Transporte hidráulico de misturas bentonita-água em condutos forçados

A argila bentonítica é amplamente utilizada em transporte de sólidos produzidos durante perfuração de poços. Teve por objetivo estudar o escoamento de misturas bentonita-água e determinar suas propriedades reológicas e parâmetros hidráulicos úteis nos projetos de instalações de recalque de misturas sólido-líquido. Foi montado um circuito fechado de tubulações para estudar dados de perda de carga e perfis de velocidade. Realizaram-se ensaios com misturas bentonita-água sob varias concentrações, algumas transportando areia. Observaram-se que a reologia da mistura bentonita-água é melhor descrita pela formulação de Herschell-Bulkley para fluidos não-Newtonianos. O coeficiente de atrito para descrever a perda de carga da mistura bentonita-água observada em tubulações no laboratório coloca-se entre as previsões de Tomita (1959) e Szilas et al (1981). A variação da velocidade da mistura na seção transversal do tubo é melhor aproximada pela equação de Bogue-Metzner (1963).

Análise da combustão e emissões em motores a bio-diesel.

A rápida evolução do mercado automotivo, em função de maiores restrições sobre as emissões, impulsionou a utilização de várias alternativas para melhorias dos motores diesel, entre elas as mudanças nos seus componentes com o auxílio de ferramentas de modelagem e a utilização de combustíveis alternativos. As características dos combustíveis afetarão a queima e, assim, alteram os resíduos do processo de combustão. Novos combustíveis podem também ser utilizados como uma alternativa para veículos de gerações anteriores com o intuito de reduzir as emissões. Este estudo mostra os efeitos da utilização do Biodiesel B20 e do Biodiesel Amyris em motores de combustão interna. Para isso, foram realizados testes de motores em salas dinamométricas, e seus resultados confrontados e discutidos. Além disso, são abordados os efeitos do combustível no processo da combustão. Esta Dissertação está concentrada, principalmente, na emissão de NOx e de material particulado, que são poluentes mais restritivos perante a Legislação brasileira de emissões CONAMA P7.

On the development of advanced techniques for mixed-elastohydrodynamic lubrification modelling of journal and sliding bearing systems.

The present thesis is focused on the development of a thorough mathematical modelling and computational solution framework aimed at the numerical simulation of journal and sliding bearing systems operating under a wide range of lubrication regimes (mixed, elastohydrodynamic and full film lubrication regimes) and working conditions (static, quasi-static and transient conditions). The fluid flow effects have been considered in terms of the Isothermal Generalized Equation of the Mechanics of the Viscous Thin Films (Reynolds equation), along with the massconserving p-Ø Elrod-Adams cavitation model that accordingly ensures the so-called JFO complementary boundary conditions for fluid film rupture. The variation of the lubricant rheological properties due to the viscous-pressure (Barus and Roelands equations), viscous-shear-thinning (Eyring and Carreau-Yasuda equations) and density-pressure (Dowson-Higginson equation) relationships have also been taken into account in the overall modelling. Generic models have been derived for the aforementioned bearing components in order to enable their applications in general multibody dynamic systems (MDS), and by including the effects of angular misalignments, superficial geometric defects (form/waviness deviations, EHL deformations, etc.) and axial motion. The bearing exibility (conformal EHL) has been incorporated by means of FEM model reduction (or condensation) techniques. The macroscopic in fluence of the mixedlubrication phenomena have been included into the modelling by the stochastic Patir and Cheng average ow model and the Greenwood-Williamson/Greenwood-Tripp formulations for rough contacts. Furthermore, a deterministic mixed-lubrication model with inter-asperity cavitation has also been proposed for full-scale simulations in the microscopic (roughness) level. According to the extensive mathematical modelling background established, three significant contributions have been accomplished. Firstly, a general numerical solution for the Reynolds lubrication equation with the mass-conserving p - Ø cavitation model has been developed based on the hybridtype Element-Based Finite Volume Method (EbFVM). This new solution scheme allows solving lubrication problems with complex geometries to be discretized by unstructured grids. The numerical method was validated in agreement with several example cases from the literature, and further used in numerical experiments to explore its exibility in coping with irregular meshes for reducing the number of nodes required in the solution of textured sliding bearings. Secondly, novel robust partitioned techniques, namely: Fixed Point Gauss-Seidel Method (PGMF), Point Gauss-Seidel Method with Aitken Acceleration (PGMA) and Interface Quasi-Newton Method with Inverse Jacobian from Least-Squares approximation (IQN-ILS), commonly adopted for solving uid-structure interaction problems have been introduced in the context of tribological simulations, particularly for the coupled calculation of dynamic conformal EHL contacts. The performance of such partitioned methods was evaluated according to simulations of dynamically loaded connecting-rod big-end bearings of both heavy-duty and high-speed engines. Finally, the proposed deterministic mixed-lubrication modelling was applied to investigate the in fluence of the cylinder liner wear after a 100h dynamometer engine test on the hydrodynamic pressure generation and friction of Twin-Land Oil Control Rings.

