Orde Wingate and the Theory behind the Chindit Operations: Some Recent Findings

This short paper discusses some of the theory behind the Chindit operations in Burma of 1943-44, drawing parallels between Wingate's theoretical concepts post 1990s concepts of 'manoeuvre warfare.'

Orde Wingate, 'Guerrilla' Warfare and Long-Range Penetration, 1940-44

Major General Orde Wingate was a highly controversial figure in his time and remains so among historians. However, his eccentric and colourful personality has drawn attention away from the nature of his military ideas, the most important of which was his concept of long-range penetration, which originated from his observations of his operations in Italian-occupied Ethiopia in 1941, and evolved into the model he put into practice in the Chindit operations in Burma in 1943-44. A review of Wingate's own official writings on this subject reveals that long-range penetration combined local guerrilla irregulars, purpose-trained regular troops and airpower into large-scale offensive operations deep in the enemy rear, with the intention of disrupting his planning process and creating situations regular forces could exploit. This evolved organically from Major General Colin Gubbins' doctrine for guerrilla resistance in enemy occupied areas, and bears some resemblance to the operational model applied by US and Allied forces, post September 2001.

The taxonomic status of pest species of Coptotermes in Southeast Asia: Resolving the paradox in the pest status of the termites, Coptotermes gestroi, C-havilandi and C-travians (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae)

The taxonomic status of Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), C. havilandi Holmgren, C. travians (Haviland) and C. borneensis Oshima (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) is revised. The apparent discrepancy between the reported importance of C. havitandi in countries to which it has been introduced and the region from which it originated is shown to be due to misidentification and taxonomic confusion between C. travians, C. havilandi and C. gestroi. Based on an examination of specimens from Southeast Asia, two species are recognized, namely C. gestroi and C. travians. Coptotermes havilandi, described from imagos, is shown to be the same species as C. gestro described earlier from the soldier caste, and is designated a junior synonym. Coptotermes gestroi occurs from Assam through Burma and Thailand to Malaysia and the Indonesian archipelago, and has been introduced into other geographic regions, including parts of North and South America and the Caribbean. It is frequently found damaging wood in buildings, and is often intercepted outside its range in cargo onboard ships and sailing vessels, which is a likely mechanism for its spread to new geographical areas. Coptotermes gestroi has been misidentified in much literature as C. travians. Conversely, C. travians has been misidentified in recent literature in Peninsular Malaysia as C. havilandi and was redescribed from Borneo as C. borneensis, which is here designated a junior synonym of C. travians. It has a known distribution from Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo, and has not been found infesting wood in buildings. It is envisaged that the resolution of this taxonomic problem will enable the deployment of common pest management strategies for C. gestro the primary pest species of Coptotermes originating from Southeast Asia.

Cross-Territorial heritage sites : towards a cross-cultural heritage practice

This paper will describe a current research project at Deakin University’s Cultural Heritage Centre for Asia and the Pacific which aims to develop our current understanding of heritage beyond the national frame usually given to it. The project focuses on a number of heritage sites associated with Australia’s war time heritage. However, all of these sites are located on foreign soil, in land which is not owned by the Australian government. Moreover, because of their location, these sites may or may not have significance for the countries where they are located or to other participants in the same war. Their location in another country and in other people’s narratives poses a complex problem for those who want to conserve, manage and interpret these sites in a manner which preserves their significance to Australia. Is it possible to do this while also recognising other people’s investment or lack of, in these sites? What do we need to think about when recognising the existence of dissonant heritage not only within a nation but across nations? And can this dissonance be used to encourage crosscultural dialogue? Using current understandings of heritage as potentially dissonant, and accepting the need to work within a pluralist frame which supports and argues for cultural diversity, this project explores what happens when this dissonance and diversity occurs not simply within a nation but across national borders. The paper will explore these issues by looking at the interpretation of the Thai-Burma railway, one of a handful of sites which Australians use to mark Anzac Day, the national day of remembrance for those who died fighting for their country.

Context sensitivity by development INGOs in Myanmar

This chapter presents analysis of new primary research data collected on INGOs working inside Myanmar. In particular, it looks at the contextualisation they make to common international development approaches, in order to attain greatest effectiveness in this specific context. This research is based on in-depth interviews of forty-seven key informants from INGOs, UN organisations and local NGOs, working within Myanmar. The key finding is that INGO's believe that, with appropriate contextualisation, their effectiveness is not as heavily restricted in Myanmar as is commonly perceived, particularly in addressing the worst impact of extreme poverty in communities, but also in areas such as advocacy and capacity development of the emerging civil society.

The Edinburgh companion to the history of democracy

Democracy has never been more popular. It is successfully practiced today in a myriad of different ways by people across virtually every cultural, religious or socio-economic context. The 45 original essays collected in this companion suggest that the global popularity of democracy derives in part from its breadth and depth in the common history of human civilization. It sets a benchmark as the first collection on the history of democracy to present lesser known examples, such as those of ancient China, medieval Islam, colonial Africa or today's Burma, alongside more familiar cases like Athens, the English Parliament, the French Revolution and Women's Suffrage.

Undersdtanding where democracy comes from, and where its greatest successes and most dismal failures lie, is central to democracy's project of inventing ways to address the need of people everywhere to live in peace and freedom and with a say in the decisions that affect their lives.

