917 resultados para CD4 T cells depletion
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OBJECTIVE: A distinct subset of proinflammatory CD4+ T cells that produce interleukin-17 was recently identified. These cells are implicated in different autoimmune disease models, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and collagen-induced arthritis, but their involvement in human autoimmune disease has not yet been clearly established. The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and functional properties of Th17 cells in healthy donors and in patients with different autoimmune diseases. METHODS: Peripheral blood was obtained from 10 psoriatic arthritis (PsA), 10 ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 10 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 5 vitiligo patients, as well as from 25 healthy donors. Synovial tissue samples from a separate group of patients were also evaluated (obtained as paraffin-embedded sections). Peripheral blood cells were analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine production was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular cytokine staining using specific monoclonal antibodies. Synovial tissue was examined for infiltrating T cells by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: We found increased numbers of circulating Th17 cells in the peripheral blood of patients with seronegative spondylarthritides (PsA and AS), but not in patients with RA or vitiligo. In addition, Th17 cells from the spondylarthritis patients showed advanced differentiation and were polyfunctional in terms of T cell receptor-driven cytokine production. CONCLUSION: These observations suggest a role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of certain human autoimmune disorders, in particular the seronegative spondylarthritides.
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SUMMARY : Detailed knowledge of the different components of the immune system is required for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. CD4 T lymphocytes represent a highly heterogeneous group of cells characterized by various profiles of cytokine production and effector vs. regulatory functions. They are central players in orchestrating adaptive immune responses: unbalances between the different subtypes can lead either to aggressive autoimmune disorders or can favour the uncontrolled growth of malignancies. In this study we focused on the characterization of human CD4 T cells in advanced stage melanoma patients as well as in patients affected by various forms of autoimmune inflammatory spondyloarthropathies. In melanoma patients we report that a population of FOXP3 CD4 T cells, known as regulatory T cells, is overrepresented in peripheral blood, and even more in tumor-infitrated lymph nodes as well as at tumor sites, as compared to healthy donors. In tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes, but not in normal lymph nodes or in peripheral blood, FOXP3 CD4 T cells feature a highly differentiated phenotype (CD45RA-CCR7+/-), which suggests for a recent encounter with their cognate antigen. FOXP3 CD4 T cells have been described to be an important component of the several known immune escape mechanisms. We demonstrated that FOXP3 CD4 T cells isolated from melanoma patients exert an in vitro suppressive action on autologous CD4 T cells, thus possibly inhibiting an efficient anti-tumor response. Next, we aimed to analyse CD4 T cells at antigen-specific level. In advanced stage melanoma patients, we identified for the first time, using pMHCII multimers, circulating CD4 T cells specific for the melanoma antigen Melan-A, presented by HLA-DQB1 *0602. Interestingly, in a cohort of melanoma patients enrolled in an immunotherapy trails consisting of injection of a Melan-A derived peptide, we did not observe signif cant variations in the ex vivo frequencies of Melan-A specific CD4 T cells, but important differences in the quality of the specific CD4 T cells. In fact, up to 50% of the ex vivo Melan-A/DQ6 specific CD4 T cells displayed a regulatory phenotype and were hypoproliferative before vaccination, while more effector, cytokine-secreting Melan-A/DQ6 specific CD4 T cells were observed after immunization. These observations suggest that peptide vaccination may favourably modify the balance between regulatory and effector tumor-specific CD4 T cells. Finally, we identified another subset of CD4 T cells as possible mediator of pathology in a group of human autoimmune spondyloarthropathies, namely Th17 cells. These cells were recently described to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of some marine models of autommunity. We document an elevated presence of circulating Th17 cells in two members of seronegative spondyloarthropathies, e.g. psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis, while we do not observe increased frequencies of Th17 cells in peripheral blood of rheumatoid arthritic patients. In addition, Th17 cells with a more advanced differentiation state (CD45RA-CCR7-CD27-) and polyfunctionality (concomitant secretion of IL-17, IL-2 and TNF) were observed exclusively in patients with seronegative spondylarthropathies. Together, our observations emphasize the importance of CD4 T cells in various diseases and suggest that immunotherapeutic approaches considering CD4 T cells as targets should be evaluated in the future.
