Can company-fund manager meetings convey informational benefits? Exploring the rationalisation of equity investment decision making by UK fund managers

Conventional economic theory, applied to information released by listed companies, equates ‘useful’ with ‘price-sensitive’. Stock exchange rules accordingly prohibit the selec- tive, private communication of price-sensitive information. Yet, even in the absence of such communication, UK equity fund managers routinely meet privately with the senior execu- tives of the companies in which they invest. Moreover, they consider these brief, formal and formulaic meetings to be their most important sources of investment information. In this paper we ask how that can be. Drawing on interview and observation data with fund managers and CFOs, we find evidence for three, non-mutually exclusive explanations: that the characterisation of information in conventional economic theory is too restricted, that fund managers fail to act with the rationality that conventional economic theory assumes, and/or that the primary value of the meetings for fund managers is not related to their investment decision making but to the claims of superior knowledge made to clients in marketing their active fund management expertise. Our findings suggest a disconnect between economic theory and economic policy based on that theory, as well as a corre- sponding limitation in research studies that test information-usefulness by assuming it to be synonymous with price-sensitivity. We draw implications for further research into the role of tacit knowledge in equity investment decision-making, and also into the effects of the principal–agent relationship between fund managers and their clients.

Does managerial turnover affect football club share prices?

This paper analyses the 53 managerial sackings and resignations from 16 stock exchange listed English football clubs during the nine seasons between 2000/01 and 2008/09. The results demonstrate that, on average, a managerial sacking results in a post-announcement day market-adjusted share price rise of 0.3%, whilst a resignation leads to a drop in share price of 1% that continues for a trading month thereafter, cumulating in a negative abnormal return of over 8% from a trading day before the event. These findings are intuitive, and suggest that sacking a poorly performing manager may be welcomed by the markets as a possible route to better future match performance, while losing a capable manager through resignation, who typically progresses to a superior job, will result in a drop in a club’s share price. The paper also reveals that while the impact of managerial departures on stock price volatilities is less clear-cut, speculation in the newspapers is rife in the build-up to such an event.

The determinants and effects of board nomination committees

This article assesses the corporate governance-related antecedents of nomination committee adoption, and the impact of nomination committees’ existence and their composition on board independence and board demographic diversity. We conducted a longitudinal study of board composition amongst 210 Swiss public companies from January 2001 through December 2003, a period during which the Swiss (Stock) Exchange (SWX) introduced new corporate governance-related disclosure guidelines. We find firms with nomination committees are more likely to have a higher number of independent and foreign directors, but not more likely to have a higher number of female board members. Further, the existence of nomination committees is associated with a higher degree of nationality diversity but is not related to board educational diversity. We also find that nomination committee composition matters in the nomination of independent and foreign, but not of female directors. Our results suggest that understanding different board roles and composition require a multi-theoretical approach, and that agency theory, resource-dependence theory and group effectiveness theory help to explain different aspects of board composition and effectiveness. Finally, the article discusses the concept of diversity and appropriate ways to study diversity in a boardroom context.

A study on time-varying quantile and its applications

This Thesis is the result of my Master Degree studies at the Graduate School of Economics, Getúlio Vargas Foundation, from January 2004 to August 2006. am indebted to my Thesis Advisor, Professor Luiz Renato Lima, who introduced me to the Econometrics' world. In this Thesis, we study time-varying quantile process and we develop two applications, which are presented here as Part and Part II. Each of these parts was transformed in paper. Both papers were submitted. Part shows that asymmetric persistence induces ARCH effects, but the LMARCH test has power against it. On the other hand, the test for asymmetric dynamics proposed by Koenker and Xiao (2004) has correct size under the presence of ARCH errors. These results suggest that the LM-ARCH and the Koenker-Xiao tests may be used in applied research as complementary tools. In the Part II, we compare four different Value-at-Risk (VaR) methodologies through Monte Cario experiments. Our results indicate that the method based on quantile regression with ARCH effect dominates other methods that require distributional assumption. In particular, we show that the non-robust method ologies have higher probability to predict VaRs with too many violations. We illustrate our findings with an empirical exercise in which we estimate VaR for returns of São Paulo stock exchange index, IBOVESPA, during periods of market turmoil. Our results indicate that the robust method based on quantile regression presents the least number of violations.

