Novo gene cry8 de Bacillus thuringiensis: caracterização e avaliação da patogenicidade ao bicudo da cana-de-açúcar, Sphenophorus levis Vaurie, 1978 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Epidemiologia molecular das infecções por rotavírus G2 ao longo de 16 anos (1992 a 2008) na região amazônica, Brasil

No Brasil, estima-se que os rotavírus causem 3.352.053 episódios de diarreia, 655.853 ambulatoriais, 92.453 hospitalizações e 850 mortes envolvendo crianças menores de 5 anos de idade. Os rotavírus pertencem à família Reoviridae, gênero Rotavirus. A partícula viral é constituída por três camadas proteicas concêntricas e pelo genoma viral reunindo 11 segmentos de RNA com dupla fita. Reconhecem-se 23 genótipos G e 31 genótipos P. Dentre os genótipos G detectados até o momento, o G2 atua como um dos mais importantes, estando geralmente associado ao genótipo P[4]. Nos últimos três anos se tem observado em larga escala global a reemergência do genótipo G2, sendo um dos mais detectados nos anos que sucederam a implantação da vacina contra rotavírus, particularmente no Brasil. Este estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização molecular de amostras do tipo G2 obtidas de crianças participantes de estudos em gastroenterites virais na região amazônica, Brasil, no período de 1992 a 2008. Foram selecionadas 53 amostras positivas para rotavírus genótipo G2 que foram sequenciadas para VP7 e 38 para VP4. Inicialmente, as amostras foram genotipadas por RT-PCR e seus produtos purificados, quantificados e sequenciados. As amostras também foram testadas quanto ao perfil de migração dos segmentos de RNA. As sequências obtidas dos genes VP4 e VP7 foram alinhadas e editadas no programa Bioedit (v.6.05) e comparadas a outras sequências de RV registradas no banco de genes utilizando o programa BLAST. A árvore filogenética foi feita utilizando o programa Mega 2.1. Do total de 53 amostras sequenciadas para o gene VP7, a análise filogenética revelou a existência de duas linhagens (II e III) e três sublinhagens (IIa, IIc, IId) que circularam em períodos diferentes na população. Amostras das sub-linhagem IIa e IIc apresentaram mutação na posição no aminoácido da posição 96 (Asp/ Asn) . Essa modificação pode resultar em uma alteração conformacional dos epítopos reconhecidos por anticorpos neutralizantes. As linhagens de G2 que circularam em Belém foram idênticas àquelas de outros Estados da região amazônica envolvidos no estudo. O gene VP[4] foi sequenciado na região da VP8*, sendo 36 pertencentes do genótipo P[4] e 3 ao P[6]. No genótipo P[4] foi identificada a circulação de duas linhagens, P[4]-4 ocorrendo nos anos de 1998-2000, e P[4]-5 que circulou nos períodos de 1993-1994 e 2006-2008. Nossos resultados reforçam dados de ocorrência continental que evidenciam a reemergência do genótipo G2 com a variante gênica IIc, a qual se estabeleceu na população em associação com o genótipo P[4]-5. A grande homologia entre as cepas de G2 que circularam entre os diferentes estados envolvidos no estudo sugere que as mutações registradas ultrapassaram barreiras geográficas e temporais.

Caracterizações morfológica e molecular de acessos de pimenta (Capsicum chinense Jaqc.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Caracterização morfológica, patogênica, de Mating-type e genética de isolados de Cylindrocladium spp. e cylindrocladiella spp

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Epidemiologia molecular de rotavírus em rebanhos bovinos no estado de São Paulo no período de 2006 a 2010

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FCAV

Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in lambs in the south central region of the State of São Paulo

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Molecular characterization of a phytoplasma of group 16SrIX related to 'Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium' in periwinkle in Brazil

Periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), a tropical perennial plant, was found to be infected by a phytoplasma. Plants exhibiting virescence, phyllody and variegation symptoms were collected in the states of Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo, Brazil. The phytoplasma was transmitted by grafting from an infected periwinkle plant to healthy plants and by dodder to a citrus plant. Phytoplasma isolates from periwinkle plants from Brazil had the 16S rDNA gene sequenced and were classified in the 16SrIX group, subgroup A, belonging to the 'Candidatus P. phoenicium' species.