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Les chimiokines et leurs rcepteurs respectifs jouent un rle important dans limmunit inne et adaptative. Les rcepteurs de chimiokines identifient des cellules T CD4+ avec potentiel de migration dans des tissus spcifiques et fonctionnalit distincte du point de vue de la spcificit antignique et de la production de cytokines. Lidentit de la population des cellules T CD4+ susceptibles versus rsistantes linfection par le virus de limmunodficience humaine (VIH) reste mal dfinie. Le recrutement dans les muqueuses intestinales dun excs de cellules T effectrices (CD8+) compar aux cellules cibles (CD4+) reprsente un bon pronostic de linfection par le virus de limmunodficience simienne (VIS), tandis que la dpltion des cellules Th17 dans les tissus lymphodes associs au tractus gastro-intestinal (GALT) est un marqueur de la progression de linfection VIH. Leffet rgulateur des chimiokines sur lactivation de la rplication virale dans diffrentes sous-populations cellulaires T CD4+ reste peu tudi. Ce projet de matrise est divis en 3 parties: (1) lidentification des rcepteurs de chimiokines CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 comme marqueurs de surfaces des sous populations T CD4+ avec susceptibilit distincte linfection par le VIH; (2) la caractrisation phnotypique et fonctionnelle des cellules T CD4+ et T CD8+ spcifiques au VIH de sujets progression lente vers le stade sida (LTNP); et (3) les effets des chimiokines ligands de CCR4, CXCR3 et CCR6 sur lactivation cellulaire et la rplication virale in vitro. Nos rsultats dmontrent que les cellules T CD4+ CCR4+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th17) et CXCR3+CCR6+ (profile cytokinique Th1/Th17) sont hautement permissives linfection par le VIH. Nous proposons galement de nouveaux corrlats de protection immunitaire contre le VIH chez les sujets LTNP: (i) le potentiel de co-localisation dans les muqueuses intestinales des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spcifiques au VIH via lintgrine 7, (ii) le ratio lev entre les cellules T effectrices (CD8+) versus les cellules cibles (CD4+) spcifiques au VIH, (iii) le profil cytokinique Th17 et (iv) la capacit des cellules T CD4+ et CD8+ spcifiques au VIH produire des ligands de CCR5 bloquant lentre virale. Finalement, nos rsultats sur leffet co-stimulateur des chimiokines sur les cellules T et leurs effets opposs sur la rplication virale dmontrent limplication du rseau des chimiokines dans la rgulation de la pathogense de linfection VIH.
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HIV upregulates cell-surface expression of specific ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor, including ULBP-1, -2, -3, but not MICA or MICB, in infected cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the viral factor(s) involved in NKG2D ligand expression still remains undefined. HIV-1 Vpr activates the DNA damage/stress-sensing ATR kinase and promotes G2 cell-cycle arrest, conditions known to upregulate NKG2D ligands. We report here that HIV-1 selectively induces cell-surface expression of ULBP-2 in primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes by a process that is Vpr-dependent. Importantly, Vpr enhanced the susceptibility of HIV-1-infected cells to NK cell-mediated killing. Strikingly, Vpr alone was sufficient to upregulate expression of all NKG2D ligands and thus promoted efficient NKG2D-dependent NK cell-mediated killing. Delivery of virion-associated Vpr via defective HIV-1 particles induced analogous biological effects in non-infected target cells, suggesting that Vpr may act similarly beyond infected cells. All these activities relied on Vpr ability to activate the ATR-mediated DNA damage/stress checkpoint. Overall, these results indicate that Vpr is a key determinant responsible for HIV-1-induced upregulation of NKG2D ligands and further suggest an immunomodulatory role for Vpr that may not only contribute to HIV-1-induced CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion but may also take part in HIV-1-induced NK cell dysfunction.
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Dans les cas de lymphopnie, les lymphocytes T rsiduels prolifrent exagrment dans un phnomne appel expansion homostatique priphrique (HPE), qui est efficace pour la rgnration des T CD8+, mais inefficace pour les T CD4+. Linterleukine-7 (IL7) est une cytokine homostatique utilise afin daugmenter les comptes lymphocytaires T des patients lymphopniques. Toutefois, la raison de lexpansion prfrentielle des lymphocytes T CD8+ par lIL7 demeure toujours inconnue. Nous montrons que cette expansion est due au fait que lIL7 induit une prolifration efficace des T CD8+ priphriques (CD8+PERI) ainsi que des migrants thymiques CD8+ (CD8+RTEs). Par contre, leffet prolifratif de lIL7 est restreint presquuniquement aux CD4+RTEs mme si les CD4+PERI survivent mieux que les CD4+RTEs. De plus faibles doses dIL7 sont ncessaires aux CD4+RTEs afin de phosphoryler STAT5 ou de prolifrer comparativement aux CD4+PERI et nous dmontrons que les contacts TCR/CMHII sont ncessaires la prolifration induite par lIL7 des CD4+RTEs en priphrie. De fait, augmenter au Flt3 ligand le nombre de cellules dendritiques priphriques dune souris donneuse, avant de transfrer ses TPERI dans des souris receveuses traites lIL7 induit une prolifration significative des CD4+PERI. Nos rsultats indiquent donc que labondance des contacts TCR/CMHII reus dans le thymus semble contrler la sensibilit lIL7 des CD4+RTEs. Finalement, lobservation que les CD8+PERI et CD8+RTEs prolifrent pareillement pendant la thrapie lIL7, alors que la prolifration des T CD4+ est largement restreinte aux RTEs expliquerait pourquoi, dans les cas de lymphopnie, la rgnration des T CD4+ est aussi dpendante de la thymopose.