Comparing value-at-risk methodologies

In this paper, we compare four different Value-at-Risk (V aR) methodologies through Monte Carlo experiments. Our results indicate that the method based on quantile regression with ARCH effect dominates other methods that require distributional assumption. In particular, we show that the non-robust methodologies have higher probability to predict V aRs with too many violations. We illustrate our findings with an empirical exercise in which we estimate V aR for returns of S˜ao Paulo stock exchange index, IBOVESPA, during periods of market turmoil. Our results indicate that the robust method based on quantile regression presents the least number of violations.

Valor X crescimento : uma análise empírica da relação risco X retorno nas carteiras de ações da Bovespa

O trabalho mostra a relação existente entre o coeficiente Valor de Mercado / Valor Contábil e retorno para uma amostra de ações negociadas na BOVESPA no período 1989-1997. Os resultados indicam claramente que foi possível estabelecer uma estratégia baseada na construção de carteiras com ações com coeficientes altos resultando na obtenção de altos retornos sem elevação do risco do investimento.

Plano real e a bolsa de valores de São Paulo

A redução dos índices de inflação introduzida no Brasil pelo Plano Real trouxe alterações nos mais diferentes aspectos da vida econômica do país. Este trabalho visa analisar as principais alterações provocadas nos mercados de ações, analisando os impactos na Bovespa - Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. Para tal foram analisadas as principais variáveis e medidas estatísticas que descrevem a Bovespa, como, por exemplo, a volatilidade e risco sistemático, nos períodos de quatro anos anteriores e posteriores ao início do Plano Real. De forma a separar os efeitos causados pelo Plano Real de outros de extensão global, utilizamos séries de controles baseadas em índices de bolsas da América Latina e de mercados centrais. Os resultados das análises realizadas indicam que houve uma redução da volatilidade no período pós-real em relação ao pré-real, o risco sistemático dos ativos brasileiros não se alterou, e o Ibovespa tornou-se menos eficiente em comparação com uma carteira formada pelos índices dos mercados centrais.

A Evolução e Consolidação das Práticas de Governança Corporativa no Banco do Brasil S.A. entre 1996 e 2006

The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the main historical and institutional facts that have led to the present corporate governance policy adopted by Banco do Brasil S.A. (BB). The good practices of corporate governance aim to increase corporate value and facilitate the funding of capital and contribute to company¿s duration over the time. Besides, ensure to the shareholders some governance principles such as disclosure", "compliance", "accountability", "fairness" and ¿corporate responsability¿ By the time BB has been shown its concern about disclosure especially for its close relationship with principal shareholder. ¿ the Brazilian Government, other equity partners and the Brazilian society. Banco do Brasil was founded in 1808 by the Portuguese emperor Dom João VI and today is the oldest bank operating in the local market. BB also was the first company listed on Brazilian stock exchange since 1906. In 1996, after some net losses, the Brazilian Government raised the bank¿s authorized capital in R$ 8 billion. This fact established the first attempts to develop bank¿s corporate governance through the years. Banco do Brasil currently has more than 24.4 million customers, served by a network of 15,113 points of service with R$ 296.4 billion in total assets2. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the principal measures adopted by Banco do Brasil to reach the top level of corporate governance in the Brazilian stock exchange ¿ the New Market of Bovespa. This top position was reached in June 2006. Banco do Brasil was the first state owned company to reach this level of governance in Brazil. This dissertation was based on Yin's taxonomy methodology as a single case study. This research has used documents and file records as sources of evidence, including longitudinally research to demonstrate the evolution facts through time."

