipment and protection systems to be used in explosive atmospheres have been applied. Finally, the necessary preventive and protective measures to prevent the generation of potentially explosive atmospheres in underground garages have been presented and the procedures and operations to be performed have been detailed. In the conclusions, the most important actions to be taken in order to improve the safety of people and facilities in the areas at risk of having potentially explosive atmospheres have been described.
Resumo:
Este documento presenta los parámetros necesarios referentes a la ventilación de una mina subterránea, la normativa aplicable a este tipo de instalaciones, así como los procedimientos e instrumentación básicos para la medida de aforos. Todo ello va encaminado a cuantificar el circuito de ventilación de una mina subterránea para realizar de forma eficiente una modelización de la ventilación. Se presenta además un caso práctico de simulación optimizada a partir de parámetros para una ampliación de un nuevo nivel en una explotación. Esta optimización está caracterizada de forma económicamente eficiente. This paper presents the necessary parameters concerning ventilation of an underground mine, the regulations applicable to such facilities and basic procedures and instrumentation for measuring capacities. All of this is aimed at quantifying the ventilation circuit of an underground minefor efficiently modeling of ventilation. A case of optimized simulation is also presented based on parameters for amplifying a new level in an underground mine. This optimization is economically characterized on an efficient way.
Resumo:
Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) and reflect/trasmitarrays are mostly designed on the basis ot optimization using an electromagnetic simulator. That is a time consuming method and some decisions have to be taken using simply intuition. The use of equivalent circuits of the scatterers selected for the design allows the substitution of the intuition and most part of the optimization process by the application of the classic rules of filter design. This communication presents all the steps necessary to obtain the equivalent circuit of different square scatterers in a periodic lattice and to implement the desired FSS frequency behaviour calculating the number of layers and the dimensions of the periodic cells. Several examples are included to evaluate the results.
Resumo:
In recent decades, full electric and hybrid electric vehicles have emerged as an alternative to conventional cars due to a range of factors, including environmental and economic aspects. These vehicles are the result of considerable efforts to seek ways of reducing the use of fossil fuel for vehicle propulsion. Sophisticated technologies such as hybrid and electric powertrains require careful study and optimization. Mathematical models play a key role at this point. Currently, many advanced mathematical analysis tools, as well as computer applications have been built for vehicle simulation purposes. Given the great interest of hybrid and electric powertrains, along with the increasing importance of reliable computer-based models, the author decided to integrate both aspects in the research purpose of this work. Furthermore, this is one of the first final degree projects held at the ETSII (Higher Technical School of Industrial Engineers) that covers the study of hybrid and electric propulsion systems. The present project is based on MBS3D 2.0, a specialized software for the dynamic simulation of multibody systems developed at the UPM Institute of Automobile Research (INSIA). Automobiles are a clear example of complex multibody systems, which are present in nearly every field of engineering. The work presented here benefits from the availability of MBS3D software. This program has proven to be a very efficient tool, with a highly developed underlying mathematical formulation. On this basis, the focus of this project is the extension of MBS3D features in order to be able to perform dynamic simulations of hybrid and electric vehicle models. This requires the joint simulation of the mechanical model of the vehicle, together with the model of the hybrid or electric powertrain. These sub-models belong to completely different physical domains. In fact the powertrain consists of energy storage systems, electrical machines and power electronics, connected to purely mechanical components (wheels, suspension, transmission, clutch…). The challenge today is to create a global vehicle model that is valid for computer simulation. Therefore, the main goal of this project is to apply co-simulation methodologies to a comprehensive model of an electric vehicle, where sub-models from different areas of engineering are coupled. The created electric vehicle (EV) model consists of a separately excited DC electric motor, a Li-ion battery pack, a DC/DC chopper converter and a multibody vehicle model. Co-simulation techniques allow car designers to simulate complex vehicle architectures and behaviors, which are usually difficult to implement in a real environment due to safety and/or economic reasons. In addition, multi-domain computational models help to detect the effects of different driving patterns and parameters and improve the models in a fast and effective way. Automotive designers can greatly benefit from a multidisciplinary approach of new hybrid and electric vehicles. In this case, the global electric vehicle model includes an electrical subsystem and a mechanical subsystem. The electrical subsystem consists of three basic components: electric motor, battery pack and power converter. A modular representation is used for building the dynamic model of the vehicle drivetrain. This means that every component of the drivetrain (submodule) is modeled separately and has its own general dynamic model, with clearly defined inputs and outputs. Then, all the particular submodules are assembled according to the drivetrain configuration and, in this way, the power flow across the components is completely determined. Dynamic models of electrical components are often based on equivalent circuits, where Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws are applied to draw the algebraic and differential equations. Here, Randles circuit is used for dynamic modeling of the battery and the electric motor is modeled through the analysis of the equivalent circuit of a separately excited DC motor, where the power converter is included. The mechanical subsystem is defined by MBS3D equations. These equations consider the position, velocity and acceleration of all the