Molecular characterization of group A bovine rotavirus in southeastern and central-western Brazil, 2009-2010

Rotavirus is an important cause of neonatal diarrhea in humans and several animal species, including calves. A study was conducted to examine 792 fecal samples collected from calves among 65 dairy and beef herds distributed in two of Brazil's major livestock producing regions, aiming to detect the occurrence of rotavirus and perform a molecular characterization of the rotavirus according to G and P genotypes in these regions. A total of 40 (5.05%) samples tested positive for rotavirus by the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) technique. The molecular characterization was performed by multiplex semi-nested RT-PCR reactions, which indicated that the associations of genotypes circulating in herds in Brazil's southeastern region were G6P[11], G10P[11], G[-]P[5] + [11], G[-]P[6] in the state of Sao Paulo and G6P[11], G8P[5], G11P[11], G10P[11] in the state of Minas Gerais. In the central-western region, the genotypes G6P[5] + [11], G6P[5], G8P[-], G6P[11], G [-] P[1], G[-] P[11], and G[-] P[5] were detected in the state of Goias, while the genotypes G6P[5], G8[P11], G6[P11], G8[P1], G8[P5], G6[P1] were circulating in herds in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. The genotypic diversity of bovine rotavirus found in each region under study underlines the importance of characterizing the circulating samples in order to devise the most effective prophylactic measures.

Protein disulfide isomerase as a target for besnoitiosis therapy : molecular characterization and studies of its role in infection and host immune response

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Veterinárias na especialidade de Sanidade Animal

Molecular characterization of Grapevine enamolike virus, a novel putative member of the genus Enamovirus.

2016

Identificação molecular e diversidade genética de bactérias solubilizadoras de fósforo.

2016

Exploring an uncommon host-parasite interaction to unveil the uniqueness of Perkinsus sp as a model organism

We report the exploration of some unique metabolic pathways in Perkinsus olseni a marine protist parasite, responsible to significant mortalities in mollusks, especially in bivalves all around the world. In Algarve, south of Portugal carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus mortalities can reach up to 70%, causing social and economic losses. The objective of studying those unique pathways, is finding new therapeutic strategies capable of controlling/eliminating P. olseni proliferation in clams. In that sense metabolic pathways, were explored, and drugs affecting these cycles were tested for activity. The first step involved the identification of the genes behind those pathways, the reconstitution of the main steps, and molecular characterization of those genes and later on, the identification of possible targets within the genes studied. Metabolic cycles were screened due to the fact of not being present in host or differ in a critical way, such as the following pathways: shikimate, MEP-­‐ isoprenoids, Leloir cycle for chitin production, purine biosynthesis (unique among protists), the de novo synthesis of folates (absent in metazoa) and some unique genes like, the alternative oxidase (a branch of respiratory chain) and the hypoxia sensor HPH. All those pathways were covered and possible chemical inhibition using therapeutic drugs was tested with positive results. The relation between the common host Ruditapes decussatus and P. olseni was also explored in a dimension not possible some years ago. With the accessibility to second generation sequencers and microarray analysis platforms, genes involved in host defense or parasite virulence and resistance to the host were deciphered, allowing aiming to new targets (mechanisms and pathways), offering new possibilities for the control of Perkinsus in close environments. The thousands of genes, generated by this work, sequenced and analyzed from this commercial valuable clam and for Perkinsus olseni will be an important and value tool for the scientific community, allowing a better understanding of host-­‐parasite interactions, promoting the usage of P. olseni as an emerging model for alveolata parasites.