Dimensionamento de betões autocompactáveis coloridos com agregados britados vulcânicos

A incorporação de pigmentos na composição do betão é uma técnica aplicada como alternativa arquitetónica à pintura ou colocação de revestimentos em edifícios. Tratando-se de um betão à vista importa considerar cuidados adicionais na sua aplicação para assegurar a homogeneidade e qualidade do acabamento superficial. Utilizando betões autocompactáveis, não só a homogeneidade do material é aumentada devido à eliminação da compactação, como também o acabamento superficial é melhorado devido à maior capacidade de preenchimento dos moldes que estes betões apresentam. Neste trabalho dimensionam-se cinco composições de betão autocompactável colorido utilizando agregados britados vulcânicos correntemente utilizados no fabrico de betão na Região Autónoma da Madeira. Para o dimensionamento dos betões, realizaram-se vários estudos em pastas, de seguida em argamassas e finalmente em betões. Com o estudo das pastas obtiveram-se as primeiras informações sobre o efeito da introdução de pigmentos. Depois estudaram-se argamassas que continham o mesmo volume de areia relativo mas incorporando pastas com diferentes cores. Identificaram-se as pastas que conduziam a argamassas com propriedades reológicas semelhantes às da argamassa da composição considerada como referência. Nos betões começou-se por produzir uma composição de betão autocompactável de referência que foi caracterizada em termos de autocompactabilidade pelos ensaios de espalhamento, caixa L, funil V e segregação. Finalmente, realizaram-se composições de betões coloridos cujos conteúdos em agregados e finos eram os mesmos que os da composição de referência mas substituindo parcialmente o volume de água por igual volume de pigmentos. Os resultados mostraram que a incorporação de pigmentos conduz a uma ligeira perda de trabalhabilidade, sendo essa perda de trabalhabilidade facilmente compensada com um aumento da dosagem de superplastificante, cujo volume adicionado é substituído pela remoção de igual volume de água.

Dimensionamento de betões autocompactáveis coloridos com agregados britados vulcânicos

A incorporação de pigmentos na composição do betão é uma técnica aplicada como alternativa arquitetónica à pintura ou colocação de revestimentos em edifícios. Tratando-se de um betão à vista importa considerar cuidados adicionais na sua aplicação para assegurar a homogeneidade e qualidade do acabamento superficial. Utilizando betões autocompactáveis, não só a homogeneidade do material é aumentada devido à eliminação da compactação, como também o acabamento superficial é melhorado devido à maior capacidade de preenchimento dos moldes que estes betões apresentam. Neste trabalho dimensionam-se cinco composições de betão autocompactável colorido utilizando agregados britados vulcânicos correntemente utilizados no fabrico de betão na Região Autónoma da Madeira. Para o dimensionamento dos betões, realizaram-se vários estudos em pastas, de seguida em argamassas e finalmente em betões. Com o estudo das pastas obtiveram-se as primeiras informações sobre o efeito da introdução de pigmentos. Depois estudaram-se argamassas que continham o mesmo volume de areia relativo mas incorporando pastas com diferentes cores. Identificaram-se as pastas que conduziam a argamassas com propriedades reológicas semelhantes às da argamassa da composição considerada como referência. Nos betões começou-se por produzir uma composição de betão autocompactável de referência que foi caracterizada em termos de autocompactabilidade pelos ensaios de espalhamento, caixa L, funil V e segregação. Finalmente, realizaram-se composições de betões coloridos cujos conteúdos em agregados e finos eram os mesmos que os da composição de referência mas substituindo parcialmente o volume de água por igual volume de pigmentos. Os resultados mostraram que a incorporação de pigmentos conduz a uma ligeira perda de trabalhabilidade, sendo essa perda de trabalhabilidade facilmente compensada com um aumento da dosagem de superplastificante, cujo volume adicionado é substituído pela remoção de igual volume de água.

