Type Ia Supernovae : Homogeneity and Diversity

The use of type Ia supernovae as distance estimators has shown that about 75% of the energy content of the universe has a negative equation of state parameter and thus, drives the acceleration of the universe. Constraining the exact nature of this energy is one of the main goals in cosmology. As the statistics of observed high-redshift supernovae increases, systematic effects become the limiting factor to pursue such investigations, thus deeper understanding of the physical properties of SNe is of great importance. In this thesis we investigate spectral homogeneity and diversity of local and high redshift supernovae. Special emphasis has been given to the analysis of optical spectra of local peculiar supernovae 1999aa and 1999ac. The study of the spectra of SN 1999aa pointed out that this SN could be a link between the extreme peculiar SN 1991T and normal SNe. Moreover, the identification of a high velocity component of Ca II and possibly of a low velocity component of C III suggests some degree of asphericity in the ejecta of this supernova. Evidence for a deflagration of a C+O white dwarf was found in the early spectra of SN 1999ac. The spectral proprieties of a vast sample of local SNe are also studied by means of newly introduced spectral indicators. These were used to possibly improve the intrinsic spread of SN peak magnitudes to 0.15 mag, independently of light curve parameters. The first quantitative comparison between local and high redshift supernova is carried out. No evidence for extreme peculiar sub-luminous SNe was found in our data set including 13 SNe with redshift range z=0.279-0.912. Furthermore, SN2002fd (z=0.279) was found to show spectral characteristics similar to SN 1991T/SN 1999aa-like supernovae. We also present a feasibility study of the Hubble diagram in rest frame I-band up to z~0.5, and show the possibility to probe the presence of intergalactic dust, which could possibly mimic the effect of dark energy in the Hubble diagram.

Type Ia Supernova Cosmology : Quantitative Spectral Analysis

Type Ia supernovae have been successfully used as standardized candles to study the expansion history of the Universe. In the past few years, these studies led to the exciting result of an accelerated expansion caused by the repelling action of some sort of dark energy. This result has been confirmed by measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation, the large-scale structure, and the dynamics of galaxy clusters. The combination of all these experiments points to a “concordance model” of the Universe with flat large-scale geometry and a dominant component of dark energy. However, there are several points related to supernova measurements which need careful analysis in order to doubtlessly establish the validity of the concordance model. As the amount and quality of data increases, the need of controlling possible systematic effects which may bias the results becomes crucial. Also important is the improvement of our knowledge of the physics of supernovae events to assure and possibly refine their calibration as standardized candle. This thesis addresses some of those issues through the quantitative analysis of supernova spectra. The stress is put on a careful treatment of the data and on the definition of spectral measurement methods. The comparison of measurements for a large set of spectra from nearby supernovae is used to study the homogeneity and to search for spectral parameters which may further refine the calibration of the standardized candle. One such parameter is found to reduce the dispersion in the distance estimation of a sample of supernovae to below 6%, a precision which is comparable with the current lightcurve-based calibration, and is obtained in an independent manner. Finally, the comparison of spectral measurements from nearby and distant objects is used to test the possibility of evolution with cosmic time of the intrinsic brightness of type Ia supernovae.

Supernovae di tipo Ia: Sistemi progenitori e modelli di esplosione

Il lavoro di tesi esamina i plausibili sistemi progenitori per le supernovae di tipo di Ia e analizza i principali modelli di esplosione studiati ed implementati dai gruppi di ricerca per le SNe Ia.

Elaborazione del linguaggio naturale nell'IA e tecnologie moderne: Sentiment Analysis come caso di studio.

L'informatica e le sue tecnologie nella società moderna si riassumono spesso in un assioma fuorviante: essa, infatti, è comunemente legata al concetto che ciò che le tecnologie ci offrono può essere accessibile da tutti e sfruttato, all'interno della propria quotidianità, in modi più o meno semplici. Anche se quello appena descritto è un obiettivo fondamentale del mondo high-tech, occorre chiarire subito una questione: l'informatica non è semplicemente tutto ciò che le tecnologie ci offrono, perchè questo pensiero sommario fa presagire ad un'informatica "generalizzante"; l'informatica invece si divide tra molteplici ambiti, toccando diversi mondi inter-disciplinari. L'importanza di queste tecnologie nella società moderna deve spingerci a porre domande, riflessioni sul perchè l'informatica, in tutte le sue sfaccettature, negli ultimi decenni, ha portato una vera e propria rivoluzione nelle nostre vite, nelle nostre abitudini, e non di meno importanza, nel nostro contesto lavorativo e aziendale, e non ha alcuna intenzione (per fortuna) di fermare le proprie possibilità di sviluppo. In questo trattato ci occuperemo di definire una particolare tecnica moderna relativa a una parte di quel mondo complesso che viene definito come "Intelligenza Artificiale". L'intelligenza Artificiale (IA) è una scienza che si è sviluppata proprio con il progresso tecnologico e dei suoi potenti strumenti, che non sono solo informatici, ma soprattutto teorico-matematici (probabilistici) e anche inerenti l'ambito Elettronico-TLC (basti pensare alla Robotica): ecco l'interdisciplinarità. Concetto che è fondamentale per poi affrontare il nocciolo del percorso presentato nel secondo capitolo del documento proposto: i due approcci possibili, semantico e probabilistico, verso l'elaborazione del linguaggio naturale(NLP), branca fondamentale di IA. Per quanto darò un buono spazio nella tesi a come le tecniche di NLP semantiche e statistiche si siano sviluppate nel tempo, verrà prestata attenzione soprattutto ai concetti fondamentali di questi ambiti, perché, come già detto sopra, anche se è fondamentale farsi delle basi e conoscere l'evoluzione di queste tecnologie nel tempo, l'obiettivo è quello a un certo punto di staccarsi e studiare il livello tecnologico moderno inerenti a questo mondo, con uno sguardo anche al domani: in questo caso, la Sentiment Analysis (capitolo 3). Sentiment Analysis (SA) è una tecnica di NLP che si sta definendo proprio ai giorni nostri, tecnica che si è sviluppata soprattutto in relazione all'esplosione del fenomeno Social Network, che viviamo e "tocchiamo" costantemente. L'approfondimento centrale della tesi verterà sulla presentazione di alcuni esempi moderni e modelli di SA che riguardano entrambi gli approcci (statistico e semantico), con particolare attenzione a modelli di SA che sono stati proposti per Twitter in questi ultimi anni, valutando quali sono gli scenari che propone questa tecnica moderna, e a quali conseguenze contestuali (e non) potrebbe portare questa particolare tecnica.