Development of a Piggybac based direct reprogramming system for derivation of integration free induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSc) have great potential for applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling and basic research. Several methods have been developed for their derivation. The original method of Takahashi and Yamanaka involved the use of retroviral vectors which result in insertional mutagenesis, presence in the genome of potential oncogenes and effects of residual transgene expression on differentiation bias of each particular iPSc line. Other methods have been developed, using different viral vectors (adenovirus and Sendai virus), transient plasmid transfection, mRNA transduction, protein transduction and use of small molecules. However, these methods suffer from low efficiencies; can be extremely labor intensive, or both. An additional method makes use of the piggybac transposon, which has the advantage of inserting its payload into the host genome and being perfectly excised upon re-expression of the transposon transposase. Briefly, a policistronic cassette expressing Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and C-Myc flanked by piggybac terminal repeats is delivered to the cells along with a plasmid transiently expressing piggybac transposase. Once reprogramming occurs, the cells are re-transfected with transposase and subclones free of tranposon integrations screened for. The procedure is therefore very labor intensive, requiring multiple manipulations and successive rounds of cloning and screening. The original method for reprogramming with the the PiggyBac transposon was created by Woltjen et al in 2009 (schematized here) and describes a process with which it is possible to obtain insert-free iPSc. Insert-free iPSc enables the establishment of better cellular models of iPS and adds a new level of security to the use of these cells in regenerative medicine. Due to the fact that it was based on several low efficiency steps, the overall efficiency of the method is very low (<1%). Moreover, the stochastic transfection, integration, excision and the inexistence of an active way of selection leaves this method in need of extensive characterization and screening of the final clones. In this work we aime to develop a non-integrative iPSc derivation system in which integration and excision of the transgenes can be controlled by simple media manipulations, avoiding labor intensive and potentially mutagenic procedures. To reach our goal we developed a two vector system which is simultaneously delivered to original population of fibroblasts. The first vector, Remo I, carries the reprogramming cassette and GFP under the regulation of a constitutive promoter (CAG). The second vector, Eneas, carries the piggybac transposase associated with an estrogen receptor fragment (ERT2), regulated in a TET-OFF fashion, and its equivalent reverse trans-activator associated with a positive-negative selection cassette under a constitutive promoter. We tested its functionality in HEK 293T cells. The protocol is divided in two the following steps: 1) Obtaining acceptable transfection efficiency into human fibroblasts. 2) Testing the functionality of the construct 3) Determining the ideal concentration of DOX for repressing mPB-ERT2 expression 4) Determining the ideal concentration of TM for transposition into the genome 5) Determining the ideal Windows of no DOX/TM pulse for transposition into the genome 6) 3, 4 and 5) for transposition out of the genome 7) Determination of the ideal concentration of GCV for negative selection We successfully demonstrated that ENEAS behaved as expected in terms of DOX regulation of the expression of mPB-ERT2. We also demonstrated that by delivering the plasmid into 293T HEK cells and manipulating the levels of DOX and TM in the medium, we could obtain puromycin resistant lines. The number of puromycin resistant colonies obtained was significantly higher when DOX as absent, suggesting that the colonies resulted from transposition events. Presence of TM added an extra layer of regulation, albeit weaker. Our PCR analysis, while not a clean as would be desired, suggested that transposition was indeed occurring, although a background level of random integration could not be ruled out. Finally, our attempt to determine whether we could use GVC to select clones that had successfully mobilized PB out of the genome was unsuccessful. Unexpectedly, 293T HEK cells that had been transfected with ENEAS and selected for puromycin resistance were insensitive to GCV.

Genotyping Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from hepatic abscesses in three patients from Bogota, Colombia