Fluidos de perfuração aquosos: a contribuição da goma xantana e carboximetilcelulose no controle de filtrado

This study aimed mainly to evaluate the influence of xanthan gum (XG) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in the filtration process of water-based drilling fluids, considering the conformational changes suffered by the polyelectrolyte with the addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) in different concentrations (0.17, 0.34 and 0.51 mol.L-1). It was also evaluated the behavior of the fluid by the addition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in pure water and in brine. Seeking a better understanding of the interaction between the polymers used and CaCO3, polymer adsorption analyzes were performed using a depletion method, which yielded a higher percentage of adsorption of Xanthan Gum in this material (29%), which can justify the formation of a thin and waterproof filter cake for drilling fluids containing this polymer. However, the best values of apparent viscosity (20 and 24 mPa.s) and volume of filtrate (8.0 and 8.1 mL) were obtained for the systems consisting of xanthan gum, CMC and CaCO3, in NaCl aqueous solutions concentrations of 0.34 and 0.51 mol.L-1, respectively. The values can be related to the presence of CMC that increases the apparent viscosity and reduces the volume of filtrate. In addition, the CaCO3 added acts as a bridging agent, promoting the formation of a less permeable filter cake

Desenvolvimento de pastas cimentantes contendo nanossílica como material estendedor para aplicação em fases iniciais, de poços petrolíferos, submetidas à baixa temperatura (5°c ± 3ºc)

The improved performance of hydraulic binders, the base of Portland cement, consists in the careful selection and application of materials that promote greater durability and reduced maintenance costs There is a wide variety of chemical additives used in Portland cement slurries for cementing oil wells. These are designed to work in temperatures below 0 ° C (frozen areas of land) to 300 ° C (thermal recovery wells and geothermal); pressure ranges near ambient pressure (in shallow wells) to greater than 200 MPa (in deep wells). Thus, additives make possible the adaptation of the cement slurries for application under various conditions. Among the materials used in Portland cement slurry, for oil wells, the materials with nanometer scale have been applied with good results. The nanossílica, formed by a dispersion of SiO2 particles, in the nanometer scale, when used in cement systems improves the plastic characteristics and mechanical properties of the hardened material. This dispersion is used commercially as filler material, modifier of rheological properties and / or in recovery processes construction. It is also used in many product formulations such as paints, plastics, synthetic rubbers, adhesives, sealants and insulating materials Based on the above, this study aims to evaluate the performance of nanossílica as extender additive and improver of the performance of cement slurries subjected to low temperatures (5 ° C ± 3 ° C) for application to early stages of marine oil wells. Cement slurries were formulated, with densities 11.0;12.0 and 13.0 ppg, and concentrations of 0; 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5%. The cement slurries were subjected to cold temperatures (5 ° C ± 3 ° C), and its evaluation performed by tests rheological stability, free water and compressive strength in accordance with the procedures set by API SPEC 10A. Thermal characterization tests (TG / DTA) and crystallographic (XRD) were also performed. The use of nanossílica promoted reduction of 30% of the volume of free water and increased compression resistance value of 54.2% with respect to the default cement slurry. Therefore, nanossílica presented as a promising material for use in cement slurries used in the early stages of low-temperature oil wells

Avaliação de compatibilidade entre pasta de cimento e fluido de perfuração não-aquoso utilizados em poços petrolíferos