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La protine Nef du VIH-1 joue un rle important dans la pathogense du VIH-1 en modulant les voies de signalisation de la cellule hte. La signalisation par le TcR est essentielle la slection positive pour gnrer les cellules simples positives (SP) CD4+ et simples positives (SP) CD8+, processus largement dpendant de lactivit de la Src kinase Lck et de son habilet lier la queue cytoplasmique des corcepteurs CD4 et CD8. Nous avons prcdemment trouv que lexpression de Nef dans le VIH ou VIS peut induire une svre dpltion des thymocytes et une baisse dexpression du corcepteur CD4 la membrane. Nous avons galement montr que Nef bloque la gnration des thymocytes doubles positifs (DP) CD4+ CD8+ en plus daltrer la transition des cellules DP vers CD4+ SP. Par contre, ce phnotype est rcuprable par plusieurs approches dont le croisement dune souris transgniques exprimant Nef avec une souris exprimant la forme constitutivement active de Lck Y505F. Les rsultats indiquent que la maturation des cellules CD4+ est altre par le dysfonctionnement de la signalisation CD4-Lck. Toutefois, les mcanismes molculaires par lesquels Nef contribue au bloc de la gnration des cellules CD4+ dans le thymus demeurent trs imprcis. Dans cette tude, en utilisant des approches biochimiques et de microscopie confocale, nous avons trouv que les thymocytes transgniques Nef+ expriment plus de Lck que les thymocytes Nef-. Malgr cette augmentation, une partie significative de Lck est incapable datteindre la membrane plasmique. Cette fraction tait significativement accumule dans un compartiment intracellulaire des thymocytes transgniques exprimant Nef. galement, en utilisant la technique dessai kinase in vitro, nous avons trouv que lactivit kinase de Lck est significativement augmente dans les thymocytes transgniques mais demeure stable suite une stimulation par un -CD3 + -CD4. galement, comparativement aux thymocytes Nef-, la kinase Lck dans les thymocytes transgniques tait rsistante la dgradation suite une stimulation. En examinant le statut de c-Cbl, le principal rgulateur ngatif de Lck, nous avons montr que c-Cbl colocalise faiblement avec Lck, malgr son hyperphosphorylation constitutive. Ceci pourrait expliquer lchec de la dgradation de Lck. En plus, nous avons trouv que suite une stimulation par un -CD3 + -CD4, la phosphorylation de Zap-70 en tyrosine 493 par Lck est diminue, rsultant dune importante baisse de lactivit kinase de Zap-70 et dun bloc des premiers vnements de la voie de signalisation par le TcR. Ces donnes indiquent que la signalisation CD4-Lck est interrompue par la prsence de Nef.