A novel TNFR1-triggered apoptosis pathway mediated by class IA PI3Ks in neutrophils

The most common form of neutrophil death is apoptosis. In the present study, we report surprising differences in the molecular mechanisms used for caspase activation between FAS/CD95-stimulated and TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-stimulated neutrophils. Whereas FAS-induced apoptosis was followed by caspase-8 activation and required Bid to initiate the mitochondrial amplification loop, TNF-?-induced apoptosis involved class IA PI3Ks, which were activated by MAPK p38. TNF-?-induced PI3K activation resulted in the generation of reactive oxygen species, which activated caspase-3, a mechanism that did not operate in neutrophils without active NADPH oxidase. We conclude that in neutrophils, proapoptotic pathways after TNFR1 stimulation are initiated by p38 and PI3K, but not by caspase-8, a finding that should be considered in anti-inflammatory drug-development strategies.

Platelet glycoprotein Ia* is the processed form of multimerin--isolation and determination of N-terminal sequences of stored and released forms

Glycoprotein Ia* (GPIa*), a very high molecular mass, platelet alpha-granule protein consisting of 167 kDa subunits disulphide-linked in a multimeric structure, was first described by Bienz and Clemetson in 1989 (J. Biol. Chem. 264, 507-514). In 1991 Hayward et al. (J. Biol. Chem. 266, 7114-7120) independently identified a platelet protein with multimeric structure. Despite strong similarities to GPIa* they concluded that it was a novel multimeric protein and named it first p-155 and later, multimerin. Multimerin has also been found in endothelial cells and has been cloned recently from an endothelial cell cDNA library. This has made it possible for us to clarify the relationship between GPIa* and multimerin. GPIa* was isolated from platelet releasate and the N-terminal sequence of 167 kDa and 155 kDa subunit species were determined. The N-terminal 15 amino acids of GPIa* were identical to the deduced amino acids 184-198 of endothelial multimerin. The N-terminal sequence of the 155 kDa protein was identical to the deduced amino acids 318-326 of multimerin. Thus, platelet GPIa* (167 kDa) is the main processed form of multimerin stored in platelet alpha-granules. The GPIa*/processed multimerin (167 kDa) still contains an RGDS sequence near its N-terminus as well as an EGF domain which may be involved in binding to the platelet surface after release. This sequence and domain are cleaved off in the p-155 form, described earlier as platelet multimerin, which is probably formed after release from alpha-granules.

Targeting class IA PI3K isoforms selectively impairs cell growth, survival, and migration in glioblastoma.

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is frequently activated in human cancer and plays a crucial role in glioblastoma biology. We were interested in gaining further insight into the potential of targeting PI3K isoforms as a novel anti-tumor approach in glioblastoma. Consistent expression of the PI3K catalytic isoform PI3K p110α was detected in a panel of glioblastoma patient samples. In contrast, PI3K p110β expression was only rarely detected in glioblastoma patient samples. The expression of a module comprising the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/PI3K p110α/phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (p-S6) was correlated with shorter patient survival. Inhibition of PI3K p110α activity impaired the anchorage-dependent growth of glioblastoma cells and induced tumor regression in vivo. Inhibition of PI3K p110α or PI3K p110β also led to impaired anchorage-independent growth, a decreased migratory capacity of glioblastoma cells, and reduced the activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. These effects were selective, because targeting of PI3K p110δ did not result in a comparable impairment of glioblastoma tumorigenic properties. Together, our data reveal that drugs targeting PI3K p110α can reduce growth in a subset of glioblastoma tumors characterized by the expression of EGFR/PI3K p110α/p-S6.

Ḥûrban vêt ham-miqdāš : threnen tzu weinen Tzijon we-Jerušalajim am Ṭiša be-av

traie iberṭragen ois der Gemore Giṭin fon Lipman Lešṭšinski

Sendschreiben eines verdeibelten Reharbeiters an den Arbeits-Minister Milde: Ex-Silenz-ia! Da't nanu nich anders is, das des Volk sufferen wurde, wie uns die Rehberger-Nazional-Zeitung gemöldet hat ...

Welsch (Projektbearbeiter): Heftige Kritik an der Politik des preußischen Arbeits- und Handelsministers Milde