bodies comprising the vehicle multibody system. MBS3D 2.0 is entirely written in MATLAB and the structure of the program has been thoroughly studied and understood by the author. MBS3D software is adapted according to the requirements of the applied co-simulation method. Some of the core functions are modified, such as integrator and graphics, and several auxiliary functions are added in order to compute the mathematical model of the electrical components. By coupling and co-simulating both subsystems, it is possible to evaluate the dynamic interaction among all the components of the drivetrain. ‘Tight-coupling’ method is used to cosimulate the sub-models. This approach integrates all subsystems simultaneously and the results of the integration are exchanged by function-call. This means that the integration is done jointly for the mechanical and the electrical subsystem, under a single integrator and then, the speed of integration is determined by the slower subsystem. Simulations are then used to show the performance of the developed EV model. However, this project focuses more on the validation of the computational and mathematical tool for electric and hybrid vehicle simulation. For this purpose, a detailed study and comparison of different integrators within the MATLAB environment is done. Consequently, the main efforts are directed towards the implementation of co-simulation techniques in MBS3D software. In this regard, it is not intended to create an extremely precise EV model in terms of real vehicle performance, although an acceptable level of accuracy is achieved. The gap between the EV model and the real system is filled, in a way, by introducing the gas and brake pedals input, which reflects the actual driver behavior. This input is included directly in the differential equations of the model, and determines the amount of current provided to the electric motor. For a separately excited DC motor, the rotor current is proportional to the traction torque delivered to the car wheels. Therefore, as it occurs in the case of real vehicle models, the propulsion torque in the mathematical model is controlled through acceleration and brake pedal commands. The designed transmission system also includes a reduction gear that adapts the torque coming for the motor drive and transfers it. The main contribution of this project is, therefore, the implementation of a new calculation path for the wheel torques, based on performance characteristics and outputs of the electric powertrain model. Originally, the wheel traction and braking torques were input to MBS3D through a vector directly computed by the user in a MATLAB script. Now, they are calculated as a function of the motor current which, in turn, depends on the current provided by the battery pack across the DC/DC chopper converter. The motor and battery currents and voltages are the solutions of the electrical ODE (Ordinary Differential Equation) system coupled to the multibody system. Simultaneously, the outputs of MBS3D model are the position, velocity and acceleration of the vehicle at all times. The motor shaft speed is computed from the output vehicle speed considering the wheel radius, the gear reduction ratio and the transmission efficiency. This motor shaft speed, somehow available from MBS3D model, is then introduced in the differential equations corresponding to the electrical subsystem. In this way, MBS3D and the electrical powertrain model are interconnected and both subsystems exchange values resulting as expected with tight-coupling approach.When programming mathematical models of complex systems, code optimization is a key step in the process. A way to improve the overall performance of the integration, making use of C/C++ as an alternative programming language, is described and implemented. Although this entails a higher computational burden, it leads to important advantages regarding cosimulation speed and stability. In order to do this, it is necessary to integrate MATLAB with another integrated development environment (IDE), where C/C++ code can be generated and executed. In this project, C/C++ files are programmed in Microsoft Visual Studio and the interface between both IDEs is created by building C/C++ MEX file functions. These programs contain functions or subroutines that can be dynamically linked and executed from MATLAB. This process achieves reductions in simulation time up to two orders of magnitude. The tests performed with different integrators, also reveal the stiff character of the differential equations corresponding to the electrical subsystem, and allow the improvement of the cosimulation process. When varying the parameters of the integration and/or the initial conditions of the problem, the solutions of the system of equations show better dynamic response and stability, depending on the integrator used. Several integrators, with variable and non-variable step-size, and for stiff and non-stiff problems are applied to the coupled ODE system. Then, the results are analyzed, compared and discussed. From all the above, the project can be divided into four main parts: 1. Creation of the equation-based electric vehicle model; 2. Programming, simulation and adjustment of the electric vehicle model; 3. Application of co-simulation methodologies to MBS3D and the electric powertrain subsystem; and 4. Code optimization and study of different integrators. Additionally, in order to deeply understand the context of the project, the first chapters include an introduction to basic vehicle dynamics, current classification of hybrid and electric vehicles and an explanation of the involved technologies such as brake energy regeneration, electric and non-electric propulsion systems for EVs and HEVs (hybrid electric vehicles) and their control strategies. Later, the problem of dynamic modeling of hybrid and electric vehicles is discussed. The integrated development environment and the simulation tool are also briefly described. The core chapters include an explanation of the major co-simulation methodologies and how they have been programmed and applied to the electric powertrain model together with the multibody system dynamic model. Finally, the last chapters summarize the main results and conclusions of the project and propose further research topics. In conclusion, co-simulation methodologies are applicable within the integrated development environments MATLAB and Visual Studio, and the simulation tool MBS3D 2.0, where equation-based models of multidisciplinary subsystems, consisting of mechanical and electrical components, are coupled and integrated in a very efficient way.