Compatibility testing between a drilling fluid and a cement slurry is one of the steps before an operation of cementing oil wells. This test allows us to evaluate the main effects that contamination of these two fluids may cause the technological properties of a cement paste. The interactions between cement paste and drilling fluid, because its different chemical compositions, may affect the cement hydration reactions, damaging the cementing operation. Thus, we carried out the study of the compatibility of non-aqueous drilling fluid and a cement slurry additives. The preparation procedures of the non-aqueous drilling fluid, the cement paste and completion of compatibility testing were performed as set out by the oil industry standards. In the compatibility test is evaluated rheological properties, thickening time, stability and compressive strength of cement pastes. We also conducted analyzes of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction of the mixture obtained by the compatibility test to determine the microstructural changes in cement pastes. The compatibility test showed no visual changes in the properties of the cement paste, as phase separation. However, after the addition of nonaqueous drilling fluid to cement slurry there was an increased amount of plastic viscosity, the yield point and gel strength. Among the major causative factors can include: chemical reaction of the components present in the non-aqueous drilling fluid as the primary emulsifier, wetting agent and paraffin oil, with the chemical constituents of the cement. There was a reduction in the compressive strength of the cement paste after mixing with this drilling fluid. Thickening test showed that the oil wetting agent and high salinity of the non-aqueous fluid have accelerating action of the handle of the cement paste time. The stability of the cement paste is impaired to the extent that there is increased contamination of the cement slurry with the nonaqueous fluid. The X-ray diffraction identified the formation of portlandite and calcium silicate in contaminated samples. The scanning electron microscopy confirmed the development of the identified structures in the X-ray diffraction and also found the presence of wells in the cured cement paste. The latter, formed by the emulsion stability of the drilling fluid in the cement paste, corroborate the reduction of mechanical strength. The oil wetting agent component of the non-aqueous drilling fluid, the modified cement hydration processes, mainly affecting the setting time.

Contribuição da poliacrilamida parcialmente hidrolisada em associação com a bentonita em fluidos de perfuração aquosos

In this study, we investigated the effect of addition of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) and bentonite in the physicochemical properties of acquous drilling fluids. Two formulations were evaluated: F1 formulation, which was used as reference, containing carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), magnesium oxide (MgO), calcite (calcium carbonate - CaCO3 ), xanthan gum, sodium chloride (NaCl) and triazine (bactericidal); and F2, containig HPAM steady of CMC and bentonite in substituition of calcite. The prepared fluids were characterized by rheological properties, lubricity and fluid loss. Calcite was characterized by granulometry and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The formulation F2 presented filtration control at 93◦C 34 mL while F1 had total filtration. The lubricity coefficient was 0.1623 for F2 and 0.2542 for F1, causing reduction in torque of 25% for F1 and 52 % for F2, compared to water. In the temperature of 49 ◦C and shear rate of 1022 s −1 , the apparent viscosities were 25, 5 and 48 cP for F1 and F2 formulation, respectively, showing greater thermal resistance to F2. With the confirmation of higher thermal stability of F2, factorial design was conducted in order to determine the HPAM and of bentonite concentrations that resulted in the better performance of the fluids. The statistical design response surfaces indicated the best concentrations of HPAM (4.3g/L) and bentonite (28.5 g/L) to achieve improved properties of the fluids (apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, yield point and fluid loss) with 95% confidence, as well as the correlations between these factors (HPAM and bentonite concentrations). The thermal aging tests indicated that the formulations containing HPAM and bentonite may be used to the maximum temperature until 150 ◦C. The analyze of the filter cake formed after filtration of fluids by X-ray diffraction showed specific interactions between the bentonite and HPAM, explaining the greater thermal stability of F2 compared to the fluid F1, that supports maximum temperature of 93 ◦C.