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Linfection VIH-1 est associe une forte dpltion des lymphocytes T CD4+ polarisation Th17 au niveau des tissus lymphodes associs aux muqueuses intestinales (GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissues). Ceci conduit la translocation microbienne, qui est une cause dactivation immunitaire chronique et de progression de la maladie. Les cellules pithliales (CE) jouent un rle critique dans le maintien de lintgrit et de lhomostasie au niveau des muqueuses intestinales via le recrutement des cellules de limmunit inne (e.g., neutrophiles) et adaptative (e.g., cellules Th17). Les neutrophiles produisent des molcules antivirales (e.g., dfensines-) et ont la capacit de limiter la rplication virale au niveau des muqueuses. Les cellules Th17 jouent un double rle lors de linfection VIH. Elles contribuent dune part la dfense contre diffrents pathognes opportunistes en augmentant, via la production dIL-17, la capacit des CE attirer les cellules Th17 et les neutrophiles. Dautre part, les cellules Th17 jouent un rle dltre en tant que cibles de rplication virale et sources de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. La frquence des cellules Th17 est diminue dans les GALT mais pas dans les poumons des patients infects par le VIH, suggrant quil existe des mcanismes diffrents par lesquels les cellules Th17 sont recrutes vers ces sites anatomiques. Nous avons test lhypothse selon laquelle le VIH interfre avec la capacit des CE intestinales et non pas pulmonaires produire des chimiokines (CK) responsables de lattraction des cellules Th17 et des neutrophiles. Nous avons dmontr que les CE intestinales et pulmonaires produisent des CK spcifiques pour les cellules Th17 (CCL20) et les neutrophiles (CXCL8) en rponse des stimuli pro-inflammatoires tels que lIL-1 et le TNF-. Le TNF- agit en synergie avec lIL-17, un signal de danger rcemment identifi, et augmente la capacit des CE intestinales mais pas pulmonaires produire la chimiokine CCL20. Cette synergie sexplique par laugmentation prfrentielle de lexpression du rcepteur lIL-17 la surface des CE intestinales suite la stimulation par le TNF-. Lexposition au VIH naffecte pas la production de CCL20 et de CXCL8 par les CE intestinales, mais altre la capacit des CE alvolaires produire ces chimiokines en accord avec la permissivit slective de ces dernires linfection par le VIH. En conclusion, nos rsultats dmontrent que (i) le VIH ninterfre pas directement avec la capacit des CE intestinales recruter des cellules Th17 et des neutrophils et que (ii) la production de CCL20 par ces cellules est dpendantes de la synergie entre le TNF- et lIL-17. Ainsi, la dpltion des cellules Th17 et la pnurie en IL-17 dans les GALT des sujets infects pourrait causer de faon prfrentielle des altrations fonctionnelles au niveau des CE intestinales, se traduisant par laltration du recrutement des cellules Th17 en rponse au CCL20.
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Mannose-binding C-type lectin receptors, expressed on Langerhans cells and subepithelial dendritic cells (DCs) of cervico-vaginal tissues, play an important role in HIV-1 capture and subsequent dissemination to lymph nodes. DC-SIGN has been implicated in both productive infection of DCs and the DC-mediated trans infection of CD4(+) T cells that occurs in the absence of replication. However, the molecular events that underlie this efficient transmission have not been fully defined. In this study, we have examined the effect of the extracellular domains of DC-SIGN and Langerin on the stability of the interaction of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein with CD4 and also on replication in permissive cells. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that DC-SIGN increases the binding affinity of trimeric gp140 envelope glycoproteins to CD4. In contrast, Langerin had no effect on the stability of the gp140:CD4 complex. In vitro infection experiments to compare DC-SIGN enhancement of CD4-dependent and CD4-independent strains demonstrated significantly lower enhancement of the CD4-independent strain. In addition DC-SIGN increased the relative rate of infection of the CD4-dependent strain but had no effect on the CD4-independent strain. DC-SIGN binding to the HIV envelope protein effectively increases exposure of the CD4 binding site, which in turn contributes to enhancement of infection.
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Lymphocyte subsets, activation markers and apoptosis were assessed in 20 HIV-exposed noninfected (ENI) children born to HIV-infected women who were or not exposed to antiretroviral (ARV) drugs during pregnancy and early infancy. ENI children and adolescents were aged 6-18 years and they were compared to 25 age-matched healthy non-HIV-exposed children and adolescents (Control). ENI individuals presented lower CD4(+) T cells/mm(3) than Control group (control: 1120.3 vs. ENI: 876.3; t-test, p=0.030). ENI individuals had higher B-cell apoptosis than Control group (Control: 36.6%, ARV exposed: 82.3%, ARV nonexposed: 68.5%; Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05), but no statistical difference was noticed between those exposed and not exposed to ARV. Immune activation in CD4(+) T, CD8(+) T and in B cells was comparable in ENI and in Control children and adolescents. Subtle long-term immune alterations might persist among ENI individuals, but the clinical consequences if any are unknown, and these children require continued monitoring.