Development in a fragile pariah state: Myanmar 1990-2010

Myanmar was not only a ‘fragile state’ by most definitions during the 1990s and 2000s, but was concurrently isolated as an international ‘pariah’. The complexity of this paradoxical combination of poverty, fragility, pro-economic growth polity and international isolation created an enigmatic context for international agencies, and one in which existing frameworks for development in ‘fragile states’ do not appear overly relevant. Nonetheless, Myanmar experienced a surprising level of development activity, with equally surprising signs of effectiveness. This paper explores this activity, identifying actors, roles, approaches, and modalities of interaction with structures and authorities found to be most effective. The paper is divided into four sections, offering an overview of the historical context, summarising field observations, considering the effectiveness of interventions, and discussing these observations in the light of fragile state policy.

Coptotermes gestroi (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in Brazil: possible origins inferred by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene sequences

The Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi, originally from northeast India through Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Indonesian archipelago, is a major termite pest introduced in several countries around the world, including Brazil. We sequenced the mitochondrial COII gene from individuals representing 23 populations. Phylogenetic analysis of COII gene sequences from this and other studies resulted in two main groups: (1) populations of Cleveland (USA) and four populations of Malaysia and (2) populations of Brazil, four populations of Malaysia, and one population from each of Thailand, Puerto Rico, and Key West (USA). Three new localities are reported here, considerably enlarging the distribution of C. gestroi in Brazil: Campo Grande (state of Mato Grosso do Sul), Itajai (state of Santa Catarina), and Porto Alegre (state of Rio Grande do Sul).

Nachweis von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen über gamma-H2AX: Immunhistochemie nach Einwirkung gentoxischer Agenzien auf Säugerzellen

Wie im Rahmen dieser Arbeit bestätigt werden konnte, eignet sich die Quantifizierung von γ-H2AX-Foci mittels Immunfluoreszenz zur Quantifizierung von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen, welche durch ionisierende Strahlung erzeugt werden. Dabei erzeugt ein Gy Strahlung der verwendeten 60Co-Quelle 33,8 ± 2,1 DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche. Durch UV-Strahlung sowie alkylierende Substanzen wie MMS und MNNG werden in CHO-Zellen γ-H2AX-Foci induziert. Die Anzahl der induzierten γ-H2AX-Foci ist Dosis- und replikationsabhängig. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erhobenen Daten sprechen für eine Phosphorylierung von H2AX an Läsionen, welche die DNA-Replikation beeinträchtigen und insbesondere aktive Replikationsgabeln blockieren. Diese Läsionen können zu DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen an blockierten Replikationsgabeln führen H2AX wird in der unmittelbaren Umgebung von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen zu γ-H2AX phosphoryliert und eignet sich damit zur Quantifizierung dieser Läsionen. Ob γ-H2AX ausschließlich an DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen phosphoryliert wird, oder auch an anderen Läsionen ist in der Literatur umstritten. Die bis dato publizierte Literatur geht mehrheitlich davon aus, dass γ-H2AX einen ausschließlichen Marker von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen darstellt (Burma et al., 2001; Fernandez-Capetillo et al., 2004; Foster und Downs, 2005; Furuta et al., 2003; Halicka et al., 2005; Huang et al., 2005; Paull et al., 2000; Redon et al., 2002; Stucki und Jackson, 2006; Takahashi und Ohnishi, 2005; Ward und Chen, 2001). Neuere Arbeiten postulieren jedoch, dass H2AX auch durch andere, bisher nicht genau klassifizierte, Störungen der Chromatinstruktur phosphoryliert wird (Marti et al., 2006; Stojic et al., 2004). Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit dargestellten Ergebnisse mit UV-Strahlung und den Alkylantien MMS und MNNG lassen sich gut durch die teils direkte, größtenteils jedoch replikationsabhängige Bildung von DNA-Doppelstrangbrüchen an blockierten Replikationsgabeln erklären. Ausschließen lässt sich die Hypothese, dass die beobachteten γ-H2AX-Foci auch aufgrund anderer Läsionen entstehen, auf Grundlage der erhaltenen Daten nicht. Die Quantifizierung von γ-H2AX eignet sich zur Darstellung von durch ionisierende Strahlung, UV-Strahlung sowie Alkylantien erzeugten Effekten. Eine abschließende Klärung, ob durch die hier angewandte Methode selektiv DNA-Doppelstrangbrüche detektiert werden, steht aber weiterhin aus.

Where Is "Home"? Value Conflicts, Identity Crises and the Formation of Cosmopolitan Identity in Myanmar Students Studying in the United States

Fully engaging in a new culture means translating oneself into a different set of cultural values, and many of the values can be foreign to the individual. The individual may face conflicting tensions between the psychological need to be a part of the new society and feelings of guilt or betrayal towards the former society, culture or self. Many international students from Myanmar, most of whom have little international experience, undergo this value and cultural translation during their time in American colleges. It is commonly assumed that something will be lost in the process of translation and that the students become more Westernized or never fit into both Myanmar and US cultures. However, the study of the narratives of the Myanmar students studying in the US reveals a more complex reality. Because individuals have multifaceted identities and many cultures and subcultures are fluctuating and intertwined with one another, the students¿ cross-cultural interactions can also help them acquire new ways of seeing things. Through their struggle to engage in the US college culture, many students display the theory of ¿cosmopolitanism¿ in their transformative identity formation process and thus, define and identify themselves beyond one set of cultural norms.

The Separation of Tungstic Oxide from Scheelite and its Subsequent Reduction with Hydrogen

The largest known deposits of tungsten ores occur in the continuation of the Indo-Malayan Mountains, which extends through Burma, Malaya, China, Japan, and Chosen. Production of tungsten concentrates was started in 1910 in Burma, and in 1911 this country was the world's largest producer. China produced but little until 1916, but has since supplied over fifty per cent of the world's requirements.