Influência do tempo de adição do policarboxilato em pastas de cimento Portland para cimentação de poços petrolíferos

Cement pastes used in cementing oil wells operations are prepared according to the specific characteristics of each well. The physical properties requested for each folder formulation depend on the temperature and pressure of the well to be cemented. The rheological properties of the pulp are important control parameter for efficiency in transportation and positioning the folder during the cementing operation. One of the main types of additive used for the adjustment of rheological properties of cement pastes is the dispersant additive. This work aims to study the influence of variation of the time of addition of the polycarboxylate (0, 5, 10 and 15 minutes) in cement pastes, considering the initial periods of hydration of cement particles as fundamental point for better performance dispersant additive. Pastes were prepared with a density set at 15.6 lb/gal (1.87 g/cm3) and polycarboxylate concentrations ranging from 0.01 gpc to 0.05 gpc circulation temperature (BHCT) of 51°C and static temperature (BHST) of 76 C. The pastes were characterized from a rheological measurements, volume filtered, thickening time and resistance to compression formulations. Also were carried out tests Diffraction X-ray (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). The results showed that the addition of policaboxilato after 15 minutes decreased by 70% the values of rheological parameters. According to results of DRX and MEV, the addition of dispersant after 15 minutes did not affect the chemical reactions and subsequent formation of cement hydration products. A study of the economic feasibility to realize the financial benefits of the technique, which can be seen only with the use of the technique in this work to reduce the cost of production of cement paste was carried out, can get up to $ 1015.00 for each folder 100 barrels produced with said formulations.

Influência do tempo de adição do policarboxilato em pastas de cimento Portland para cimentação de poços petrolíferos

Cement pastes used in cementing oil wells operations are prepared according to the specific characteristics of each well. The physical properties requested for each folder formulation depend on the temperature and pressure of the well to be cemented. The rheological properties of the pulp are important control parameter for efficiency in transportation and positioning the folder during the cementing operation. One of the main types of additive used for the adjustment of rheological properties of cement pastes is the dispersant additive. This work aims to study the influence of variation of the time of addition of the polycarboxylate (0, 5, 10 and 15 minutes) in cement pastes, considering the initial periods of hydration of cement particles as fundamental point for better performance dispersant additive. Pastes were prepared with a density set at 15.6 lb/gal (1.87 g/cm3) and polycarboxylate concentrations ranging from 0.01 gpc to 0.05 gpc circulation temperature (BHCT) of 51°C and static temperature (BHST) of 76 C. The pastes were characterized from a rheological measurements, volume filtered, thickening time and resistance to compression formulations. Also were carried out tests Diffraction X-ray (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV). The results showed that the addition of policaboxilato after 15 minutes decreased by 70% the values of rheological parameters. According to results of DRX and MEV, the addition of dispersant after 15 minutes did not affect the chemical reactions and subsequent formation of cement hydration products. A study of the economic feasibility to realize the financial benefits of the technique, which can be seen only with the use of the technique in this work to reduce the cost of production of cement paste was carried out, can get up to $ 1015.00 for each folder 100 barrels produced with said formulations.

Uma nova proposta de fluidos de perfuração aquosos à base de polímeros vinílicos e bentonita para poços de alta temperatura e pressão

The advance of drilling in deeper wells has required more thermostable materials. The use of synthetic fluids, which usually have a good chemical stability, faces the environmental constraints, besides it usually generate more discharge and require a costly disposal treatment of drilled cuttings, which are often not efficient and require mechanical components that hinder the operation. The adoption of aqueous fluids generally involves the use of chrome lignosulfonate, used as dispersant, which provides stability on rheological properties and fluid loss under high temperatures and pressures (HTHP). However, due to the environmental impact associated with the use of chrome compounds, the drilling industry needs alternatives that maintain the integrity of the property and ensure success of the operation in view of the strong influence of temperature on the viscosity of aqueous fluids and polymers used in these type fluids, often polysaccharides, passives of hydrolysis and biological degradation. Therefore, vinyl polymers were selected for this study because they have predominantly carbon chain and, in particular, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for resisting higher temperatures and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) and clay by increasing the system's viscosity. Moreover, the absence of acetal bonds reduces the sensitivity to attacks by bacteria. In order to develop an aqueous drilling fluid system for HTHP applications using PVP, HPAM and clay, as main constituents, fluid formulations were prepared and determined its rheological properties using rotary viscometer of the Fann, and volume filtrate obtained by filtration HTHP following the standard API 13B-2. The new fluid system using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with high molar weight had higher viscosities, gels and yield strength, due to the effect of flocculating clay. On the other hand, the low molecular weight PVP contributed to the formation of disperse systems with lower values in the rheological properties and fluid loss. Both systems are characterized by thermal stability gain up to around 120 ° C, keeping stable rheological parameters. The results were further corroborated through linear clay swelling tests.