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P>Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in the clearance of apoptotic cells. The removal of apoptotic cells leads to peripheral tolerance, although their role is still not clear. We show that the uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by DCs converts these cells into tolerogenic DCs resistant to maturation by lipopolysaccharide, modulating the production of interleukin-12 and up-regulating the expression of transforming growth factor-beta(1) latency associated peptide. We also observed that DCs pulsed with apoptotic cells in the allogeneic context were more efficient in the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs), and that this expansion requires contact between DCs and the T cell. The Tregs sorted from in vitro culture suppressed the proliferation of splenocytes in vitro in a specific and non-specific manner. In the in vivo model, the transfer of CD4+ CD25- cells to Nude mice induced autoimmunity, with cell infiltrate found in the stomach, colon, liver and kidneys. The co-transfer of CD4+ CD25- and CD4+ CD25+ prevented the presence of cell infiltrates in several organs and increased the total cell count in lymph nodes. Our data indicate that apoptotic cells have an important role in peripheral tolerance via induction of tolerogenic DCs and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells that present regulatory functions.
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As there is limited knowledge regarding the longitudinal development and early ontogeny of naïve and regulatory CD4(+) T-cell subsets during the first postnatal year, we sought to evaluate the changes in proportion of naïve (thymic and central) and regulatory (resting and activated) CD4(+) T-cell populations during the first postnatal year. Blood samples were collected and analyzed at birth, 6 and 12 months of age from a population-derived sample of 130 infants. The proportion of naïve and regulatory CD4(+) T-cell populations was determined by flow cytometry, and the thymic and central naïve populations were sorted and their phenotype confirmed by relative expression of T cell-receptor excision circle DNA (TREC). At birth, the majority (94%) of CD4(+) T cells were naïve (CD45RA(+)), and of these, ~80% had a thymic naïve phenotype (CD31(+) and high TREC), with the remainder already central naïve cells (CD31(-) and low TREC). During the first year of life, the naïve CD4(+) T cells retained an overall thymic phenotype but decreased steadily. From birth to 6 months of age, the proportion of both resting naïve T regulatory cells (rTreg; CD4(+)CD45RA(+)FoxP3(+)) and activated Treg (aTreg, CD4(+)CD45RA(-)FoxP3(high)) increased markedly. The ratio of thymic to central naïve CD4(+) T cells was lower in males throughout the first postnatal year indicating early sexual dimorphism in immune development. This longitudinal study defines proportions of CD4(+) T-cell populations during the first year of postnatal life that provide a better understanding of normal immune development.
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Tuberculosis remains a global health problem, in part due to failure of the currently available vaccine, BCG, to protect adults against pulmonary forms of the disease. We explored the impact of pulmonary delivery of recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAVs) on the induction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis)-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses and the resultant protection against M. tuberculosis infection in C57BL/6 mice. Intranasal infection with rIAVs expressing a CD4(+) T-cell epitope from the Ag85B protein (PR8.p25) or CD8(+) T-cell epitope from the TB10.4 protein (PR8.TB10.4) generated strong T-cell responses to the M. tuberculosis-specific epitopes in the lung that persisted long after the rIAVs were cleared. Infection with PR8.p25 conferred protection against subsequent M. tuberculosis challenge in the lung, and this was associated with increased levels of poly-functional CD4(+) T cells at the time of challenge. By contrast, infection with PR8.TB10.4 did not induce protection despite the presence of IFN-γ-producing M. tuberculosis-specific CD8(+) T cells in the lung at the time of challenge and during infection. Therefore, the induction of pulmonary M. tuberculosis epitope-specific CD4(+), but not CD8(+) T cells, is essential for protection against acute M. tuberculosis infection in the lung.
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Considering that counting the percentage of CD4 T lymphocytes can add prognostic information regarding patients infected with HIV, the aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage values of CD4+ T lymphocytes from 81 patients determined by flow cytometry and estimated by flow cytometry in conjunction with a hematology counter. Means were compared through the Student's t-test. Pearson's correlation was determined, and the agreement between results was tested by Bland-Altman. The level of significance was P < 0.05. It was found a significantly higher mean difference between the relative values of CD4+ T lymphocytes to the hematologic counter (P < 0.05), for all strata studied. Positive and significant correlations (P < 0.01) were found between the strata CD4 < 200 cells/mL (r = 0.93), between 200 and 500 cells/mL (r = 0.65), and >500 cells/mL (r = 0.81). The limits of agreement were 1.0 +/- 3.8% for the stratum of CD4 < 200 cells/mL, approximately 2.2 +/- 13.5% for the stratum of CD4 between 200 and 500 cells/mL, and approximately 6.2 +/- 20.4% for the stratum > 500 cells/mL. The differences in the percentages of CD4+ T lymphocytes obtained by different methodologies could lead to conflict when used in clinical decisions related to the treatment and care of people infected with HIV.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico (CNPq)
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Ps-graduao em Cincia Animal - FMVA