Pyogenic liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae represents an ever increasing entity which has mainly been described as occurring in Asia, even though, on a smaller scale, cases are being more frequently described from the USA and Europe, 13% overall mortality being reached worldwide. Affected patients are severely sick, suffering from fever, sweating, having increased acute phase reactants and risk factors such as Diabetes Mellitus, alcoholism and the inherent characteristics of the bacteria causing the disease. Objective: in this work we used a Multilocus Sequencing Typing (MLST), a nucleotide sequence-based method in order to characterize the genetic relationships among bacterial isolates. Materials and methods: the report is focused on three cases involving patients suffering from pyogenic liver abscess caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in two hospitals in Bogota, Colombia, where phenotyping and hypermucoviscosity studies were carried out, as well as the genotyping of cultured Klebsiella isolates. Reults: it was found that the isolated microorganism in cases I and II corresponded to the same K. pneumoniae strain, having 100% sequence identity for the 5 genes being studied while the strain in Case III was genotypically different. Conclusion: it is important to carry out multidisciplinary studies allowing all pyogenic liver abscess cases reported in Colombia to be complied to ascertain the frequency of microorganisms causing this pathology in our country, as well as a genotyping study of different K. pneumoniae strains to compare them and confirm clonal and pathogenicity relationships through housekeeping gene analysis.

Estudo clínico, laboratorial e epidemiológico da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos e comunidades rurais da região de Nhecolândia, Pantanal, Brasil

A toxoplasmose, causada pelo Toxoplasma gondii é uma protozoose que acomete o homem e uma grande variedade de animais de sangue quente e aves. No Brasil, a prevalência pode variar de 20% a 90% dependendo da área estudada, clima, condição socioeconômica e cultural. A infecção se dá através da ingestão de oocistos, que podem ser encontrados no solo, água e alimentos ou através da manipulação e ingestão de carne crua ou mal cozida, além da infecção congênita, apresentando importância em saúde pública. Este trabalho objetivou estudar a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em animais silvestres, bovinos, suínos, ovinos e comunidade rural da região de Nhecolândia, no Pantanal do Mato Grosso do Sul, utilizando métodos sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta - HAI, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta - RIFI, Técnica de aglutinação modificada - MAT) e moleculares (Reação em cadeia pela polimerase \2013 PCR, PCR-RFLP). Foram feitas coletas de amostras de sangue de 73 indivíduos da comunidade rural, de 25 cães, 442 bovinos e 148 porco-monteiros. Observou-se que 47,95% (35/73) das pessoas eram sororreagentes. Destas, apenas um indivíduo sororreagente (2,9%) apresentou lesão ocular presumível da infecção pelo parasito. Nos animais, observou-se a ocorrência de anticorpos anti- T. gondii em 48% dos cães, 30,55% dos bovinos e 1,3% nos porco-monteiros. Relatos de várias partes do mundo têm demonstrado a importância do ciclo silvestre na epidemiologia da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii. No entanto, apesar do papel conhecido de alguns felinos selvagens como hospedeiros definitivos para manutenção e transmissão do parasita para outros predadores carnívoros, pouco se sabe sobre a incidência de Toxoplasma gondii nestes animais Os carnívoros foram capturados em armadilhas contendo iscas e após a contenção química as amostras biológicas (sangue de todos os animais e fezes dos felídeos) foram coletadas e armazenadas para análise posterior. No presente estudo, três espécies de carnívoros foram avaliadas: quati (Nasua nasua), lobinho ou cachorro do mato (Cerdocyon thous) e jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis). Quarenta e dois roedores (Tricomys) também avaliados tiveram análises de PCR realizada em 42 tecidos (cérebro, pulmão e músculo). Através dos exames sorológicos (Hemaglutinação Indireta, Reação de Imunofluorescência Indireta, Técnica de aglutinação modificada) observou-se a ocorrência da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em 29,16% (7/24) dos quatis, 47,82% (11/23) em lobinhos e 100% (2/2) nas jaguatiricas. No PCR observou-se positividade em 41,66% (10/24) dos quatis, 47,82 % (11/23) dos lobinhos e em 100% (2/2) das jaguatiricas. Em roedores, observou-se 23,80 % (10/42) de positivos pela PCR. Realizamos a caracterização molecular de amostras sanguíneas dos animais silvestres positivos pela PCR, onde utilizamos 12 marcadores genotípicos (SAG1, SAG2 (5\2019-SAG2 e 3\2019-SAG2), SAG3, GRA6, BTUB, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, novo SAG2, Apico, CS3), onde observou-se a presença de um novo genótipo do parasito, circulando na região de forma homogênea entre as espécies