Uma nova proposta de fluidos de perfuração aquosos à base de polímeros vinílicos e bentonita para poços de alta temperatura e pressão

The advance of drilling in deeper wells has required more thermostable materials. The use of synthetic fluids, which usually have a good chemical stability, faces the environmental constraints, besides it usually generate more discharge and require a costly disposal treatment of drilled cuttings, which are often not efficient and require mechanical components that hinder the operation. The adoption of aqueous fluids generally involves the use of chrome lignosulfonate, used as dispersant, which provides stability on rheological properties and fluid loss under high temperatures and pressures (HTHP). However, due to the environmental impact associated with the use of chrome compounds, the drilling industry needs alternatives that maintain the integrity of the property and ensure success of the operation in view of the strong influence of temperature on the viscosity of aqueous fluids and polymers used in these type fluids, often polysaccharides, passives of hydrolysis and biological degradation. Therefore, vinyl polymers were selected for this study because they have predominantly carbon chain and, in particular, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for resisting higher temperatures and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) and clay by increasing the system's viscosity. Moreover, the absence of acetal bonds reduces the sensitivity to attacks by bacteria. In order to develop an aqueous drilling fluid system for HTHP applications using PVP, HPAM and clay, as main constituents, fluid formulations were prepared and determined its rheological properties using rotary viscometer of the Fann, and volume filtrate obtained by filtration HTHP following the standard API 13B-2. The new fluid system using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with high molar weight had higher viscosities, gels and yield strength, due to the effect of flocculating clay. On the other hand, the low molecular weight PVP contributed to the formation of disperse systems with lower values in the rheological properties and fluid loss. Both systems are characterized by thermal stability gain up to around 120 ° C, keeping stable rheological parameters. The results were further corroborated through linear clay swelling tests.

Produção de exopolissacarídeos bacterianos a partir de glicerol residual gerado na síntese de biodiesel