Essays in corporate risk management

This research investigates the factors that lead Latin American non-financial firms to manage risks using derivatives. The main focus is on currency risk management. With this purpose, this thesis is divided into an introduction and two main chapters, which have been written as stand-alone papers. The first paper describes the results of a survey on derivatives usage and risk management responded by the CFOs of 74 Brazilian non-financial firms listed at the São Paulo Stock Exchange (BOVESPA), and the main evidence found is: i) larger firms are more likely to use financial derivatives; ii) foreign exchange risk is the most managed with derivatives; iii) Brazilian managers are more concerned with legal and institutional aspects in using derivatives, such as the taxation and accounting treatment of these instruments, than with issues related to implementing and maintaining a risk management program using derivatives. The second paper studies the determinants of risk management with derivatives in four Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico). I investigate not only the decision of whether to use financial derivatives or not, but also the magnitude of risk management, measured by the notional value of outstanding derivatives contracts. This is the first study, to the best of my knowledge, to use derivatives holdings information in emerging markets. The use of a multi-country setting allows the analysis of institutional and economic factors, such as foreign currency indebtedness, the high volatility of exchange rates, the instability of political and institutional framework and the development of financial markets, which are issues of second-order importance in developed markets. The main contribution of the second paper is on the understanding of the relationship among currency derivatives usage, foreign debt and the sensitivity of operational earnings to currency fluctuations in Latin American countries. Unlikely previous findings for US firms, my evidence shows that derivatives held by Latin American firms are capable of producing cash flows comparable to financial expenses and investments, showing that derivatives are key instruments in their risk management strategies. It is also the first work to show strong and robust evidence that firms that benefit from local currency devaluation (e.g. exporters) have a natural currency hedge for foreign debt that allows them to bear higher levels of debt in foreign currency. This implies that firms under this revenue-cost structure require lower levels of hedging with derivatives. The findings also provide evidence that large firms are more likely to use derivatives, but the magnitude of derivatives holdings seems to be unrelated to the size of the firm, consistent with findings for US firms.

Competição e estabilidade financeira: o caso do setor bancário brasileiro

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre a competição e a estabilidade financeira de quatro dos maiores bancos brasileiros, investigando a hipótese de que a existência de poder de mercado pode representar menos risco para as instituições bancárias atuantes no país. Aplicando as metodologias de Panzar e Rosse (1987) para o grau de competição e o modelo BSM de Black e Scholes (1973) e Merton (1974) para a estabilidade financeira, concluímos que no Brasil, três dos quatro casos analisados apresentaram uma relação inversa entre a competição e a estabilidade financeira, isto é, concluímos nesses casos, que a maior competição implica menor estabilidade das instituições. O estudo utilizou as informações disponíveis pelo Plano Contábil das Instituições do Sistema Financeiro Nacional (COSIF) do Banco Central do Brasil e pela Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (BM&FBOVESPA), para o período entre o quarto trimestre de 1995 ao quarto trimestre de 2008.

Modelando a volatilidade dos retornos de Petrobrás usando dados de alta frequência

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as características empíricas de uma série de retornos de dados em alta freqüência para um dos ativos mais negociados na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo. Estamos interessados em modelar a volatilidade condicional destes retornos, testando em particular a presença de memória longa, entre outros fenômenos que caracterizam este tipo de dados. Nossa investigação revela que além da memória longa, existe forte sazonalidade intradiária, mas não encontramos evidências de um fato estilizado de retornos de ações, o efeito alavancagem. Utilizamos modelos capazes de captar a memória longa na variância condicional dos retornos dessazonalizados, com resultados superiores a modelos tradicionais de memória curta, com implicações importantes para precificação de opções e de risco de mercado

Testing the Markov property with ultra high frequency financial data

This paper develops a framework to test whether discrete-valued irregularly-spaced financial transactions data follow a subordinated Markov process. For that purpose, we consider a specific optional sampling in which a continuous-time Markov process is observed only when it crosses some discrete level. This framework is convenient for it accommodates not only the irregular spacing of transactions data, but also price discreteness. Further, it turns out that, under such an observation rule, the current price duration is independent of previous price durations given the current price realization. A simple nonparametric test then follows by examining whether this conditional independence property holds. Finally, we investigate whether or not bid-ask spreads follow Markov processes using transactions data from the New York Stock Exchange. The motivation lies on the fact that asymmetric information models of market microstructures predict that the Markov property does not hold for the bid-ask spread. The results are mixed in the sense that the Markov assumption is rejected for three out of the five stocks we have analyzed.