A busca por combustíveis alternativos, tais como os biocombustíveis, torna-se necessária devido à crescente demanda por combustíveis em todos os setores da atividade humana, sendo que quase toda energia consumida no mundo provém do petróleo, uma fonte limitada, que emite grande quantidade de gases poluentes. Devido à grande diversidade de culturas oleoginosas no país, o Brasil demonstra potencial para substituição do diesel pelo biodiesel. No processo de obtenção deste, o óleo vegetal sofre uma transesterificação, sob a ação de um catalisador básico e na presença de um álcool, formando três moléculas de ésteres metílicos ou etílicos de ácidos graxos, que constituem o biodiesel em sua essência, liberando uma molécula de glicerol, que é o coproduto mais abundante desta reação. Sendo assim, a utilização do glicerol residual é uma ótima alternativa para agregar valor à cadeia produtiva do biodiesel, minimizar os danos de um possível descarte inadequado, além de diminuir os custos do processo. Com este intuito, este trabalho propõe o uso do glicerol residual como fonte de carbono para produção de exopolissacarídeos (EPSs). Para tal, foram utilizadas linhagens de bactérias mencionadas na literatura como produtoras de EPSs de importância comercial, sendo elas: Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae IBSBF 1230, Pseudomonas oleovarans NRRL B-14683, Sphingomonas capsulata NRRL B-4261 e Zymomonas mobilis NRRL B-4286. Os cultivos foram realizados em meio apropriado para cada micro-organismo, e como fontes de carbono foram testadas a sacarose, o glicerol residual e uma mistura de ambos na proporção de 1:1 m/m. Os meios foram inoculados com suspensão da bactéria em estudo, sendo avaliados parâmetros relativos ao crescimento celular e à produção de EPSs. Para X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae, foram determinadas algumas propriedades reológicas e térmicas dos EPSs produzidos com as diferentes fontes de carbono, bem como o índice de emulsificação com diferentes óleos vegetais. X. campestris apresentou uma concentração de EPSs em torno de 4 g.L-1 em todos os meios estudados, comportamento similar ao da bactéria P. oleovorans, diferindo apenas no meio contendo sacarose (0,8 g.L-1 ). S. capsulata apresentou uma maior concentração de EPSs em meios contendo sacarose e a mistura de sacarose com glicerol residual, em torno de 3,4 g.L-1 , e em meio contendo glicerol residual este valor caiu para 1,7 g.L-1 . Já Z. mobilis apresentou um melhor resultado em meio contendo sacarose e glicerol residual, atingindo 1,3 g.L-1 , sendo que em meio contendo somente sacarose e glicerol residual estes valores foram inferiores alcançando 0,2 e 0,7 g.L-1 , respectivamente. Quase todas as bactérias atingiram a fase estacionária em 24 h de cultivo e o pH permaneceu praticamente constante, sendo verificada uma queda mais acentuada somente para Z. mobilis. O comportamento reológico foi similar para as xantanas produzidas nos diferentes meios, entretanto a viscosidade inicial foi maior com o meio a sacarose (637 cP), seguido da mistura de sacarose com glicerol residual (279 cP) e glicerol residual (60 cP). O IE24 foi superior quando utilizado o óleo de milho, atingindo valores de 97, 72 e 64 % em sacarose, mistura de sacarose com glicerol e glicerol residual, respectivamente. Desta forma, pode-se afirmar que a mudança na fonte de carbono afeta estas propriedades.

Adição de superplastificante e anti-segregante à base de CMC em pastas de cimento para Poços de Petróleo

Oil well cementing materials consist of slurries of Special class Portland cement dispersed in water. Admixtures can be used to provide the necessary fluidity, so the material can be efficiently pumped down as well as penetrate porous rocks with controlled filter loss. Construction admixtures can be used to modify the properties of oil well cements provided they can withstand and hold their properties at the higher than ambient temperatures usually encountered in oil fields. In civil construction, superplasticizer play the role of dispersants that reduce the facto r of water cement improve mechanical properties and fluidity of the cement, whereas anti-segregation agents improve the workability of the slurry. In the present study, oil well cement slurries were produced adding both a dispersant and an anti-segregation agent conventionally used in Portland CPII-Z-32 RS cement aiming at materials for primary cementing and squeeze operations. Three basic aspects were evaluated: fluidity, filter loss and the synergetic effect of the admixtures at two temperatures, i.e., 27°C and 56°C, following API RP 10B practical recommendations. The slurries were prepared using admixture concentrations varying from 2.60 Kgf/m3 (0.02 gallft3) to 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0.045 galJft3) BWOC. The density of the slurries was set to 1.89 g/cm3 (15.8 Ib/gal). 0.30 to 0.60% BWOC of a CMC-based anti-segregation agent was added to the cement to control the filter loss. The results showed that the addition of anti-segregation at concentrations above 0.55% by weight of cement resulted in the increased viscosity of the folders in temperatures evaluated. The increasing the temperature of the tests led to a reduction in the performance of anti-segregation. At concentrations of 5.20 kgf/m3 (0,040 gallft3) and 5.82 Kgf/m3 (0,045 gal/ft 3) observed a better performance of the properties evaluated in the proposed system. At low temperature was observed instability in the readings of rheology for all concentrations of anti-segregation. Contents that increasing the concentration of anti¬-segregation is limited concentrations greater than 0.55 % BWOC of the CMC in temperature analyzed. The use of the system with CMC promoted a good performance against the properties evaluated. The principal function of anti¬-segregation was optimized with increasing concentration of superplasticizer, at temperatures above the 2rC. The study of the behaviour of systemic additives, resulting in slurries of cement, which can be optimized face studies of other intrinsic properties in oil fields