Um estudo sobre a persistência de performance positiva dos fundos IBOVESPA ativos

O objetivo desta dissertação é identificar se persistência de performance positiva um fenômeno presente entre os fundos de investimento ativos em relação ao índice da bolsa de valores de São Paulo (IBOVESPA). Para tanto, foram utilizadas informações em bases diárias, para período de janeiro de 1997 dezembro de 2001, de 191 fundos que tiveram para cada ano sua performance calculada. Em cada ano sob estudo definiu-se, pelo menos, dois grupos: um em que se alinhavam os fundos que apresentavam os melhores indicadores outro em que estavam presentes aqueles cujos desempenhos foram considerados piores. Os fundos que lograram sucesso em permanecer no primeiro grupo em pares de anos consecutivos foram denominados persistentes. Para que se pudesse medir significância dos resultados apurados, fez-se uso do instrumental de testes estatísticos, testes de hipóteses, que buscaram identificar se as proporções de fundos persistentes forneciam evidências suficientes para que se garantisse ocorrência do fenômeno no mercado brasileiro para período pesquisado.

Sustentabilidade e equilíbrio do crescimento: uma abordagem contábil-financeira

Este trabalho transita por duas áreas de conhecimento, gestão contábil-financeira e sustentabilidade, que precisam se aproximar na troca de conceitos e práticas para que se viabilize a contribuição das empresas para o desenvolvimento sustentável. O propósito do estudo é verificar se o crescimento equilibrado está associado ao desempenho sustentável das empresas. Partindo do pressuposto que o crescimento desequilibrado é um fator de risco para a empresa e para todos os que se relacionam com ela (stakeholders), podendo gerar impactos econômico-financeiros, sociais e ambientais, é de se esperar que as empresas sustentáveis apresentem um crescimento mais equilibrado, medido pelo indicador equilíbrio do crescimento, que reflete se há preocupação com a pressão sobre o uso de todos os tipos de recursos e a sua forma de financiamento. O desempenho sustentável das empresas deve ser avaliado de forma ampla, com base no conceito do Triple Bottom Line, buscando atender às necessidades de vários stakeholders; neste trabalho o desempenho sustentável será operacionalizado de duas maneiras: pela adesão aos segmentos diferenciados de governança corporativa da Bovespa e pela participação na carteira do Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial da Bovespa (ISE-Bovespa). Os objetivos do trabalho são: verificar se as empresas consideradas sustentáveis, pelos critérios separados e depois em conjunto, apresentam menor variabilidade no indicador equilíbrio do crescimento do que as empresas não consideradas sustentáveis pelos mesmos critérios; verificar se as empresas apresentam menor variabilidade no indicador equilíbrio do crescimento no segundo período da análise do que no primeiro, períodos estes separados pela divulgação da primeira carteira do ISE-Bovespa, em 2005. Foram utilizados dados de empresas de capital aberto no período de dezembro de 1999 a dezembro de 2009; as empresas foram divididas em grupos e o estudo se concentrou na variabilidade do equilíbrio do crescimento nos grupos, medida pelo desvio padrão, considerando-se que todos os grupos apresentam médias próximas da unidade. Um grupo com baixa variabilidade no equilíbrio do crescimento mostra uma maior preocupação com o uso de recursos de forma equilibrada, refletindo uma postura compatível com a contribuição das empresas para o desenvolvimento sustentável. A confirmação de dez em doze hipóteses de pesquisa permite interpretar que, no conjunto, o resultado é fortemente aderente à hipótese de associação entre o crescimento equilibrado e o desempenho sustentável